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MAULANA SHAH AHMED NOORANI SIDDIQUI: A POLITICAL STUDY ZAHID AHMED DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD SPRING 2015 MAULANA SHAH AHMED NOORANI SIDDIQUI: A POLITICAL STUDY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ZAHID AHMED ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN SPRING 2015 To My Parents and Wife ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Razia Sultana, who has supported me though out my thesis with her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Her insightful comments, hard questions and constructive criticisms at different stages of my research were thought-provoking and they helped me focus my ideas. My sincere thanks to Maulana Younas Noshahi, Maulana Jameel Ahmed Naeemi, Late Maulana Ishaq Naziri, Zaid Sarwar, Hassan Nawaz and Dr.Arshad Bashir Mirza for helping me in material collection and giving free access to their personal collections. I am thankful to all my teachers particularly Prof. Dr. Sikandar Hayat, Prof. Dr. Aslam Syed, and Prof. Masood Akther, for their help and guidance. I especially thank Shah Muhmmad Anas Noorani, Shah Muhmmad Owais Noorani, Azhar Iqbal, Khalil Ahmed Rana, Noor Alam Shah, Shabbir Chishti, Mahboobur Rasool for helping me in identification of resources. I am grateful to the staff of National Archives of Pakistan, National Library of Pakistan, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Institute of Policy Studies, Heavy Industry Taxila Education City Religious Education Library, Dr. Hameed ullah Khan Library of International Islamic University, Jhandale Library Bahawalpur, Punjab Public Library, Punjab University Central Library, Bedal Library (Karachi) and the Central & Department of History Libraries of Quaid-i-Azam University for their immense support in material collection. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my parents for supporting me spiritually, financially and emotionally throughout my life. I am thankful to my family who has been a constant source of love, concern, support and strength all these years. I am truly indebted and thankful to my wife for the stimulating discussions and for all the hardships we have had faced during this time period. In particular, the patience and understanding shown by my wife during the years is greatly appreciated. I know, at times, my temper was particularly trying. A major research project like this is never the work of anyone alone. The contributions of many different people, in their ways, have made this possible. At the end I once again cordially thank to all those who guided, helped and supported me to achieve my goal successfully. ABBREVIATIONS AIML All India Muslim League AJK Azad Jammu & Kashmir AKJMC Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference AL Awami League ANI Anjuman-i-Naujawanan-i-Islam APC All Parties Conference ATA Anti-Terrorism Act CEC Central Executive Committee CML Convention Muslim League CMLA Chief Martial Law Administrator COAS Chief of Army Staff COP Combined Opposition Parties DPRS Defense of Pakistan Rules EPR East Pakistan Rifles FSF Federal Security Force IDF Islamic Democratic Front IF Islamic Front IJI Islami Jamhori Ittehad IJM Islamic Jamhoori Mahaz ISI Inter Services Intelligence Agency JASP Jamaat-i- Ahl-i Sunnat Pakistan JI Jamat-i-Islami JUI Jamait-ul-Ulama-i-Islam JUI (Darkhawsti) Jamait-ul-Ulama-i-Islam(Darkhawsti group) JUI-F Jamait-ul-Ulama-i-Islam (Maulana Fazalur Rehman group) JUI-S Jamait-ul-Ulama-i-Islam (Maulana Sami ul Haq group) JUP Jamait-i Ulama-i Pakistan KPK Khyber Pakhtun Khaw old NWFP KT Khaksar Tehrik LFO Legal Framework Order MDM Mutahidda Deeni Mahaz MJUP Markazi Jamiaat-i- Ulama-i- Pakistan MMA Muthida Majlis-i- Amal MNA Member of the National Assembly MPA Members of the Provincial Assembly MQM (Haqeqi) Muhajir Quami Movement (Haqeqi) MQM Mutahida Quami Movement MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy MYC Milli Yekjehti Council NAP National Awami Party NDP National Democratic Party NPP National Peoples’ Party NWC National Working Committee NWFP North West Frontier Province PAI Pakistan Awami Ittihad PCO Provisional Constitutional Order PDP Peoples' Democratic Party PML (Functional) Pakistan Muslim League (Pagaro group) PML (J) Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo group) PML (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz group) PML(Fida) Pakistan Muslim League (Fida group) PNA Pakistan National Alliance PNP Pakistan National Party POWs Prisoners of War PPC Pakistan Penal Code PPP Pakistan People’s Party PPPP Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarian RAW Research and Analysis Wing, Indian External Intelligence Agency RCO Revival of Constitution Order SAWW PEACE BE UPON HIM SBPF Sindh- Baluch- Pushtun Front TI Tehrik-i-Istaqlal UDF United Democratic Front WIM World Islamic Mission TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Abbreviation Introduction 1 Chapter 1 From Passive to Active Politics:1969-1971 8 Chapter 2 Confronting Bhutto’s Socialism: 1972-1975 45 Chapter 3 Tehrik-i Nizam-i Mustafa: 1976-1977 80 Chapter 4 Opposing Zia’s Islam-I: 1977-1979 110 Chapter 5 Opposing Zia’s Islam-II: 1980-1988 149 Chapter 6 Democratic Interlude-I: 1988-1993 188 (First Terms of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif) Chapter 7 Democratic Interlude-II: 1993-1999 253 (Second Terms of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif) Chapter 8 Reaction to Musharraf’s Martial law and 9/11: 1999-2003 291 Conclusion 325 Appendix A 22 Points by the Ulama 331 Appendix B The suggestion of Mufti Mahmood for the resolution of Brelvi – Deobandi differences 334 Glossary 336 Bibliography 339 Chapter 1 From Passive to Active Politics 1969-1971 Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani Siddiqui, the third child of a famous religious scholar and Sufi Maulana Shah Abdul Aleem Siddiqui (1892-1954)1, was born in Meerut (India) on 1 April, 1926.2 After memorizing the Holy Quran by heart at the age of just eight and completing his matriculation he got admission in Darul Ulum-i- Islamiya Arabiyyah Meerut. He not only completed Dars-i- Nizami3 from Darul Ulum4 but also got his Fazil degree in Arabic from Allahabad University.5 He had great interest in politics and was greatly impressed by the personality of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi6 who was a strong advocate of the Two Nation Theory.7 It was under this influence that Maulana Noorani along with other students of Darul Ulum wrote a pamphlet against the imposition of ban on cow sacrifice8 by the congress government in 1937.9 In the pamphlet the Islamic point of view regarding cow sacrifice and its permissibility was discussed which created law and order situation in his home city Meerut. Subsequently Maulana Noorani was arrested and put in jail10 for three days. The insulting behavior of Hindu Police with young Maulana Noorani turned him into a strong supporter of the demand for Pakistan which was the main aim of All India Muslim League (AIML) to achieve. He established a Muslim youth organization by the name of National Guards which used to manage and protect public gatherings of AIML.11 Maulana Noorani took an active part in the election campaign of Liaqat Ali Khan (the General Secretary of AIML and later the first Prime Minister of Pakistan) who was contesting 1945-46 Elections for the central legislative council’s seat from Muzzafar Nagar a distract of Meerut Division. Besides, Maulana Noorani strongly opposed the enforcement of Zakat Bill on Muslim of India in 1946 by the British Government.12 After the creation of Pakistan in 1947 Maulana Noorani along with his father and other members of family migrated to Pakistan and settled in Karachi. He used to accompany his father on his missionary tours abroad. In fact Maulana Noorani’s father was preparing him for the missionary responsibilities13 which he under took after the death of his father.14 Maulana Noorani actively participated in Anti- Qadiani Movement15 and was elected Senior VicePresident of Jamait-i Ulama- i Pakistan (JUP- West Pakistan) in 1955.16 During Field Marshal Ayub’s era he spent most of his time in missionary activities abroad.17 On 25 March 1969 Field Marshal Ayub Khan stepped down as president of Pakistan and handed over the reins of power to the Chief of the Army Staff Gen. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan who placed the country under Martial Law with immediate effect, assumed the office of the Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and announced the abrogation of 1962 Constitution, the dissolution of the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies. Gen. Yahya Khan in his first ever broadcast to the nation on 26 March 1969 called for the return of sanity and conditions conducive to the constitutional government. He promised the direct elections based on the universal adult franchise that would be framed by the elected representatives of the people. After months of violent agitation against Ayub Khan’s regime, the renewal of Martial Law was greeted by most people in both provinces but in Dhaka there were street demonstrations. A common feeling was that at the very moment when East Pakistan was on the threshold of securing the acceptance of its just constitutional and economic claims, martial law was imposed in the country. Maulana Shah Ahmad Noorani realizing the grave situation particularly in East Pakistan warned Gen. Yahya Khan about the role of M.M. Ahmed (The Vice Chairman of the Planning Commission) in deteriorating the economy of Pakistan which could result in the separation of East Pakistan.18 Yahya Khan, in his nationwide broadcast on 28 November 1969, announced far reaching constitutional developments. He announced the Legal Framework Order (LFO) for the restoration of a federal parliamentary system in Pakistan.
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