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IMPACTS of ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES on the ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY of NAIROBI CITY PARK, KENYA Harriet Chepkemboi Maiyo a Thesis Su

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IMPACTS of ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES on the ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY of NAIROBI CITY PARK, KENYA Harriet Chepkemboi Maiyo a Thesis Su i IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON THE ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF NAIROBI CITY PARK, KENYA Harriet Chepkemboi Maiyo A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Environment and Natural Resource Management in the Department of Environment and Natural Resource Management and the School of Science and Technology of Africa Nazarene University August 2020 ii DECLARATION I declare that this document and the research that it describes are my original work and that they have not been presented in any other University for academic work …………………………… ………………. Maiyo Chepkemboi Harriet 17J03EMEV002 This research was conducted under our supervision and is submitted with our approval as University supervisors. ………………………………… …………………… Dr. Mark Ndunda Mutinda ………………………………… …………………… Dr. Gabriel M. Muturi Africa Nazarene University Nairobi, Kenya iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents, Mr. and Mrs. Kimaiyo and the Friends of City Park association for the immense support and motivation they gave me. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank God, for the opportunity He has given me to be alive this day and his strength, grace and blessings that have enabled me to start and finish this research and to write this thesis. I express my special appreciation to my supervisors Dr. Mark Ndunda Mutinda and Dr. Gabriel M. Muturi for their unwavering support during proposal development, study implementation and writing the thesis. I also extend my gratitude to Mr. Ernest Chege the Senior Parks superintendent, Nairobi City County for supporting me and the expert advice he gave me. I cannot forget the Friends of City Park Association for their unending dedication towards this research. It is my prayer that God will bless you all abundantly. v TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii DEDICATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------- iv TABLE OF CONTENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x LIST OF FIGURES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii DEFINITION OF TERMS------------------------------------------------------------------ xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS -------------------------------------xv CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 Background of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 1.4 Research Objectives ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.5 Research Questions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.6 Significance of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.7 Scope of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 1.8 Assumptions of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.9 Delimitation of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.10 Limitation of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------- 8 1.11 Theoretical Framework ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.11.1 The Tragedy of the Commons --------------------------------------------------- 9 vi 1.12 The Conceptual Framework ----------------------------------------------------------10 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW --------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.2 Nairobi City Park ------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.2.1 The Origin of Nairobi City and its Growth in the Colonial Era -------------14 2.2.2 The Growth of Nairobi City since Independence in 1963 --------------------14 2.2.3 The Origin and Location of Nairobi City Park ---------------------------------15 2.2.4 Purpose of Urban Parks ------------------------------------------------------------16 2.3 Ecological Integrity ----------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.4 Plant Diversity----------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.4.1 Status of Plant Diversity in Nairobi City Park ------------------------------------18 2.5 Tree Physical Attributes ----------------------------------------------------------------19 2.5.1 Tree Diameter -----------------------------------------------------------------------19 2.5.2 Tree Height --------------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.6 Ground Cover ----------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.6.1 Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index ------------------------------------------------22 2.7 Anthropogenic Impacts -----------------------------------------------------------------23 2.7.1 Deforestation and fragmentation -------------------------------------------------24 2.7.2 Over-exploitation -------------------------------------------------------------------24 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -----------------------------------------------------------27 3.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 3.2 Research Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------27 3.3 Study Site ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 vii 3.4 Sampling Procedure ---------------------------------------------------------------------28 3.5 Sample Size -------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 3.6 Data Collection and Recording Tools-------------------------------------------------29 3.6.1 Data Collection Methods -------------------------------------------------------------29 3.6.2 Recording Tools --------------------------------------------------------------------32 3.7 Validity and Reliability -----------------------------------------------------------------32 3.8 Data Processing and Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------32 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND FINDINGS -----------------------------------------------------------------34 4.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------34 4.2 Plant Species Composition within the NCP’s Three Strata ------------------------34 4.2.1 Woody Plant Species within the Outer Stratum of NCP ----------------------35 4.2.2 Woody Plant Species within the Middle Stratum of NCP --------------------37 4.2.3 Woody Plant Species within the Inner Core Stratum of NCP----------------39 4.2.4 Mean Differences in Plants Species in the Outer, Middle and Inner core Stratum of the NCP -----------------------------------------------------------------------40 4.3 Ground Cover of the Three Strata in NCP -------------------------------------------41 4.3.1 Ground Cover for the Outer Stratum within the NCP -------------------------41 4.3.2 Ground Cover for the Middle Stratum in the NCP ----------------------------42 4.3.3 Ground Cover for the Inner Core Stratum in NCP ----------------------------43 4.4 Plant Species Diversity of the Three Strata within the NCP ----------------------44 4.4.1 Woody Plant Species Diversity in the Outer Stratum of the NCP -----------44 4.4.2 Woody Plant Species Diversity in the Middle Stratum of the NCP ---------44 4.4.3 Woody Plant Species Diversity in the Inner Core Stratum of the NCP ----44 4.4.4 Comparison of the Plant Species Diversity in the Three Strata of NCP ----45 viii 4.4 Tree Physical Attributes in NCP -------------------------------------------------------46 4.4.1 Diameter and Height of Trees in the Outer, Middle and Inner Core Strata of the NCP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 4.4.2 Tree Stumps and Debarking ------------------------------------------------------47 4.5 Number of People Traversing the Three Stratum within the NCP ---------------48 4.6 Extent of Human Impact on the Ecological Integrity of the NCP ----------------50 4.6.1 Extent of Human Activities in the NCP -----------------------------------------51 4.6.2 Intensity of Human Activities in the Three Strata of NCP -------------------51 4.6.3 Ecological Integrity of the NCP --------------------------------------------------53 4.6.4 Determining the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on the Ecological Integrity of the NCP ----------------------------------------------------------------------54 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS --------------------57 5.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 5.2 Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 5.2.1 Plant Species Composition in Nairobi
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