DOCSLIB.ORG

Negotiating Dissolution a Study on Resettlement, Power and Place Among the Iraqi Refugee Community in Jordan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Negotiating Dissolution a Study on Resettlement, Power and Place Among the Iraqi Refugee Community in Jordan Negotiating Dissolution A Study on Resettlement, Power and Place among the Iraqi Refugee Community in Jordan Mirjam A. Twigt March 2013 II Wageningen University - Department of Social Sciences Chair Group Disaster Studies Negotiating Dissolution A Study on Resettlement, Power and Place among the Iraqi Refugee Community in Jordan March 2013 Mirjam A. Twigt St. nr: 850207846020 Thesis supervision: Bram J. Jansen, PhD Chair group Disaster Studies Wageningen University Course code: RDS-80733 Cover photo was taken by the author in 2012: Iraqi Chaldean Church in Amman, Jordan III IV Abstract This thesis presents how urban refugee management establishes Jordan as a formal transit place. It is a qualitative study on the effects of third country resettlement on ideas of place and belonging, among Iraqi refugees who are not accepted for this particular durable solution. The dissertation is based upon three months of fieldwork in Amman, Jordan, during which data was collected by in-depth interviews and participant observation. The practices of the international community are set against the perspectives and activities of the Iraqi refugees. In reaction to the role the UNHCR has taken upon itself and in relation to the legal and social marginalization associated with life in Amman, Iraq’s displaced population has put all its trust upon the international community as it continues to hold on to the idea that life in Jordan is only transitory. It seems that resettlement for parts of a refugee population, reinforces the uprootedness of the refugees who stay behind. The option for resettlement has created a disruption in social order, as it divides families and selection criteria are gendered. It disconnects the refugees from a life in Jordan, as the focus is continuously on somewhere else and later. The emergence of an Iraqi diaspora further reinforces the idea of a life in limbo and a distinct Iraqi identity in exile. An extensive resettlement policy has established a sense of entitlement and longing for this particular solution. These social realities of the refugees influence the outcome of humanitarian interventions that are focused upon self-sufficiency, as these programs do not correspond with what the refugees themselves see as their interest. UNHCR’s policy is build upon a narrow and static understanding of protection and solutions, whereas the refugees themselves hold on to transnational connections and find hope in the idea that life in Jordan is only temporary. With this idea in mind they continue to look for strategies for a future elsewhere. Key words: third country resettlement, durable solutions, urban refugee management, belonging, transnationalism, Iraqi refugees, Jordan. V VI To love. To be loved. To never forget your own insignificance. To never get used to the unspeakable violence and the vulgar disparity of life around you. To seek joy in the saddest places. To pursue beauty to its lair. To never simplify what is complicated or complicate what is simple. To respect strength, never power. Above all, to watch. To try and understand. To never look away. And never, never, to forget. (Arundhati Roy, 1999) Liberty is a practice… The liberty of men is never assured by the institutions and laws that are intended to guarantee them. That is why almost all of these laws and institutions are quite capable of being turned around. (Foucault, 1984: 245) VII VIII Table of contents Acknowledgements XII Glossary and Abbreviations XIII Map 1 – Map of Amman XV Chapter One: The Origins of Jordan as a Temporary Refuge 1 A Short Introduction to Iraq’s Modern History 3 Aim of the Study – Problem Statement 4 International Protection of Iraqi Refugees in Jordan 7 Protection, Protraction and Durable Solution 9 The Iraqi Refugee Population in Jordan: Urban Displacement and Demographics 11 Methodology: An Urban Ethnography 13 Negotiating Access in Amman 15 Mahmoud’s Case: Research in a Humanitarian Economy 17 Reflexivity and situated knowledge 18 Structure of the Thesis 20 Chapter Two: Theoretical framework 23 The Actor-oriented Approach 23 The Role of Structure in an Actor-oriented Approach 24 Governance, Governmentality and Power 25 Pseudo-governance and Global Governance 26 Bureaucratic Labeling 27 Displacement and the Production of Place 29 Transnationalism 31 The Creation of Limbo 33 Conclusion 34 Chapter Three: The Politics of Resettlement 35 The Formalities behind the Resettlement Program 35 Resettlement as a Durable Solution for the Iraqi Refugee Situation 36 The US Refugee Admission Program Part 1: The Interview 38 The Results of the Resettlement Interview - The Day That Everyone Got Accepted 39 The US Refugee Admission Program Part 2: Further Steps Including Waiting 40 IX Concluding Remarks on the Procedures of the Resettlement Process 41 Resettlement, Selection and Rejection 41 Not Selected for Resettlement – the ‘Excluded Category’ 41 Rejection for Resettlement 42 Dealing with Disappointment – The First Negotiations 43 Pseudo-Governance: The Logic of Exclusion and a Growing Sense of Entitlement 45 The Politics of a Surrogate State 46 Political Considerations behind Resettlement 47 Negotiating Protection Space 50 Concluding Remarks 51 Chapter Four: Resources within the Resettlement Context 54 Humanitarian Resources 54 Resources within the Urban Economy 57 Gendered Resources 59 Blurring Boundaries between the Humanitarian Economy and the Urban Economy 60 ‘Volunteering’ 61 Vocational Trainings 62 A Debate on Dependency, Self-sufficiency and Agency 64 Tapping into Vulnerability 65 Local Integration: Curing Dependency or Ruining your Chances? 66 Strategies and Alternatives to Counter Local Integration 68 Wasta and Reconsideration for Resettlement 69 Conclusion 71 Chapter five: Is a Near Neighbor Better than a Distant Cousin? 72 Transnational Relations and the Creation of Limbo A Longing for Resettlement 72 Resettlement as Disruption 74 Friendships in Exile 74 Effects on Familial Relations: Negotiating Gender and Generational Roles 76 Loss and Belonging – The Creation of a Diasporic People 77 The Invention of Iraqiness 78 Transnational Networks 80 X The Transnational Process of Resisting Marginalization: a Notes on Displacement 82 Conclusion 83 Conclusion: Resettlement and the Persistence of Temporariness 85 Bibliography 90 Appendices Appendix 1: List of Informants 98 Appendix 2: Iraqi Refugees Use Social Media to Cry out for Help 101 Appendix 3: Letter of Deferral 102 Appendix 4: Notice of Ineligibility for Resettlement 103 List of Figures Figure 1: Overview of Amman. 22 Figure 2: UNHCR’s Selection criteria for eligibility for resettlement for Iraqi refugees 37 Figure 3: Breakdown of Submitted Cases and Departures Worldwide 38 Figure 4: Swimming at the Mahatta Church 53 XI Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of you who have made this research rewarding, enjoyable and fun. First of all, I want to thank the entire staff of the Disaster Studies Group for its flexibility and inspiration to find a place and position in which I could challenge myself. A special thanks goes out to Prof. dr. Georg Frerks, as my second reader, and dr. Bram J. Jansen, for being such a committed supervisor. I appreciate your unceasing support, your expertise and your encouraging reactions on my endless ambitions. You taught me how to kill my darlings and to write paragraphs instead of stories. I really enjoyed working with you. My warm regards go out to the IOM Jordan staff, and in particular to Mohaned Warq. I am grateful for the time spent at IOM’s office and for the lessons I learned there. My deep thanks goes out the entire Iraqi community in Amman, Jordan, as I felt at home in your temporary houses. I would like to thank Fusayo and Schwan, Sasha and Ghazwan, Jody Miller and Lorna Rodd, as their commitment for the Iraqi refugees was an inspiration to me. Without your cooperation I would not have been able to conduct this research. Thank you so much! With this thesis and my time in Jordan, I have expanded my own transnational network. I met a lot of great people in Amman, and some of my informants became true friends. Um Omar, Savannah, Mohammed al Kurdi. Ramez, Mimi, Abu Thaer and Besma, Russel, Thaer and Ibrahim: thank you so much for all your love, support and fun! Lindsay, Sarah, Rivdah, Murad and Sabrina: Amman was a rollercoaster, and it was a thrill to ride it with you. Meghan, you are the best roommate ever! I hope you will send me chocolate, sooner rather than later. Thanks to the friends I found back in Holland, and in particular to Elze and Stef, who have kept me sane in difficult times. For Ernst-Jan, for encouraging me to continue my studies. And to my beloved fellow students as writing my thesis would not have been so much fun without you. A special thanks to Vera, Claudette, Afke and Evi, for proofreading sections of my thesis. Many thanks to my family for their unceasing support. You have proven – now, more than ever – to be a steady base. Most of all, I would like to thank and dedicate this thesis to my beloved translator. Upon his request, he will remain anonymous in this study and will be referred to as Moe. Three months ago Moe was resettled to the US. Being a refugee does not simply start with crossing a border, nor does it come to an ending when you reach the safe haven you have longed for so long. His journey continues on, as he is getting to know the country he now calls home. I call you my brother, as your real family is far away – mentally as well as physically. Do not ever believe anyone who says that you should be different, as it is your difference that makes you special. Thank you for who you are! XII Glossary and List of Abbreviations Glossary Abu Father Al-hamdulilah Praise God, Thank God. Duyuf Guest Haram Morally wrong Insh’allah If God wants it to, if God will provide it Iqama Residence permit Nargilleh Waterpipe Um Mother Wasta Clientelistic ties or the right connections Ya3teek il 3afyeh A common Jordanian-Arabic expression meaning may God give you health.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Community Pharmacists Experience of Pregabalin Abuse and Misuse A
    LJMU Research Online van Hout, MC, Wazaify, M, Abu Farha, R and Al-Husseini, A Community Pharmacists Experience of Pregabalin Abuse and Misuse: A Quantitative Study from Jordan http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9727/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) van Hout, MC, Wazaify, M, Abu Farha, R and Al-Husseini, A (2018) Community Pharmacists Experience of Pregabalin Abuse and Misuse: A Quantitative Study from Jordan. Journal of Substance Use, 24 (3). pp. 273- 279. ISSN 1465-9891 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ 1 Community Pharmacists Experience of Pregabalin Abuse and Misuse: A 2 Quantitative Study from Jordan 3 4 Abstract 5 Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant that has an abuse potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Assistance for the Reconstruction of Iraq
    Japan’s Assistance for the Reconstruction of Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan ●Maximum $5 Billion in Reconstruction ●Personnel Contributions by Self- Assistance Defense Forces $1.5 billion of grant aid has already been obligated. Self-Defense Forces have engaged in medical Tangible results have been appearing in Iraq. Maximum assistance, distribution of drinking water, $3.5 billion yen-loan projects have been taking shape one by one. rehabilitation and maintenance of schools and other public facilities. ●Debt Relief ●Capacity Building Japan agreed to cancel 80% of appprox. $7.6 billion Japan's training programs have trained more than public debt (approx. $6 billion) Iraq owes to Japan 1,300 Iraqi citizens in Japan or neigboring Arab in three stages. countries (as of May 2006). Assisting Iraq is Important for Japan. The development of Iraq as a peaceful and democratic state is important for the peace and stability of not only the Middle East region but the international community as a whole. The reconstruction of Iraq is an issue of the entire international community. Japan has endeavored as a responsible member of the international community. Japan took initiative to the establishment of the International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq (IRFFI) in February 2004, and convened the third donor committee meeting of the IRFFI in Tokyo. The Middle East is a vital region for Japan’s energy security. (Note: The IRFFI is administered and operated jointly by the United Nations and the World Bank for the reconstruction of Iraq. More than 25 donor countries and organizations have contributed some $1.4 billion to the fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing Body for DECISION
    INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GB.295/5 295th Session Governing Body Geneva, March 2006 FOR DECISION FIFTH ITEM ON THE AGENDA Review of annual reports under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Introduction by the ILO Declaration Expert- Advisers to the compilation of annual reports (Geneva, March 2006) 1. The annex to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work provides for reports to be requested annually of member States under article 19, paragraph 5(e), of the ILO Constitution. The Office is responsible for preparing a compilation of the reports. Paragraph II.B.3 of the annex states: “With a view to presenting an introduction to the reports so compiled, drawing attention to any aspects which might call for a more in-depth discussion, the Office may call upon a group of experts appointed for this purpose by the Governing Body.” At its 274th Session (March 1999) the Governing Body decided to set up such a group of experts, composed of seven Expert-Advisers, whom it most recently appointed at its 282nd Session (November 2001). The Governing Body assigned them to the responsibility, in line with the objectives of the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work as set out in the annex to the Declaration, to: (a) examine the information compiled by the Office on the basis of the replies from Members that have not ratified the relevant Conventions to the report forms sent by the Office in accordance with article 19, paragraph 5(e), of the Constitution, as well as any comments on those replies made in accordance with article 23 of the Constitution and established practice; (b) present to the Governing Body an introduction to the compilation based on those reports, drawing its attention to aspects that seem to call for more in-depth discussion; (c) propose to the Governing Body, for discussion and decision, any adjustments that they think desirable to the report forms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
    The Competitive Advantage Of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: The Case of Jordan’s Natural Stone Industry Suhail Sami Sultan ISBN 978 90 5278 642 1 Copyright ©Suhail S. Sultan, Maastricht 2007 Production: Datawyse /Universitaire Pers Maastricht The Competitive Advantage Of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: The Case of Jordan’s Natural Stone Industry PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Maastricht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. mr. G.P.M.F. Mols, volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 27 september 2007 door Suhail Sami Sultan UMP UNIVERSITAIRE PERS MAASTRICHT Promotor: Prof. dr. Luc L.G. Soete Co-promotor: Prof. dr. Dragan Nikolik (Maastricht School of Management) Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. C. de Neubourg (voorzitter) Prof. dr. Ilan Bijaoui (College of Ashqelon, Bar Ilan University) Prof. dr. P. Mohnen TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Natural Stone and Jordan 4 1.1.1. Historical Background 4 1.1.2. Current Situation 7 1.2. Competitive Advantage as a Conceptual Framework 13 1.3. Research Problem, Objective, Questions, Hypotheses, Methodology 20 and Overview of the Dissertation 1.3.1. Research Problem 20 1.3.2. Research Objective 22 1.3.3. Research Questions 23 1.3.4. Research Hypotheses 24 1.3.5. Research Methodology 26 1.3.6. Overview of the Dissertation 29 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 32 2.1. Competitive Advantage 32 2.1.1. Definitions of Competitive Advantage 33 2.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Jordan (1990-2005)
    Journal of Social Sciences 4 (1): 16-20, 2008 ISSN 1549-3652 © 2008 Science Publications Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Jordan (1990-2005) Mwafaq Dandan Al-Khaldi Amman University College for Financial and Administrative Sciences, AL-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 1705, Amman, 11118 Jordan Abstract: The analysis of the impact of foreign aid on economic development, suggest that poor countries have to relay on the foreign aid as a resource to fill the deficit. There are many form of foreign resources like Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), External Loans and Credit, Technical Assistance, Project and non Project Aid and many other forms. But most of under developed countries where Jordan one of them don't have the investment friendly situation. So in one way or the other have to relay on foreign aid and debt rather than other form of financial foreign resources. This study analyses the trend and impact of foreign aid on the economic development of Jordan during the period 1990-2005 using for this purpose different statistical techniques. From the analysis of the related data of Jordan it is clear that the foreign capital flow has a direct impact on the economic development of Jordan. Key words: Foreign aid, official development assistance, economic development INTRODUCTION development, the amount and the form of the country size and the economic circumstances of the country are Jordan is a small country with few natural the major determinants of the volume and the form of resources, its economic and social wellbeing have been the foreign capital inflows.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Assistance for the Reconstruction of Iraq
    Japan’s Assistance for the Reconstruction of Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan ●Maximum $5 Billion in Reconstruction ●Personnel Contributions by Self- Assistance Defense Forces $1.5 billion of grant aid has already been obligated. Self-Defense Forces have engaged in medical Tangible results have been appearing in Iraq. Maximum assistance, distribution of drinking water, $3.5 billion yen-loan projects have been taking shape one by one. rehabilitation and maintenance of schools and other public facilities. ●Debt Relief ●Capacity Building Japan agreed to cancel 80% of appprox. $7.6 billion Japan's training programs have trained more than public debt (approx. $6 billion) Iraq owes to Japan 1,300 Iraqi citizens in Japan or neigboring Arab in three stages. countries (as of May 2006). Assisting Iraq is Important for Japan. The development of Iraq as a peaceful and democratic state is important for the peace and stability of not only the Middle East region but the international community as a whole. The reconstruction of Iraq is an issue of the entire international community. Japan has endeavored as a responsible member of the international community. Japan took initiative to the establishment of the International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq (IRFFI) in February 2004, and convened the third donor committee meeting of the IRFFI in Tokyo. The Middle East is a vital region for Japan’s energy security. (Note: The IRFFI is administered and operated jointly by the United Nations and the World Bank for the reconstruction of Iraq. More than 25 donor countries and organizations have contributed some $1.4 billion to the fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel: Background and Relations with the United States
    Order Code IB82008 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web Israel: Background and Relations with the United States Updated February 13, 2006 Carol Migdalovitz Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress CONTENTS SUMMARY MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS Historical Overview of Israel Government and Politics Overview Current Political Situation Economy Overview Current Issues Foreign Policy Middle East Iran Palestinian Authority Egypt Jordan Syria Lebanon Other European Union Relations with the United States Overview Issues Peace Process Trade and Investment Aid Security Cooperation Other Current Issues Military Sales Espionage-Related Cases Intellectual Property Protection U.S. Interest Groups IB82008 02-13-06 Israel: Background and Relations with the United States SUMMARY On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel implemented the “Roadmap,” the international declared its independence and was immedi- framework for achieving a two-state solution. ately engaged in a war with all of its neigh- Israel unilaterally disengaged from Gaza in bors. Armed conflict has marked every de- summer 2005 and is constructing a security cade of Israel’s existence. Despite its unstable barrier to separate from the Palestinians. The regional environment, Israel has developed a victory of the Hamas terrorist group in the vibrant parliamentary democracy, albeit with January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elec- relatively fragile governments. tions has led analysts to suggest that Israel will take additional unilateral steps in the future. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon formed a Israel concluded a peace treaty with Egypt in three-party coalition in January 2005 to secure 1979 and with Jordan in 1994, but never support for the withdrawal from the Gaza reached accords with Syria and Lebanon.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in the Mediterranean: Scenarios up to 2030 Robert Lanquar MEDPRO Report No
    Tourism in the Mediterranean: Scenarios up to 2030 Robert Lanquar MEDPRO Report No. 1/July 2011- (updated May 2013) Abstract From 1990 to 2010, the 11 countries of the south-eastern Mediterranean region (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey, hereafter SMCs) recorded the highest growth rates in inbound world tourism. In the same period, domestic tourism in these countries also increased rapidly, which is astonishing given the security risks, natural disasters, oil prices rises and economic uncertainties in the region. Even the 2008 financial crisis had no severe impact on this growth, confirming the resilience of tourism and the huge potential of the SMCs in this sector. The Arab Spring brought this trend to an abrupt halt in early 2011, but it may resume after 2014 with the gradual democratisation process, despite the economic slowdown of the European Union – its main market. This paper looks at whether this trend will continue up to 2030, and provides four different possible scenarios for the development of the tourism sector in SMCs for 2030: i) reference scenario, ii) common (cooperation) sustainable development scenario, iii) polarised (regional) development scenario and iv) failed development – decline and conflict – scenario. In all cases, international and domestic tourist arrivals will increase. However, three main factors will strongly influence the development of the tourism sector in the SMCs: security, competitiveness linked to the efficient use of ICT, and adjustment to climate change. Keywords: Mediterranean, domestic tourism, international tourism, security, climate change, tourism indicators, tourism's economic contribution, tourism competitiveness, tourism prospects, tourism scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2017
    Annual Report 2017 www.jordanriver.jo Table of Contents Annual Report 2017 23 Years of Empowered 04 Generations Table of A Message from the 06 Director General Contents 08 Vision, Mission, Values 10 Governance Board of Trustees 11 12 Our Programs & Impact 14 Empowering Communities 28 Protecting Children 38 Training to Success 46 Building Social Enterprises 52 Donors & Partners 02 03 Annual Report 2017 23 Years of Empowered Generations Chaired by Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah, the Jordan River Foundation (JRF) is a non-profit, non- governmental organization established in 1995. For the past 23 years, JRF has been helping generations of and the socio-economic independence of Jordanians and individuals to realize their full potential as proactive citizens refugees alike; focusing on children, youth, and women. contributing to the social, economic and familial wellbeing of their communities. JRF has also been supporting homegrown solutions designed Focusing on community empowerment and child safety as its to engage local communities and help them address two main pillars, JRF has been supporting local communities challenges, while placing the wellbeing of children at the center across Jordan by advocating social justice, poverty alleviation, of the Foundation’s development initiatives. www.jordanriver.jo 05 A message from Annual Report 2017 the Director General What Matters Now At JRF, empowerment has always been a genuine Building social enterprises through handicraft collective of trainers, specialists, partners, donors, and projects and centers for homemade culinary arts has beneficiaries. A collaboration making a real difference impacted thousands of community women and their by offering communities, youth, women and children families.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
    A/61/13 United Nations Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 1 January-31 December 2005 General Assembly Official Records Sixty-first Session Supplement No. 13 (A/61/13) General Assembly Official Records Sixty-first Session Supplement No. 13 (A/61/13) Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East 1 January-31 December 2005 United Nations • New York, 2006 A/61/13 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. Contents Paragraphs Page Letter of transmittal ............................................................ iv Letter dated 28 September 2006 from the Chairperson of the Advisory Commission of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East addressed to the Commissioner-General of the Agency......................................... viii I. Overview ........................................................... 1–72 1 A. Political, economic and security developments ........................ 9–18 2 B. Internal developments ............................................ 19–29 3 C. Operational context .............................................. 30–39 5 1. Emergency operations ........................................ 30 5 2. Refugee access .............................................. 31–34 5 3. Staff security ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Women's Entrepreneurship in the Mena Region
    PROMOTING WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE MENA REGION BACKGROUND REPORT AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS - Working Group 4 - Contact: Marie-Florance Estime, +33 1 45 24 94 48, e-mail: [email protected] 1 MENA – OECD INVESTMENT PROGRAMME TABLE OF CONTENTS Background..................................................................................................................................................... 3 PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS............................................ 0 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 0 Draft Recommendations.............................................................................................................................. 1 Overarching Policy Recommendations ................................................................................................... 1 Policy Recommendations Regarding the Thematic Areas....................................................................... 2 PART II. PROPOSED STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR FOSTERING WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE MENA REGION ...................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Section I. Implementation of Action Plan and Stakeholders................................................................... 6 Methodology........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Landmine Monitor Report
    54449 Cover.qxd 8/9/06 11:03 AM Page 1 Cover photo © C. Rebotton/Handicap International, March 2006 Phoas Yek is a vivacious and studious sixteen year-old from Sung Il village, in Cambodia’s remote and impoverished Samlot district. The third of eight children in a poor farming family, Phoas stepped on a mine while playing in the forest near her home, once a Khmer Rouge stronghold. Her parents worked hard to save the US$4 needed to transport her to the Battambang rehabilitation center for medical assistance. Phoas has received seven prosthetic legs at the ICRC-supported center; she continues to grow so fast she frequently needs her prosthetic replaced. Unlike many disabled Cambodians, Phoas has been able to go to school, with support from Handicap International. Each day she cycles to school, and in her spare time she reads her schoolbooks repeatedly because other books are not available. She hopes to graduate from school and own a fancy dress rental shop. Landmine Monitor Toward a Mine-Free World Report 2006 The Landmine Monitor initiative is Landmine Monitor Report 2006 is the eighth annual coordinated by an Editorial Board of report of the Landmine Monitor, an unprecedented four organizations: Mines Action Canada, civil society-based initiative by the International Handicap International, Human Rights Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), 1997 Nobel Watch, and Norwegian People’s Aid. Peace Co-Laureate. This report is the product of a global reporting network of 71 researchers from 62 Mines Action Canada serves as the lead countries. agency. Landmine Monitor collects information and assesses the response by the international community to the global landmines crisis, especially with regard to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Mines and On their Destruction.
    [Show full text]