ASTM International/Definitions and Sample Standards
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Reliability Design of Mechanical Systems Such As Compressor Subjected to Repetitive Stresses †
metals Article Reliability Design of Mechanical Systems Such as Compressor Subjected to Repetitive Stresses † Seongwoo Woo 1,* and Dennis L. O’Neal 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7356, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +251-90-047-6711 † Presented at the First International Electronic Conference on Metallurgy and Metals (IEC2M 2021). Abstract: This study demonstrates the use of parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) as a way to recognize design defects in mechanical products in creating a reliable quantitative (RQ) specification. It covers: (1) a system BX lifetime that X% of a product population fails, created on the parametric ALT scheme, (2) fatigue and redesign, (3) adapted ALTs with design alternations, and (4) an evaluation of whether the system design(s) acquires the objective BX lifetime. A life-stress model and a sample size formulation, therefore, are suggested. A refrigerator compressor is used to demonstrate this method. Compressors subjected to repetitive impact loading were failing in the field. To analyze the pressure loading of the compressor and carry out parametric ALT, a mass/energy balance on the vapor-compression cycle was examined. At the first ALT, the compressor failed due to a cracked or Citation: Woo, S.; O’Neal, D.L. fractured suction reed valve made of Sandvik 20C carbon steel (1 wt% C, 0.25 wt% Si, 0.45 wt% Mn). -
Technical Committee E55 Manufacture of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Products
Technical Committee E55 Manufacture of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Products www.astm.org © ASTM International What is ASTM International? ASTM International 118 year-old international not-for-profit organization that develops consensus standards – including test methods Participation open to all - 32,000 technical experts from across the globe ASTM’s Objectives Promote public health and safety Contribute to the reliability of materials, products, systems and services 6,788 ASTM standards Facilitate national, regional, and international commerce have been adopted, used as a reference, ASTM Standards or used as the basis Known for high technical quality of national standards outside the USA Over 12,500 ASTM standards for more than 100 industry sectors Over 5,000 ASTM standards used in regulation or adopted as national standards around the world in at least 75 countries © ASTM International Role of Standards in Global Regulatory Frameworks Legal basis for the use of Standards Standards are voluntary until referenced in regulation or contracts USA Use of Standards described by FDA Other regions ASTM International Standards are cited in many laws and regulations around the world To date, E55 Pharmaceutical Standards have not been cited in regulation What are the characteristics of Standards Development Organizations (SDOs)? SDOs differ in organization and processes used to develop Standards ASTM International is a voluntary consensus standards organization “A voluntary consensus standards body is defined by the following -
Ashrae Ashrae Asme Astm
CHAPTER 16 REFERENCED STANDARDS This chapter lists the standards that are referenced in various sections of this document. The standards are listed herein by the promulgating agency of the standard, the standard identification, the effective date and title, and the section or sections of this document that reference the standard. The application of the referenced standards shall be as specified in Section 102.4 of the Florida Building Code, Building. American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE/SEI Structural Engineering Institute 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191-4400 Standard Referenced reference in code number Title section number 7—10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures with Supplement No. 1 . 301.1.4.1, 403.4, 403.9, 708.1.1, 807.5 41—13 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings . 301.1.4, 301.1.4.1, Table 301.1.4.1 301.1.4.2, Table 301.1.4.2, 402.4, Table 402.4, 403.4, 404.2.1, Table 404.2.1, 404.2.3, 407.4 ASHRAE ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 Standard Referenced reference in code number Title section number 62.1—2013 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality . .809.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Two Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 Standard Referenced reference in code number Title section number ASME A17.1/ CSA B44—2013 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators . 410.8.2, 705.1.2, 902.1.2 A17.3—2008 Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators . 902.1.2 A18.1—2008 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chair Lifts. -
Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load1
Designation: D 1143/D 1143M – 07 Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1143/D 1143M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load- 1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when procedures. The text of this standard references notes and loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be manner similar to driven piles or castinplace piles, regardless considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also of their method of installation, and may be used for testing includes illustrations and appendices intended only for ex- single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent planatory or advisory use. the long-term performance of a deep foundation. 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for test- are to be regarded separately as standard. -
Learn the Six Methods for Determining Moisture
SCIENCE OF SENSING Learn the Six Methods For Determining Moisture ADVANTAGES, DEFICIENCIES AND WHO USES EACH METHOD CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Primary versus Secondary Test Methods 4 3. Primary Methods 5 a. Karl Fisher 6 b. Loss On Drying 8 4. Secondary Methods 10 a. Electrical Methods 11 b. Microwave 13 c. Nuclear 15 d. Near-Infrared 17 5. Conclusion 19 6. About the Author 20 7. About Kett 20 8. Next Steps 21 Learn the Six Methods For Determining Moisture | www.kett.com 2 1. INTRODUCTION With three-quarters of the earth covered with water, almost everything we touch or eat has some water content. The accurate measurement of water content is very important, as it affects all aspects of a business and it’s supply chain. As discussed in our previous ebook “A Guide To Accurate and Reliable Moisture Measurement”, the proper (or improper) utilization of moisture meters to optimize water can be the difference between profitability and failure for a business. This ebook, the 6 Methods For Determining Moisture is for anyone interested in pursuing the goal of accurate moisture measurement, including: quality control, quality assurance, production management, design/build engineers, executive management and of course anyone wanting to learn more about this far reaching topic. The purpose of this ebook is to provide insight into the various major moisture measurement technologies and to help you identify which is the right type of instrument for your needs. Expect to learn the six major methods of moisture measurement, the positive aspects of each, as well as the drawbacks. -
Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100 % Relative Humidity1
Designation: D 2247 – 02 Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in 100 % Relative Humidity1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1. Scope Using Water Immersion2 4 1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water procedures for testing water resistance of coatings by exposing D 1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated 2 coated specimens in an atmosphere maintained at 100 % Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environment relative humidity so that condensation forms on the test D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and 5 specimens. Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting 1.2 This practice is limited to the methods of obtaining, D 1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings 2 measuring, and controlling the conditions and procedures of Using Water Fog Apparatus tests conducted in 100 % relative humidity. It does not specify D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ- 2 specimen preparation, specific test conditions, or evaluation of ence With a Gray Scale results. D 3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test2 NOTE 1—Alternative practices for testing the water resistance of D 3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test2 coatings include Practices D 870, D 1735, and D 4585. -
Evaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in Solar Collectors1
Designation: E861 − 13 Standard Practice for Evaluating Thermal Insulation Materials for Use in Solar Collectors1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E861; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure- 1.1 This practice sets forth a testing methodology for ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of evaluating the properties of thermal insulation materials to be the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus used in solar collectors with concentration ratios of less than C209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board 10. Tests are given herein to evaluate the pH, surface burning C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High- characteristics, moisture adsorption, water absorption, thermal Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking resistance, linear shrinkage (or expansion), hot surface Heat performance, and accelerated aging. This practice provides a C411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High- test for surface burning characteristics but does not provide a Temperature Thermal Insulation methodology for determining combustibility performance of C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission thermal insulation materials. Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus C553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insu- 1.2 The tests shall apply to blanket, rigid board, loose-fill, lation for Commercial and Industrial Applications and foam thermal insulation materials used in solar collectors. -
Variation Factors in the Design and Analysis of Replicated Controlled Experiments - Three (Dis)Similar Studies on Inspections Versus Unit Testing
Variation Factors in the Design and Analysis of Replicated Controlled Experiments - Three (Dis)similar Studies on Inspections versus Unit Testing Runeson, Per; Stefik, Andreas; Andrews, Anneliese Published in: Empirical Software Engineering DOI: 10.1007/s10664-013-9262-z 2014 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Runeson, P., Stefik, A., & Andrews, A. (2014). Variation Factors in the Design and Analysis of Replicated Controlled Experiments - Three (Dis)similar Studies on Inspections versus Unit Testing. Empirical Software Engineering, 19(6), 1781-1808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-013-9262-z Total number of authors: 3 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Variation Factors in the Design and Analysis of Replicated Controlled Experiments { Three (Dis)similar Studies on Inspections versus Unit Testing Per Runeson, Andreas Stefik and Anneliese Andrews Lund University, Sweden, [email protected] University of Nevada, NV, USA, stefi[email protected] University of Denver, CO, USA, [email protected] Empirical Software Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/s10664-013-9262-z Self archiving version. -
Methods, Method Verification and Validation Volume 2
OOD AND RUG DMINISTRATION Revision #: 02 F D A Document Number: OFFICE OF REGULATORY AFFAIRS Revision Date: ORA-LAB.5.4.5 ORA Laboratory Manual Volume II 06/30/2020 Title: Page 1 of 32 Methods, Method Verification and Validation Sections in This Document 1. Purpose ....................................................................................................................................2 2. Scope .......................................................................................................................................2 3. Responsibility............................................................................................................................2 4. Background...............................................................................................................................3 5. References ...............................................................................................................................4 6. Procedure .................................................................................................................................5 6.1. Method Selection ...........................................................................................................5 6.2. Method Evaluation & Record .........................................................................................5 6.3. Standard Method Verification .........................................................................................5 6.3.1. Chemistry........................................................................................................ -
Characterizing the Shearing Stresses Within the CDC Biofilm Reactor
microorganisms Article Characterizing the Shearing Stresses within the CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Erick Johnson 1,2, Theodore Petersen 1 and Darla M. Goeres 2,* 1 Department Mechanical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (T.P.) 2 Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-406-994-2440 Abstract: Shearing stresses are known to be a critical factor impacting the growth and physiology of biofilms, but the underlying fluid dynamics within biofilm reactors are rarely well characterized and not always considered when a researcher decides which biofilm reactor to use. The CDC biofilm reactor is referenced in validated Standard Test Methods and US EPA guidance documents. The driving fluid dynamics within the CDC biofilm reactor were investigated using computational fluid dynamics. An unsteady, three-dimensional model of the CDC reactor was simulated at a rotation rate of 125 RPM. The reactor showed turbulent structures, with shear stresses averaging near 0.365 ± 0.074 Pa across all 24 coupons. The pressure variation on the coupon surfaces was found to be larger, with a continuous 2–3 Pa amplitude, coinciding with the baffle passage. Computational fluid dynamics was shown to be a powerful tool for defining key fluid dynamic parameters at a high fidelity within the CDC biofilm reactor. The consistency of the shear stresses and pressures and the unsteadiness of the flow within the CDC reactor may help explain its reproducibility in laboratory studies. The computational model will enable researchers to make an informed decision whether the Citation: Johnson, E.; Petersen, T.; fluid dynamics present in the CDC biofilm reactor are appropriate for their research. -
A Non-Ventilated Solar Façade Concept Based on Selective and Transparent Insulation Material Integration: an Experimental Study
energies Article A Non-Ventilated Solar Façade Concept Based on Selective and Transparent Insulation Material Integration: An Experimental Study Miroslav Cekonˇ * and Richard Slávik Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, AdMaS Centre, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 April 2017; Accepted: 8 June 2017; Published: 15 June 2017 Abstract: A new solar façade concept based on transparent insulation and a selective absorber is proposed, tested and compared with conventional insulation and a non-selective type of absorber, respectively. The presented study focuses on an experimental non-ventilated solar type of façade exposed to solar radiation both in the laboratory and in outdoor tests. Due to the high solar absorbance level of the façade, high- and low-emissivity contributions were primarily analysed. All of the implemented materials were contrasted from the thermal and optical point of view. An analysis was made of both thermodynamic and steady state procedures affecting the proposed solar façade concept. Experimental full scale tests on real building components were additionally involved during summer monitoring. An indicator of the temperature response generated by solar radiation exposure demonstrates the outdoor performance of the façade is closely related to overheating phenomena. From the thermal point of view, the proposed transparent insulation and selective absorber concept corresponds to the performance of conventional thermal insulation of identical material thickness; however, the non-selective prototype only provides 50% thermal performance. The results of the solar-based experiments show that with a small-scale experimental prototype, approximately no significant difference is measured when compared with a non-selective absorber type. -
ETA Visible Emissions Observer Training Manual
Eastern Technical Associates Visible Emissions Observer Training Manual June 2013 Copyright © 1997-2013 by ETA i Eastern Technical Associates © Welcome Visible Emissions Observer Trainee: During the next few days you will be trained in one of the oldest and most common source measurement techniques – visible emissions observations. There are more people measuring visible emissions today than at any time in the 100-plus-year history of emissions observations. We have prepared this manual to assist you in your training, certification, and most important, field observations. It is impossible to give proper credit to all who developed and supported the technology that contributed to this manual. The list would probably be longer than the manual itself. We have been working in this field since 1970 and stand in the footprints of many innovators. Much of the material in this manual comes from the contributions of the many visible emissions instructors we have been privileged to work with as well as U.S. EPA documents and the contributions of our staff for more than 30 years. The purpose of this manual is to give you a hands-on, readable reference for the topics addressed in the classroom portion of our training. It should also be useful as a reference document in the future when you are a certified observer performing measurements in the field. Unfortunately, we cannot cover all of the possible situations you might encounter, but the guidance in this document combined with the training you receive in ETA’s classroom and field programs should enable you to make valid observations for more than 90% of the sources you observe.