DOCSLIB.ORG

Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Behaviour of a Lox/LCH4 Demonstrator Cooling System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Behaviour of a Lox/LCH4 Demonstrator Cooling System aerospace Article Numerical Investigation on the Thermal Behaviour of a LOx/LCH4 Demonstrator Cooling System Daniele Ricci * , Francesco Battista and Manrico Fragiacomo CIRA, Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali, Via Maiorise, 81043 Capua, Italy; [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (M.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0823-623096; Fax: +39-0823-623100 Abstract: Reliability of liquid rocket engines is strictly connected with the successful operation of cooling jackets, able to sustain the impressive operative conditions in terms of huge thermal and mechanical loads, generated in thrust chambers. Cryogenic fuels, like methane or hydrogen, are often used as coolants and they may behave as transcritical fluids flowing in the jackets: after injection in a liquid state, a phase pseudo-change occurs along the chamber because of the heat released by combustion gases and coolants exiting as a vapour. Thus, in the development of such subsystems, important issues are focused on numerical methodologies adopted to simulate the fluid thermal behaviour inside the jackets, design procedures as well as manufacturing and technological process topics. The present paper includes the numerical thermal analyses regarding the cooling jacket belonging to the liquid oxygen/liquid methane demonstrator, realized in the framework of the HYPROB (HYdrocarbon PROpulsion test Bench) program. Numerical results considering the nominal operating conditions of cooling jackets in the methane-fuelled mode and the water-fed Citation: Ricci, D.; Battista, F.; one are included in the case of the application of electrodeposition process for manufacturing. A Fragiacomo, M. Numerical comparison with a similar cooling jacket, realized through the conventional brazing process, is Investigation on the Thermal addressed to underline the benefits of the application of electrodeposition technology. Behaviour of a LOx/LCH4 Demonstrator Cooling System. Keywords: liquid rocket engine; numerical analyses; thermal control; cooling jacket design; regener- Aerospace 2021, 8, 151. ative cooling; methane transcritical behaviour; electrodeposition technology; brazing process https://doi.org/10.3390/ aerospace8060151 Academic Editor: Konstantinos Kontis 1. Introduction In the last few years, an increasing interest has arisen in the utilization of the LOX/CH4 Received: 14 April 2021 propellant combination for space propulsion applications as testified by the efforts spent by Accepted: 24 May 2021 several academic and research institutions, international agencies and private companies. Published: 27 May 2021 The utilization of the LOX/CH4 combination for space propulsion applications provides many advantages, as indicated by several authors [1–3]: Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral • high specific impulse; with regard to jurisdictional claims in • thrust-to-weight ratio performances; published maps and institutional affil- • good cooling capability; iations. • engine reusability and throttlability; • fewer storage, handling and insulation concerns; • reduced pollution impact on ground, atmosphere and space; • compatibility with ISRU (in situ resource utilization) purposes for lunar/Martian missions. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. These capabilities result in a large number of applications and missions enabled Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article by methane-based propulsion systems, from in-space systems (landing or descent ve- distributed under the terms and hicles, service modules, etc.) to space launchers (main stages or upper stages). In fact, conditions of the Creative Commons oxygen/methane couple represents a potential candidate to substitute hypergolic and Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// solid propellants in the future. Thus, its versatility makes methane a good candidate creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ for several applications, from in-space propulsion systems (service modules, landing or 4.0/). descent vehicles, and ascent stages) to accessing to space (first stages of launchers or upper Aerospace 2021, 8, 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8060151 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/aerospace Aerospace 2021, 8, x 2 of 21 Aerospace 2021, 8, 151 2 of 20 applications, from in-space propulsion systems (service modules, landing or descent ve- hicles, and ascent stages) to accessing to space (first stages of launchers or upper stages) [3]). Somestages) important [3]. Some programs important have programs recently been have launched recently in been Europe launched like the in LYRA Europe pro- like the ject (ASI/ItalianLYRA project Space (ASI/Italian Agency-Avio) Space [4], Agency-Avio) which provided [4], the which first providedimpulse to the the first develop- impulse to ment theof future development generation of futureof VEGA generation upper stage of VEGA engines, upper currently stage engines,on-going currently due to AVIO on-going effortsdue [5]; to Prometheus AVIO efforts engine [5]; Prometheus (100-t-thrus enginet) project, (100-t-thrust) led by CNES project, (Centre led by CNESNational (Centre d'EtudesNational Spatiales)/Airbus-Safran d’Etudes Spatiales)/Airbus-Safran Launcher (France), Launcher is inserted (France), in ESA is inserted FLPP Neo in ESAPro- FLPP gram Neo(European Program Space (European Agency SpaceFuture Agency Launchers Future Preparatory Launchers Programme) Preparatory and Programme) is devoted and is to developingdevoted tothe developing future launcher the future family launcher after familyAriane after 6 [6]. Ariane In the 6 [Russian6]. In the Federation, Russian Federa- severaltion, projects, several like projects, Energomash, like Energomash, KBKhM (KB KBKhM KhimMash/Volga (KB KhimMash/Volga staged combustion staged combustion de- rived derivedengine with engine up withto 10 upt of to thrust), 10 t of KBKhA thrust), (KB KBKhA KhimAvtomatika) (KB KhimAvtomatika) and Starsem and (So- Starsem yuz), (Soyuz),are historically are historically active with active this with kind this of kindissue of and issue involved and involved in several in several studies studies [7]. [7]. JapanJapan has reached has reached high levels high levels of readiness of readiness [8] through [8] through the consolidated the consolidated cooperation cooperation be- be- tweentween JAXA JAXA(Japan (Japan Aerospace Aerospace Exploration Exploration Agency) Agency) and IHI. and In IHI.the United In the UnitedStates, a States, lot of a lot playersof are players involved are involved in several in projects, several projects,oriented orientedto different to different applications. applications. It is worth It isre- worth memberingremembering the SpaceX the SpaceXRaptor Project Raptor [9], Project Blue-Origin [9], Blue-Origin (240-t-thrust (240-t-thrust BE-4 engine, BE-4 based engine, on based stagedon combustion staged combustion cycle) [10] cycle) and [NASA,10] and developing NASA, developing a 20-kN pressure-fed a 20-kN pressure-fed engine, in- engine, tendedintended for the Morpheus for the Morpheus lunar lander lunar (Armadil lander (Armadillolo Aerospace, Aerospace, Mesquite, Mesquite, Texas, USA) TX, USA) [11]. [11]. BesidesBesides the aforementioned the aforementioned initiatives, initiatives, in Italy in there Italy thereis a strong is a strong interest interest in chemical in chemical space spacepropulsion propulsion issues issues and in and the in liquid the liquid oxygen/liquid oxygen/liquid methane methane combination. combination. In fact, In the fact, the ItalianItalian Ministry Ministry of University of University and Research and Research is funding is funding a specific a specific program program devoted devoted to the to the consolidationconsolidation of current of current technologies, technologies, methodologies methodologies and manufacturing and manufacturing capabilities capabilities as as well aswell the as development the development of future of future propulsion propulsion systems. systems. The program The program is named is named HYPROB HYPROB (HYdrocarbon(HYdrocarbon PROpulsion PROpulsion test Bench) test Bench) and ha ands been has beenassigned assigned to the to Italian the Italian Aerospace Aerospace ResearchResearch Centre Centre (CIRA) (CIRA) [12]. Among [12]. Among the differ theent different goals, the goals, most the significant most significant objective objective is the design,is the realization design, realization and testing and of a testing LOX/LCH of a4 demonstrator LOX/LCH4 demonstrator (DEMO), capable (DEMO), of 30 kN capable of thrust.of 30 An kN incremental of thrust. Anapproach incremental strategy approach has been strategy adopted has to enlarge been adopted the comprehen- to enlarge the sion ofcomprehension critical physical of criticalaspects physical through aspects the design, through manufacturing the design, manufacturing and testing of andspecific testing of test articles.specific Basic test articles. activities Basic like activities the design like and the experiments design and experiments on injectors onor injectorsmaterial orchar- material acterizationscharacterizations have been have accomplished. been accomplished. Howeve However,r, central centralissues were issues represented were represented by the by the experimentalexperimental campaigns campaigns on igniters on igniters and andsubscale subscale mono-injector mono-injector engines engines (to (to investigate investigate the the comprehensioncomprehension of of supercritical supercritical combustion combustion,, heatheat release,release,injection injection and and mixing mixing phenomena, phe- nomena,etc.)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study Of
    SUPERALLOY METALLURGY A GLEEBLE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRACTURE IN INCONEL 601 A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Materials Engineering by Alan C Demmons June 2016 © 2016 Alan C Demmons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Superalloy Metallurgy A Gleeble Study Of Environmental Fracture In Inconel 601 AUTHOR: Alan C Demmons DATE SUBMITTED: June 2016 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Dan Walsh, Ph.D. Professor of Materials Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Robert Crockett, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Lanny Griffin, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study of Environmental Fracture in Inconel 601 Alan Demmons At temperatures above 0.5 Tm and in aggressive atmospheres predicting alloy performance is particularly challenging. Nickel alloys used in regimes where microstructure and properties are altered dynamically present unique requirements. Exposure may alter properties with unexpected early failure. The Gleeble is a valuable tool for investigation and simulation of thermo-mechanical properties of an alloy in various regimes up to the threshold of melting. In this study, four regimes of temperature and strain rate were simulated in an argon atmosphere to both investigate and document normal and abnormal failure modes. Commercial Inconel 601 was tested in selected regimes and in two treatments (as received and strain aged). Next two exposed conditions (TEOS and Hydride) were tested. Slow strain-rate and high temperature produced brittle intergranular fracture. Exposure at elevated temperature to process gases reduced both strength and ductility in both TEOS and Hydride.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective on the Design and Development of the Spacex Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield
    A Perspective on the Design and Development of the SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield by Daniel J. Rasky, PhD Senior Scientist, NASA Ames Research Center Director, Space Portal, NASA Research Park Moffett Field, CA 94035 (650) 604-1098 / [email protected] February 28, 2012 2 How Did SpaceX Do This? Recovered Dragon Spacecraft! After a “picture perfect” first flight, December 8, 2010 ! 3 Beginning Here? SpaceX Thermal Protection Systems Laboratory, Hawthorne, CA! “Empty Floor Space” December, 2007! 4 Some Necessary Background: Re-entry Physics • Entry Physics Elements – Ballistic Coefficient – Blunt vs sharp nose tip – Entry angle/heating profile – Precision landing reqr. – Ablation effects – Entry G’loads » Blunt vs Lifting shapes – Lifting Shapes » Volumetric Constraints » Structure » Roll Control » Landing Precision – Vehicle flight and turn-around requirements Re-entry requires specialized design and expertise for the Thermal Protection Systems (TPS), and is critical for a successful space vehicle 5 Reusable vs. Ablative Materials 6 Historical Perspective on TPS: The Beginnings • Discipline of TPS began during World War II (1940’s) – German scientists discovered V2 rocket was detonating early due to re-entry heating – Plywood heatshields improvised on the vehicle to EDL solve the heating problem • X-15 Era (1950’s, 60’s) – Vehicle Inconel and Titanium metallic structure protected from hypersonic heating AVCOAT » Spray-on silicone based ablator for acreage » Asbestos/silicone moldable TPS for leading edges – Spray-on silicone ablator
    [Show full text]
  • High-Entropy Alloy: Challenges and Prospects
    Materials Today Volume 19, Number 6 July/August 2016 RESEARCH Review High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects RESEARCH: Y.F. Ye, Q. Wang, J. Lu, C.T. Liu and Y. Yang* Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are presently of great research interest in materials science and engineering. Unlike conventional alloys, which contain one and rarely two base elements, HEAs comprise multiple principal elements, with the possible number of HEA compositions extending considerably more than conventional alloys. With the advent of HEAs, fundamental issues that challenge the proposed theories, models, and methods for conventional alloys also emerge. Here, we provide a critical review of the recent studies aiming to address the fundamental issues related to phase formation in HEAs. In addition, novel properties of HEAs are also discussed, such as their excellent specific strength, superior mechanical performance at high temperatures, exceptional ductility and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures, superparamagnetism, and superconductivity. Due to their considerable structural and functional potential as well as richness of design, HEAs are promising candidates for new applications, which warrants further studies. Introduction When designing alloys, researchers previously focused on the From ancient times, human civilization has striven to develop new corners of a phase diagram to develop a conventional alloy, which materials [1], discovering new metals and inventing new alloys occupy only a small portion of the design space, as illustrated by that have played a pivotal role for more than thousands of years.
    [Show full text]
  • UFGS 40 05 13 Pipelines, Liquid Process Piping
    ************************************************************************** USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-40 05 13 (October 2007) Change 2 - 02/20 ------------------------------------ Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding UFGS-40 05 13 (April 2006) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated July 2021 ************************************************************************** SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 40 - PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS SECTION 40 05 13 PIPELINES, LIQUID PROCESS PIPING 10/07, CHG 2: 02/20 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 UNIT PRICES 1.1.1 Measurement 1.1.2 Payment 1.1.2.1 Connections to Existing Piping 1.1.2.2 Connections to Existing Equipment 1.2 REFERENCES 1.3 SUBMITTALS 1.4 QUALIFICATIONS 1.4.1 Experience 1.4.2 Double Containment Piping System Manufacturer 1.4.3 Welders 1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 1.6 PROJECT/SITE CONDITIONS 1.6.1 Environmental Requirements 1.6.2 Existing Conditions 1.7 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING 1.8 MAINTENANCE 1.8.1 Service 1.8.2 Extra Materials PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2.1.1 Design Requirements 2.1.2 Performance Requirements 2.1.2.1 Buried Piping Systems 2.1.2.2 Above Grade Piping Systems 2.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 2.2.1 Standard Products 2.2.2 Identification and Tagging 2.3 DUCTILE IRON PIPING SYSTEM 2.3.1 Ductile Iron Pipe SECTION 40 05 13 Page 1 2.3.2 Ductile Iron Joints 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Joints 2.3.2.2 Push-on Joints 2.3.2.3 Restrained Joints 2.3.2.4 Flanged Joints 2.3.3 Ductile Iron Fittings 2.3.4 Corrosion Control 2.4 CARBON STEEL PIPING
    [Show full text]
  • The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625
    THE INVENTION AND DEFINITION OF ALLOY 625 H. L. Eiselstein and D. J. Tillack lnco Alloys International, Inc. P. 0. Box 1958 Huntington, WV 25720 ABSTRACT The filing of a patent application for alloy 625 on January 24, 1962, marked the culmination of nearly a decade of research on the basic Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb alloy system. This paper describes the research and development effort that resulted in the invention of alloy 625, how some of the problems that were encountered along the way were solved and how numerous variants of the alloy were developed. One of the remarkable aspects of the research effort is that it also resulted in the invention of alloy 718. Superalloys 71.8,625 and Various Derivatives Edited by Edward A. Lmia The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1991 1 Introduction The development of INCONEL@ alloy 625 (UNS N06625) was started in the 1950s to meet the then-perceived demand for a high-strength main steam-line piping material. After several years of discovering how various elements affected the properties and fabricability of the alloy system, a patent application was submitted on January 24, 1962. Patent #3,160,500 was issued to H. L. Eiselstein and J. Gadbut on December 8, 1964. The present composition for alloy 625 is listed in Table I. Table I. INCONEL alloy 625 Typical Composition (%) Ni Cr MO Nb Fe c Si Al Ti Mn S 61 21.5 9 3.6 2 .05 .20 .20 .20 .20 .OOl The story of the invention and definition of alloy 625 reflects the triumphs, frustrations and surprises that often accompany the stimulating world of the metallurgical R&D laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Falcon 1 User's Guide
    Falcon 1 Launch Vehicle Payload User’s Guide Rev 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 1.1. Revision History 4 1.2. Purpose 6 1.3. Company Description 6 1.4. Falcon Program Overview 6 1.5. Mission Management 7 2. Falcon 1 Launch Vehicles 8 2.1. Overview 8 2.1.1. Falcon 1 9 2.1.2. Falcon 1e 11 2.2. Availability 12 2.3. Reliability 13 2.4. Performance 15 2.5. Pricing 16 2.6. Standard Services 16 2.7. Non‐standard Services 16 2.8. Vehicle Axes/Attitude Definitions 17 3. Requirements & Environments 18 3.1. Mass Properties 18 3.2. Payload Interfaces 19 3.2.1. Falcon Payload Attach Fittings 19 3.2.2. Test Fittings and Fitcheck Policy 19 3.2.3. Electrical Design Criteria 19 3.3. Documentation Requirements 21 3.4. Payload Environments 23 3.4.1. Transportation Environments 23 3.4.2. Humidity, Cleanliness and Thermal Control 23 3.4.3. Payload Air Conditioning 24 3.4.4. Launch and Flight Environments 24 4. Facilities 32 4.1. Headquarters – Hawthorne, California 32 4.2. Washington, DC 32 4.3. Test Facility ‐ Central Texas 32 4.4. Launch Site – Kwajalein Atoll 33 4.4.1. Processing Services and Equipment 33 5. Launch Operations 36 5.1. Launch Control Organization 36 5.2. Mission Integration 37 5.2.1. Payload Transport to Launch Site 38 5.2.2. Payload Integration 38 5.2.3. Example Flight Profiles 41 D000973 Rev Falcon 1 User’s Guide ‐ D000973 Rev. 7 Page | 3 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Niobium and Other Refractory Elements in Superalloys
    THE ROLE OF NIOBIUM AND OTHER REFRACTORY ELEMENTS IN SUPERALLOYS J. K. Tien, John P. Collier and G. Vignoul Center for Strategic Materials Henry Krumb School of Mines Columbia University New York, N.Y. 10027 Refractory elements are important alloying additions in both nickel-base and iron- nickel-base superalloys. They are responsible for the increased high temperature mechanical properties present in current superalloy systems. This paper presents the results from ongoing research programs which study the effectiveness of niobium and tantalum in various nickel-base superalloys and iron- nickel-base superalloy INCONEL 718,. This work not only shows the significance of niobium and tantalum as alloying additions in current superalloys, but also the necessity of these additions in the design of future superalloys demanding greater strength and temperature resistance. Superalloy 71 S-Metallurgy and Applications Edited by E.A. Loria The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1989 553 It has long been established that nickel-base and iron-nickel-base superalloys are “super” because they are strengthened by a dispersion of fine and coherent gamma-prime (y) and at times by gamma double-prime (y”) precipitates within the gamma (r) phase. These phases impart reasonably high tensile and creep strength at elevated temperatures while maintaining adequate ductility, fracture toughness, and fatigue properties. These precipitates are formed by the precipitation reaction of Ni with Al and Ti or, in the case of the iron-nickel-base superalloy (IN71 8), Nb and Ti (1,2). The refractory elements, Nb and Ta, perform strengthening functions in both the y and the precipitating y’ and y” phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotary Friction Welding of Inconel 718 to Inconel 600
    metals Article Rotary Friction Welding of Inconel 718 to Inconel 600 Ateekh Ur Rehman * , Yusuf Usmani, Ali M. Al-Samhan and Saqib Anwar Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (Y.U.); [email protected] (A.M.A.-S.); [email protected] (S.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-1-1469-7177 Abstract: Nickel-based superalloys exhibit excellent high temperature strength, high temperature corrosion and oxidation resistance and creep resistance. They are widely used in high temperature applications in aerospace, power and petrochemical industries. The need for economical and efficient usage of materials often necessitates the joining of dissimilar metals. In this study, dissimilar welding between two different nickel-based superalloys, Inconel 718 and Inconel 600, was attempted using rotary friction welding. Sound metallurgical joints were produced without any unwanted Laves or delta phases at the weld region, which invariably appear in fusion welds. The weld thermal cycle was found to result in significant grain coarsening in the heat effected zone (HAZ) on either side of the dissimilar weld interface due to the prevailing thermal cycles during the welding. However, fine equiaxed grains were observed at the weld interface due to dynamic recrystallization caused by severe plastic deformation at high temperatures. In room temperature tensile tests, the joints were found to fail in the HAZ of Inconel 718 exhibiting good ultimate tensile strength (759 MPa) without a significant loss of tensile ductility (21%). A scanning electron microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces revealed fine dimpled rupture features, suggesting a fracture in a ductile mode.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Niobium on the Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Base Alloys
    Niobium for High Temperature Applications Edited by Young-Won Kim and Tadeu Carneiro TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2004 THE EFFECT OF NIOBIUM ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS Gaylord D. Smith and Nathan C. Eisinger Special Metals Corporation 3200 Riverside Drive Huntington, WV 25705 Abstract The role of niobium in enhancing the mechanical properties of nickel-base alloys is well established in the technical literature. Its effect in improving the corrosion behavior of nickel- base alloys is less well documented and understood. This paper reviews some of this literature pertaining to the corrosion resistance of niobium containing nickel-base alloys and presents some in-house data on corrosion performance of certain nickel-base alloys with varying additions of niobium. Primary focus will be on the contribution of niobium to the enhancement of sulfidation resistance in high-temperature sulfur-containing environments such as is found in chemical, petrochemical, power and petroleum refining plants. In addition to the use of niobium in high temperature alloys, the effect of increasing niobium content on aqueous corrosion resistance with an emphasis on localized corrosion resistance will be explored. To aid in explaining the mechanism(s) by which niobium is effective in enhancing corrosion resistance, key observations from a search of the literature will be summarized. The paper will report on two important factors that tend to explain the role of niobium. First, it has been suggested that niobium decreases the time required for an alloy to form its protective scale, such as Cr2O3, in an oxidizing/sulfidizing environment. Secondly, niobium additions may tend to form a blocking precipitate within the external scale that acts as a barrier for the inward diffusion of sulfur through scale defects.
    [Show full text]
  • Superalloys for High Temperatures—A Primer
    © 2002 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Superalloys: A Technical Guide (#06128G) Chapter 1 Superalloys for High Temperatures—a Primer How and When to Use This Chapter in the field, check the table of contents and index for valuable insights into what you can It is always difficult to locate concise but find in each succeeding chapter. precise information on a subject. Executives and managers, particularly in industries using few superalloys, often need just basic infor- Some History mation with the least extraneous or amplify- ing data. Purchasing agents or communica- Designers have long had a need for tions experts need a modest knowledge base stronger, more corrosion-resistant materials to do their jobs more appropriately. The en- for high-temperature applications. The stain- gineer may need more detail but still just a less steels, developed and applied in the sec- quick refresher about alloy types and design ond and third decades of the 20th century, to start. The ability to lay hands on enough served as a starting point for the satisfaction practical information to solve problems or of high-temperature engineering require- answer questions about the superalloys is the ments. They soon were found to be limited basis for this book. The ability to know in their strength capabilities. The metallurgi- enough to ask questions and/or delve further cal community responded to increased needs into the superalloy field is the basis for this by making what might be termed ‘‘super-al- chapter! loys’’ of stainless varieties. Of course, it was The primer provided in this chapter sup- not long before the hyphen was dropped and ports such needs as those described previ- the improved iron-base materials became ously by providing a concise overview of the known as superalloys.
    [Show full text]
  • Welding of Inconel Alloy 718: a Historical Overview
    WELDING OF INCONEL ALLOY 718: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW A. Lingenfelter Abstract The introduction of Inconel alloy 718 represented a major advancement in the nickel-base- superalloy class of materials. One of the most significant reasons was its lack of sensitivity to strain-age cracking during heat treatment of weldments. In addition, the general weldability of the alloy proved to be quite good. It has reasonably good resistance to fusion-zone cracking, and its sensitivity to heat-affected-zone microfissures in the base metal is comparable to other nickel- chromium/nickel-chromium-iron alloys. The metallurgy of alloy 718 as it applies to welding issues, strain-age cracking behavior, and fusion-zone and heat-affected-zone fissuring resistance are reviewed in this paper. Superalloy 718-Metallurgy and Applications Edited by E.A. Loria The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1989 673 Introduction The alloy development effort that would lead to Inconel Alloy 7 18 was a search for a solid- solution-strengthened non-age-hardenable alloy for use in mainstream lines (1). The application required high strength and long-term metallurgical stability at 1200 to 1400 OF (650 to 760 “C). Since stability was a key requirement, screening tests to explore age-hardening response and metallurgical stability were a standard part of the battery of tests used in the development study. These tests showed an unexpectedly large aging response when columbium was added to base composition. The search for a non-age-hardenable alloy was put aside for the moment, and exploration began on the development of a new age-hardenable alloy.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat Treatments Effects on Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 713C
    metals Article Heat Treatments Effects on Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 713C Breno Boretti Galizoni 1,* , Antônio Augusto Couto 2 and Danieli Aparecida Pereira Reis 1,3 1 Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, CEP 12228-900, Brazil; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares and Mackenzie, São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, CEP 12231-280, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-19-98234-6326 Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 28 November 2018; Published: 7 January 2019 Abstract: The purpose of this work is to study the effect of heat treatments on the microstructure of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 713C. Three different conditions were studied and the results compared: (1) as cast; (2) solid solution treatment (1179 ◦C/2 h) and (3) stabilization heat treatment (1179 ◦C/2 h plus 926 ◦C/16 h). Inconel 713C is normally used in the as-cast condition, an improvement in the 980 ◦C stress-rupture life is often obtained by a solution heat treatment. However, the material in this condition tested under high stress at 730 ◦C shows a marked decreased in rupture life and ductility. The mechanical resistance in creep increases in Inconel 713C by precipitation hardening phase, with γ’ (Ni3Al) formed during the heat treatments. The characterization techniques used were: chemical analysis, hardness testing, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS analyzes and thermocalculation. The SEM and EDS analysis illustrated the γ, γ’ and carbides.
    [Show full text]