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Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load1 Designation: D 1143/D 1143M – 07 Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1143/D 1143M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load- 1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when procedures. The text of this standard references notes and loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be manner similar to driven piles or castinplace piles, regardless considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also of their method of installation, and may be used for testing includes illustrations and appendices intended only for ex- single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent planatory or advisory use. the long-term performance of a deep foundation. 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for test- are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in ing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified system shall be used independently of the other. Combining engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures values from the two systems may result in non-conformance as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. with the standard. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, 1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any devia- when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound tions, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass standard. is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic 1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures: (F=ma) calculations are involved. Procedure A Quick Test 1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the Procedure B Maintained Test (optional) guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Procedure C Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (optional) Practice D 6026. Procedure D Constant Time Interval Test (optional) Procedure E Constant Rate of Penetration Test (optional) 1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected, Procedure F Constant Movement Increment Test (optional) calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to Procedure G Cyclic Loading Test (optional) the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other 1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this may produce different test results and may be used only when standard is beyond its scope. approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a 1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- indicate mandatory provisions. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as 2. Referenced Documents to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in 2 the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments 2.1 ASTM Standards: regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained test results. Fluids D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM approved in 1950. Discontinued in August 1995 and reinstated in 2007 as Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on D 1143–07. Last previous edition approved in 1994 as D 1143 – 81(1994) e1 . the ASTM website. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. 1 D 1143/D 1143M – 07 Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test as Used in Engineering Design and Construction program, the designer may also use the results to assess the D 5882 Test Method for Low Strain Integrity Testing of viability of different piling types and the variability of the test Piles site. D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni- 4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on cal Data the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach D 6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). 2.2 American National Standards:3 Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve ASME B30.1 Jacks the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, ASME B40.100 Pressure Gages and Gauge Attachments quantity, or size. ASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure- 4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an ments) inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the 3. Terminology inclined pile. 3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standard NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is see Terminology D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the and Contained Fluids. suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard: criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent 3.2.1 cast in-place pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method cement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location, are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself for example, drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. piles, pressure-injected footings, etc 3.2.2 deep foundation, n— a relatively slender structural 5. Test Foundation Preparation element that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soil or rock well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pile 5.1 Excavate or add fill to the ground surface around the test or concrete drilled shaft pile or pile group to the final design elevation unless otherwise 3.2.3 driven pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of pre- approved by the Engineer. formed material with a predetermined shape and size and 5.2 Cut off or build up the test pile as necessary to permit typically installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing. construction of the load-application apparatus, placement of 3.2.4 failure load, n—for the purpose of terminating an the necessary testing and instrumentation equipment, and axial compressive load test, the test load at which rapid observation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged or continuing, progressive movement occurs, or at which the total unsound material from the pile top and prepare the surface so axial movement exceeds 15 % of the pile diameter or width, or that it is perpendicular to the pile axis with minimal irregularity as specified by the engineer. to provide a good bearing surface for a test plate. 3.2.5 telltale rod, n—an unstrained metal rod extended 5.3 For tests of single piles, install a solid steel test plate at through the test pile from a specific point to be used as a least 25 mm (1 in) thick perpendicular to the long axis of the reference from which to measure the change in the length of test pile that covers the complete pile top area. The test plate the loaded pile. shall span across and between any unbraced flanges on the test 3.2.6 wireline, n—a steel wire mounted with a constant pile. tension force between two supports and used as a reference line 5.4 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group with to read a scale indicating movement of the test pile. steel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame designed for the anticipated loads.
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