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Volkswagen De México and Global Capitalism

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Volkswagen De México and Global Capitalism Entanglements: Volkswagen de México and Global Capitalism by Alejandra González Jiménez A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Alejandra González Jiménez 2017 ii Entanglements: Volkswagen de México and Global Capitalism Alejandra González Jiménez Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This dissertation is an ethnographic study of global capitalism. It examines the multilayered presence of Volkswagen de México to grapple with the double-edged sword of transnational economic dependencies. Car manufacturing in Mexico has created jobs for a number of college graduates, middle class status, modes of relationality and care, and even the possibility to migrate to Germany. At the same time global car production relies on a large number of low- wage and uncertain jobs, on mechanisms that make labor cheap and discipline the labor force, as well as on land and water dispossession. While Volkswagen de México is a medium of inclusivity into 21st century global capitalism, it has also created contentious relations on the ground: among those who celebrate the presence of the factory, those who oppose it, those who have been violently excluded, and among unionized and non-unionized workers. To elucidate this complex and convoluted landscape of social relations, this study examines how transnational car production intersects with processes of nation-state formation, local ideas about status, and personal aspirations, as well as the conjunctures between global transformations, manufacturing, and the North American Free Trade Agreement. This dissertation shows how Volkswagen’s car iii economy has endured through forms of domination, subjugation and accommodation, and traces its not-always-predictable effects on the ground. Thereby it offers a nuanced and textured account of how global capitalism is constituted trans-locally. iv Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been possible without the people who allowed me to be part of fragments of their everyday lives. So to begin with, I want to thank the members of the Beetle car club Aircooled Puebla, in particular Gonzalo, Liz, Iker, Edgar, Charly, Fanny, Victor, Luis, and Yuri who accepted and welcomed my presence as a quasi-member and as an anthropologist alike. Almost every Friday, I joined them on a parking lot that belongs to one of Puebla’s busiest malls where I heard life-stories of Beetles and their drivers. Other times I would cruise with them through the city or share dinners or meals during the weekend. I also want to thank the other Beetle car clubs in Mexico that welcomed me, as well as the Beetle fans whom I met at the various events that are organized to celebrate the Beetle throughout Mexico. I am equally grateful to the members of El Frente de Pueblos por la Tierra y el Agua region Puebla, as well as the Volkswagen workers who, after overcoming their initial distrust, allowed me to attend their meetings and events, and shared their own archives with me. To protect their identities, I cannot name them expect for Juan, the spokesperson and visible face of El Frente, who is often mistakenly taken to be the leader of this peasant-activist group. Juan is a known figure to the media and the government and has been incarcerated for El Frente’s political work. Besides my interlocutors in the field, I want to first and foremost thank those who have guided me on my academic journey. Without the support of Professor Susan Besse, I would have likely never gone to graduate school. Susan was my mentor during my undergraduate years in the CUNY Baccalaureate Program and, since then, has become a friend. She guided me to majoring in History. Susan also recruited me to the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship v Program (MMUF), a program that aims at increasing diversity in higher education. MMUF has supported me throughout the undergraduate and then the PhD years not only through fellowships but also by providing mentorship and creating a sense of community through weekend-long retreats, conferences and social gatherings. Also during my undergrad years in New York City, Professor Marc Edelman was my mentor while I was taking classes at Hunter College. It is from Professor Edelman that I learned what Anthropology can offer to the understanding of Latin America. This dissertation has been possible with the support of the Wenner Gren Foundation, the Social Science Research Council of Canada and The John Hope Franklin Dissertation Fellowship from the American Philosophical Society. At the University of Toronto, I am grateful to the late Professor Krystyna Scieciechowicz who was one of my advisors when I transferred to this university from the Graduate Center. I also want to express my gratitude to my committee members Andrea Muehlebach, Christopher Krupa, Shiho Satsuka, the external reader Casey Walsh, and, in particular, my advisor Valentina Napolitano for her encouragement over the years, for reading drafts that were not even proofread yet, for giving me the last push that I needed to finish this dissertation, as well as for her excitement about my work. The writing group led by Professor Michael Lambek not only pushed me to write and share my work but also allowed me to learn about how to provide feedback to my colleagues as well as how to make the most of the generous feedback that was given to me. I want to thank the Centre for Ethnography at the University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, and especially Professor Donna Young, for the semester-long fellowship and for giving me the opportunity to present my work. I thank Secil Dagtas, Asli Zengin, Vivian Solana, Jacob Nerenberg, Grant Otsuki, Katie Kilroy-Marac, Nicole Rigillo, Timothy Makory, Columba Gonzalez Duarte, Daniella Jofre, Stephen Campbell, Chantelle Falconer, Aaron Kappeler, Yesenia Ruiz Cortes, and Preeti Sampat for their friendship and for engaging with my work at vi some point along the way. To Sarah Williams for her immense help proofreading and editing the dissertation so quickly. For showing me another side of anthropological research in Mexico, I thank Isabel Maldonado, Caro Gonzalez and Ulises Castro whom I met through the graduate seminar Seminario de Teoria Critica y Subjectividad in the Anthropology Department at the Universidad Autonoma de Puebla. To my long time friend Jose Luis, I’m grateful for our conversations, for giving me the opportunity to participate in his architecture seminars, as well as for being a companion and my neighbor throughout my time in the field. I thank la familia Jaspeado Escalona for renting me the studio where I lived for fourteen months and for inviting me to join some of their family gatherings. I thank the Mittermaier and Hein family for welcoming me in Germany and la familia Tellez del Toro for welcoming me in Xalapa, Veracruz. For their support for just about any idea and project that I have come up with since I was young, I thank la familia González Godinez and Tia Yola, as well as my siblings, Nohemi, Valeria and Beto and his family, Ivon and his daughter Sofia. All my gratitude to my parents Adalberto González Tapia and Yolanda Jiménez Marín for buying me that ticket to New York City almost twenty years ago, which led me to return to college and eventually to get a PhD, as well as for their support and excitement about what I do. Last but not least, I’m thankful to Amira for all her support, excitement, ideas and encouragement all the years we have been together and for suggesting a writing retreat as well as for putting up with me working on weekends starting at 4 a.m. Finally, I’m grateful to my son Felix for his smiles, happiness and for teaching me to be in the present. It is to Felix that I dedicate this dissertation. vii Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. x Figures........................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction Of Beetles, Histories, and Capitalism ................................................................... 1 Entanglements ............................................................................................................................. 4 Producing Cars and Crafting Subjects ........................................................................................ 7 Car Manufacturing in Pre-NAFTA Mexico .............................................................................. 13 Car Manufacturing in Post- NAFTA Mexico ........................................................................... 18 Volkswagen de México ............................................................................................................. 26 Methodology and Positionality ................................................................................................. 29 Outline of Chapters ................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................
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