iLD 2 = 100 O- = cc: LD o- "CD o = M#.Af} ' rK i*'-. V^^ pi*-'" >f*V ^"¥^.-i ,fit>i. 7.«:^> 'J^fJ^^k 'v^^ > ./ <'^ -^^ ^'f'iL^li ia ?e ''•^ ^;\ .r f'*^^ t>-/-i .i^?? V'5-* \ ..V**!!^/.-; Citce i><^' t/i/'A^ Hr THE MONUMENTS UPPER EGYPT. I i'./j;'. 29 30 31 32 33 34 315 MED THE monument's UPPEE EGYPT A TEANSLATION OF THE "ITINERAIRE DE LA HAUTE EGYPTE " OF AUGUSTE MARIETTE-BEY BT ALPHONSE MARIETTE, Non Jovis ira, nee ignes, Nee potcrit ferrum, nee edax abolere vebiistas, Ovid. Alexandria and Cairo : A. MOURE S. London : TEtJBNER.*TO^r-r.«^v,.^v,r-.^,.^^^_^^^,,^,^^,^ v"v.,,.r..; ;. , 1877. t i (All rights reserves.) DATE ^^_ V DNWIV BEOTHEES, PRINTERS BY WATEE POWEE. Qp THE TKANSLATOE'S PEEFACE. An unpretending little volume was published in 1869 under the title of Itineraire des Invites de S. A. le Khedive aux Fetes de VInaugura- tion du Canal de Suez. The very title of the work is a record of the great historical event which gathered together many distinguished personages in Egypt. The Itineraire met with all the favour it deserved, and a first edition having been rapidly exhausted, a second one, with some slight altera- tions, appeared in 1872. It soon became evident, however, that as the majority of regular tourists on the Nile belong to the two great English-speaking nations, an English edition of the Itineraire would not prove otherwise than acceptable. At Mariette-Bey's request, being myself no stranger to Egypt, I readily undertook the required translation into English — a somewhat difficult task, in which VI .THE TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. I was encouraged, however, by my brother's kindly expressed opinion that I would be all the better with qualified for it by my genuine sympathy the whole subject. I have endeavoured to be faithful to the original text, keeping in view the author's idiosyncrasy, and I have but seldom thought fit to avail myself of the discretionary power that had been given me. My task, I need scai'cely say, has been a pleasant one, and I shall feel amply repaid for the trouble incurred if I can but think that I have in the very re- motest degree contributed to popularise Egypt's wonders, and to bring them and their English and American visitors into closer intercourse. As stated in the second French edition, this little work does not pretend to replace Murray's Handbook for Travellers in Egypt, especially now that that excellent guide has been revised by a most competent writer. The aim of this volume is different it with altogether ; deals exclusively the antiquities, and its sole object is to intro- duce the visitor to the Monuments of Upper Egypt, and to supply him with such information as will best enable him to understand their meaning. THE TRANSLATOR S PREFACE. Vll In conclusion, I would take this opportunity of appealing earnestly to all travellers in Upper Egypt. For the sake of science, for the sake of those who will come after us—and I will add, in sheer justice to him whose persevering labours and truly heroic exertions have brought to light so many hidden treasures, I would entreat all visitors to Sakkarah, Abydos, Denderah, Thebes, etc., to watch with a jealous care over the integrity of monuments which no educated man can gaze upon without the keenest interest, and to pre- vent, as far as in their power lies, any further desecration of those relics of a glorious past. ALPH. MAKIETTE. King's College, London, May, 1877. \ CONTENTS. INTEODUCTION. PAGE I. SOUECES 1 A Monuments . 2 The Temples 3 The Tombs 6 B Manetho 11 C Classical Historians 12 II. History 14 1 Ancient Empire 15 2 Middle Empire 16 3 New Empire 16 4 Lower Period 17 III. Chronology . 18 The Dynasties 22 IV. Eeligion 23 V. Language and Writing 27 Eosetta Stone 29 Hieroglyphs 31 VI. Generalities 35 A The decoration of the Temples 35 B Their signification 38 C The Mammisi 42 D The Eoyal Cartouches 43 E Epitome of the best-known epochs in Egyptian History 45 F Entreaty to travellers to spare the Monu ments 52 G Papyrus to be carefully preserved 55 X CONTENTS. PAGE DESCKIPTION OF THE MONUMENTS 59 EXCUESIONS IN THE ENVIRONS OF CAIRO. 61 I. Heliopolis e^i. III. IV. CONTENTS. XI PAGE II. Abydos 115 Tel-Amarna 116 Crocodile caves of Maabdeh 117 Temple of Sethi I 120 Temple of Eameses II. 122 122 Tablet of Abydos . Kom-es-Sultan 123 III. Dendeeah 125 126 The Temple Divided into four groups . 127 1 Hypostyl Hall 127 2 Chambers of Assembly 128 Sacred barks 129 Treasury, vestments, offerings 130 181 3 Hypethral Temple . 4 Sanctuary 132 The Crypts 135 The Osiris of Denderah 137 Hathor and her different attributes 141 IV. Thebes 145 Its history . 147 Its hieroglyphic name 153 Its special divinity . 155 LTJXOE . 156 Temple 156 Sham antiquities 157 KARNAK 157 i. Temple of Khons 160 Usurpation of authority by the Priests 160 ii. The Great Temple 161 Hypostyl Hall 162 Bas-reliefs of Shishak 163 Poem of Pen-ta-our 165 Bas-reliefs of Sethi I. 166 The Pylons 168 The Obelisks 169 The granite chambers 172 Xll CONTENTS. LIST OF rUBLICATIONS EECOMMENDED. Colonel Jacotin. — Carte topograpliique de V Egypte, levee pendant l' Expedition de I'Armee franqaise. LiNANT DE Bellefonds.— Carte liydrographique de la Basse, de la Moyenne et de la Haute-Egypte. Paris : Longuet. Precis du systeme hieroglyphique. Paris : Imprimerie Eoyale, 1828. F. Champollion.—Lettres ecrites d'Egyj^te . Paris : Didier . Orammaire Egyptienne. Paris : Didot. Champollion-Figeac. — L'Egypte ancienne {I'Univers Pittoresque). Paris: Didot. J. J. Ampere.— Voyage et Eecherches en Egypte et en Nubie. Paris. Sir Gardner Wilkinson. —Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. London, 1837 and 1841. Modern Egypt and Thebes. London, 1843. The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs, with an Appendix by Dr. Birch, entitled An Introduction to the Study of the Egyptian Hieroglyphs. London, 1857. E. W. Lane. —An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. London, 1871. Bunsen.—Egypt's Place in Universal History. H. Brugsch.—Histoire d'Egypte; l^re partie, L'Egypte sous les rois indigenes. Leipzig : Hinrichs, 1859. F. Lenormant.—Manuel d'Histoire ancienne de V Orient jusqu'aux Guerres mediques. Les Egyptiens,ioxn.e I. Paris : A Levy, 1869. XVI PUBLICATIONS RECOMMENDED. G. Maspero. —Histoire Ancienne desPeuplesde I'Orieni. Paris :—Hacliette, 1875. S. Birch. The Monumental History of Egypt. London : S. Bagster. Becords of the Past, Vols. II., IV., and VI. London: S. Bagster. Mariette-Bey.—Aper(^u de V Histoire d'Egypte. Cairo: A. Moures, 1874. Notice des Principaux Monuments du Musee de Boulaq. Cairo : A. Moures, 1876. To the above should be added the other works of S. Birch, H. Brugsch and Mariette-Bey, as also the scientific pubhcations on Egypt which bear the honoured names of Nestor L'Hote, Ch. Lenormant, Hincks, Lepsius, E. de Eouge, de Saulcy, Groodwin and Chabas. Many pleasant volumes of travels have been written on Egypt, or a propos of Egypt. We cannot enumerate here to for its them ; but we do not hesitate single out, exceptional artistic and literary merit, A Thousand Miles up the Nile, by Amelia B. Edwards. London : Longmans, 1877. THE MONUMENTS OF UPPER EGYPT. INTRODUCTION. Before embarking on the Nile the visitor should have mastered certain data which will afford a kind of preparation for the journey he is about to undertake. We will endeavour to supply, in as concise a form as possible, some of the requisite knowledge. We shall first treat of the sources from whence Egyptology, generally shall refer speaking, springs ; we then succes- sively to History, Chronology, and Religion, and after noticing Language and Writing, we will conclude by presenting together, in one chaj^ter, under the head of Generalities, a few notes which could not well find a suitable place elsewhere. I.— SOURCES. All the monuments we are going to meet with belong to that civilisation which formerly flou- 2 13 THE MONUMENTS OF UPPER EGYPT. rished on the banks of the Nile, and which, from beginning to end, used hieroglyphs as its form of writing. For the interpretation and miderstanding of those monuments Science avails herself of three different sources. As a matter of course, the first and principal source is afforded by the monuments themselves, the undeniable witnesses, and often the con- temporaries, of the events they relate. After them comes Manetho, an Egyptian priest, who wrote in the third and last a history of Egypt Greek ; place being assigned to the Greek and Eoman authors who travelled in Egypt, or who wrote about it from hearsay. A.—MONUMENTS. The monuments are at once many and various. Some are still in Egypt, some have found their way into the museums of various countries. As we have no intention of drawing up an inventory, be it ever so brief, of the monuments preserved in the Museums, we shall not go out of Eg37:)t and will rest satisfied with supplying here a few data upon the temples and tombs, the only SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA. 6 monuments the visitor to Upper Egypt will meet with on his way.* 1. The Temples.—This is not the right time to describe fully the temples one meets with while travelling in Upper Egypt, as such a description will be found presently in its appointed place. We may, however, put at once into the reader's hand the thread destined to guide him in the interior of those monuments.