Exploration and Development of High Entropy Alloys for Structural Applications
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Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study Of
SUPERALLOY METALLURGY A GLEEBLE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRACTURE IN INCONEL 601 A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Materials Engineering by Alan C Demmons June 2016 © 2016 Alan C Demmons ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Superalloy Metallurgy A Gleeble Study Of Environmental Fracture In Inconel 601 AUTHOR: Alan C Demmons DATE SUBMITTED: June 2016 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Dan Walsh, Ph.D. Professor of Materials Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Robert Crockett, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering COMMITTEE MEMBER: Lanny Griffin, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering iii ABSTRACT Superalloy Metallurgy a Gleeble Study of Environmental Fracture in Inconel 601 Alan Demmons At temperatures above 0.5 Tm and in aggressive atmospheres predicting alloy performance is particularly challenging. Nickel alloys used in regimes where microstructure and properties are altered dynamically present unique requirements. Exposure may alter properties with unexpected early failure. The Gleeble is a valuable tool for investigation and simulation of thermo-mechanical properties of an alloy in various regimes up to the threshold of melting. In this study, four regimes of temperature and strain rate were simulated in an argon atmosphere to both investigate and document normal and abnormal failure modes. Commercial Inconel 601 was tested in selected regimes and in two treatments (as received and strain aged). Next two exposed conditions (TEOS and Hydride) were tested. Slow strain-rate and high temperature produced brittle intergranular fracture. Exposure at elevated temperature to process gases reduced both strength and ductility in both TEOS and Hydride. -
TCS High Entropy Alloys Database (TCHEA) Examples Collection
TCS High Entropy Alloys Database (TCHEA) Examples Collection Document created 6/3/2021 ǀ 2 of 49 Contents TCS High Entropy Alloys Database (TCHEA) 1 About the Database Examples 3 About the TCHEA Examples 4 TCS High Entropy Alloys Database (TCHEA) Resources 5 TCHEA Calculation Examples 6 TCHEA Binary System Examples 7 TCHEA Ternary System Examples 10 Viscosity: Al-Cu, Al-Ni, and Cu-Ni-Al 15 TCHEA Validation Examples 18 FCC Medium (MEA) and High Entropy (HEA) Alloys 19 BCC Medium (MEA) and High Entropy (HEA) Alloys 22 HCP Medium (MEA) and High Entropy (HEA) Alloys 25 FCC+BCC High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) 27 Molar Volume and Density 31 Thermal Conductivity 34 Electrical Resistivity 36 Viscosity of Cu-Ni-Al-Co-Fe Alloy 38 Surface Tension of Cu-Fe-Ni 39 Yield Strength 40 Solidification Simulation (Equilibrium vs Scheil) 41 Diffusion Simulation (DICTRA) 47 Precipitation Simulation (TC-PRISMA) 48 www.thermocalc.com About the Database Examples ǀ 3 of 49 About the Database Examples There are examples available to demonstrate both the validity of the database itself as well as to demonstrate some of its calculation capabilities when combined with Thermo-Calc software and its Add-on Modules and features. For each database, the type and number of available examples varies. In some cases an example can belong to both a validation and calculation type. l Validation examples generally include experimental data in the plot or diagram to show how close to the predicted data sets the Thermo-Calc calculations are. It uses the most recent version of the software and relevant database(s) unless otherwise specified. -
A Perspective on the Design and Development of the Spacex Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield
A Perspective on the Design and Development of the SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft Heatshield by Daniel J. Rasky, PhD Senior Scientist, NASA Ames Research Center Director, Space Portal, NASA Research Park Moffett Field, CA 94035 (650) 604-1098 / [email protected] February 28, 2012 2 How Did SpaceX Do This? Recovered Dragon Spacecraft! After a “picture perfect” first flight, December 8, 2010 ! 3 Beginning Here? SpaceX Thermal Protection Systems Laboratory, Hawthorne, CA! “Empty Floor Space” December, 2007! 4 Some Necessary Background: Re-entry Physics • Entry Physics Elements – Ballistic Coefficient – Blunt vs sharp nose tip – Entry angle/heating profile – Precision landing reqr. – Ablation effects – Entry G’loads » Blunt vs Lifting shapes – Lifting Shapes » Volumetric Constraints » Structure » Roll Control » Landing Precision – Vehicle flight and turn-around requirements Re-entry requires specialized design and expertise for the Thermal Protection Systems (TPS), and is critical for a successful space vehicle 5 Reusable vs. Ablative Materials 6 Historical Perspective on TPS: The Beginnings • Discipline of TPS began during World War II (1940’s) – German scientists discovered V2 rocket was detonating early due to re-entry heating – Plywood heatshields improvised on the vehicle to EDL solve the heating problem • X-15 Era (1950’s, 60’s) – Vehicle Inconel and Titanium metallic structure protected from hypersonic heating AVCOAT » Spray-on silicone based ablator for acreage » Asbestos/silicone moldable TPS for leading edges – Spray-on silicone ablator -
Striking a Balance with High-Entropy Alloys New Metal Mixes Create More Efficient Catalysts and Better Jet Engines
Materials science index Striking a balance with high-entropy alloys New metal mixes create more efficient catalysts and better jet engines. By Neil Savage ircraft engines work better at higher TIGHT PAIRS be the most important factor, Ritchie says. And temperatures. As they get hotter, After the United States–China partnership, these are they don’t even have to contain exactly five they burn fuel more efficiently, the most prolific country collaborations in elements. The materials might be better called materials-science articles in the index (2015–20). The which means they can fly farther on US–China pairing outperforms this group, with a multicomponent alloys, or multi-principal- the same volume of propellant. But Bilateral Collaboration Score of 1,185.47 in 2020. element alloys, but the high-entropy name Athey can’t get too hot — above 1,150 °C, the China–Singapore China–Germany has stuck. nickel super alloy in their turbines starts to United States–South Korea China–Australia Perhaps 50 metals in the periodic table soften and bend, which could quickly lead United States–Germany could provide useful properties, leading to to engine failure. A solution to this problem 300 more than 2 million possible combinations might come from a burgeoning field of met- of 5 elements in equal shares, a vast number allurgy: high-entropy alloys. of potential new materials. But because an Unlike conventional alloys, which usually alloy can have more or fewer elements, and feature one main metal mixed with small quan- 200 the concentrations can vary, the number of tities of others, high-entropy alloys typically possibilities becomes practically infinite. -
High-Entropy Alloy: Challenges and Prospects
Materials Today Volume 19, Number 6 July/August 2016 RESEARCH Review High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects RESEARCH: Y.F. Ye, Q. Wang, J. Lu, C.T. Liu and Y. Yang* Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are presently of great research interest in materials science and engineering. Unlike conventional alloys, which contain one and rarely two base elements, HEAs comprise multiple principal elements, with the possible number of HEA compositions extending considerably more than conventional alloys. With the advent of HEAs, fundamental issues that challenge the proposed theories, models, and methods for conventional alloys also emerge. Here, we provide a critical review of the recent studies aiming to address the fundamental issues related to phase formation in HEAs. In addition, novel properties of HEAs are also discussed, such as their excellent specific strength, superior mechanical performance at high temperatures, exceptional ductility and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures, superparamagnetism, and superconductivity. Due to their considerable structural and functional potential as well as richness of design, HEAs are promising candidates for new applications, which warrants further studies. Introduction When designing alloys, researchers previously focused on the From ancient times, human civilization has striven to develop new corners of a phase diagram to develop a conventional alloy, which materials [1], discovering new metals and inventing new alloys occupy only a small portion of the design space, as illustrated by that have played a pivotal role for more than thousands of years. -
Corrosion of Al(Co)Crfeni High-Entropy Alloys
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 October 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmats.2020.566336 Corrosion of Al(Co)CrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys Elzbieta˙ M. Godlewska 1*, Marzena Mitoraj-Królikowska 1, Jakub Czerski 1, Monika Jawanska ´ 1, Sergej Gein 2 and Ulrike Hecht 2 1AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Kraków, Poland, 2Access V., Aachen, Germany High-entropy alloys, AlCrFe2Ni2Mox (x 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15), AlCoCrFeNi, and two quinary alloys with compositions close to its face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic component phases, are tested for corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The materials with different microstructure produced by arc melting or ingot metallurgy are evaluated by several electrochemical techniques: measurements of open circuit voltage, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Microstructure, surface topography, and composition are systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that minor additions of Mo positively affect corrosion resistance of the AlCrFe2Ni2 alloy by hampering pit formation. The face-centered cubic phase in the equimolar alloy, AlCoCrFeNi, is proved to exhibit more noble corrosion potential and pitting potential, lower Edited by: corrosion current density and corrosion rate than the body-centered cubic phase. Overall Antonio Caggiano, Darmstadt University of Technology, behavior of the investigated alloys is influenced by the manufacturing conditions, exact Germany chemical composition, distribution of phases, and occurrence of physical defects on the Reviewed by: surface. Wislei Riuper Osório, Campinas State University, Brazil Keywords: high-entropy alloys, microstructure, corrosion resistance, sodium chloride, electrochemical Solomon M. -
UFGS 40 05 13 Pipelines, Liquid Process Piping
************************************************************************** USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-40 05 13 (October 2007) Change 2 - 02/20 ------------------------------------ Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding UFGS-40 05 13 (April 2006) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated July 2021 ************************************************************************** SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 40 - PROCESS INTERCONNECTIONS SECTION 40 05 13 PIPELINES, LIQUID PROCESS PIPING 10/07, CHG 2: 02/20 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 UNIT PRICES 1.1.1 Measurement 1.1.2 Payment 1.1.2.1 Connections to Existing Piping 1.1.2.2 Connections to Existing Equipment 1.2 REFERENCES 1.3 SUBMITTALS 1.4 QUALIFICATIONS 1.4.1 Experience 1.4.2 Double Containment Piping System Manufacturer 1.4.3 Welders 1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 1.6 PROJECT/SITE CONDITIONS 1.6.1 Environmental Requirements 1.6.2 Existing Conditions 1.7 SEQUENCING AND SCHEDULING 1.8 MAINTENANCE 1.8.1 Service 1.8.2 Extra Materials PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 2.1.1 Design Requirements 2.1.2 Performance Requirements 2.1.2.1 Buried Piping Systems 2.1.2.2 Above Grade Piping Systems 2.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 2.2.1 Standard Products 2.2.2 Identification and Tagging 2.3 DUCTILE IRON PIPING SYSTEM 2.3.1 Ductile Iron Pipe SECTION 40 05 13 Page 1 2.3.2 Ductile Iron Joints 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Joints 2.3.2.2 Push-on Joints 2.3.2.3 Restrained Joints 2.3.2.4 Flanged Joints 2.3.3 Ductile Iron Fittings 2.3.4 Corrosion Control 2.4 CARBON STEEL PIPING -
Prediction of Strength and Ductility in Partially Recrystallized Cocrfeniti0.2 High-Entropy Alloy
entropy Article Prediction of Strength and Ductility in Partially Recrystallized CoCrFeNiTi0.2 High-Entropy Alloy Hanwen Zhang 1, Peizhi Liu 2, Jinxiong Hou 1, Junwei Qiao 1,2,* and Yucheng Wu 2,* 1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (J.H.) 2 Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.Q.); [email protected] (Y.W.) Received: 24 February 2019; Accepted: 28 March 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: The mechanical behavior of a partially recrystallized fcc-CoCrFeNiTi0.2 high entropy alloys (HEA) is investigated. Temporal evolutions of the morphology, size, and volume fraction of ◦ the nanoscaled L12-(Ni,Co)3Ti precipitates at 800 C with various aging time were quantitatively evaluated. The ultimate tensile strength can be greatly improved to ~1200 MPa, accompanied with a tensile elongation of ~20% after precipitation. The temporal exponents for the average size and number density of precipitates reasonably conform the predictions by the PV model. A composite model was proposed to describe the plastic strain of the current HEA. As a consequence, the tensile strength and tensile elongation are well predicted, which is in accord with the experimental results. The present experiment provides a theoretical reference for the strengthening of partially recrystallized single-phase HEAs in the future. Keywords: high entropy alloys; precipitation kinetics; strengthening mechanisms; elongation prediction 1. Introduction High entropy alloys (HEAs), a new class of structural materials, have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years on account of their special intrinsic characteristics [1–9], such as high configuration entropy [10], sluggish atomic diffusion [11], and large lattice distortion [12]. -
Hierarchical Microstructure Strengthening in a Single Crystal
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Hierarchical microstructure strengthening in a single crystal high entropy superalloy Yung‑Ta Chen1,2, Yao‑Jen Chang1,3, Hideyuki Murakami2,4, Taisuke Sasaki5, Kazuhiro Hono5, Chen‑Wei Li6, Koji Kakehi6, Jien‑Wei Yeh1,3 & An‑Chou Yeh1,3* A hierarchical microstructure strengthened high entropy superalloy (HESA) with superior cost specifc yield strength from room temperature up to 1,023 K is presented. By phase transformation pathway through metastability, HESA possesses a hierarchical microstructure containing a dispersion of nano size disordered FCC particles inside ordered L12 precipitates that are within the FCC matrix. The average tensile yield strength of HESA from room temperature to 1,023 K could be 120 MPa higher than that of advanced single crystal superalloy, while HESA could still exhibit an elongation greater than 20%. Furthermore, the cost specifc yield strength of HESA can be 8 times that of some superalloys. A template for lighter, stronger, cheaper, and more ductile high temperature alloy is proposed. Te development of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) has broken through the frame of conventional alloys by explor- ing the vast composition space of multi-principle elements 1–6, and their extraordinary mechanical properties have been a subject of interest, for examples, single-phase CoCrFeMnNi HEA showed high tensile strength of 1,280 MPa with elongation up to 71% at cryogenic temperature 7; the compressive strength could reach 2,240 MPa 8 9 at 298 K for Al0.5CoCrFe0.5NiTi0.5 HEA and 1,520 MPa at 873 K for Al0.5CrNbTi2V0.5 HEA due to the presence of intermetallic phases, such as σ8, B28 and Laves9. -
The Invention and Definition of Alloy 625
THE INVENTION AND DEFINITION OF ALLOY 625 H. L. Eiselstein and D. J. Tillack lnco Alloys International, Inc. P. 0. Box 1958 Huntington, WV 25720 ABSTRACT The filing of a patent application for alloy 625 on January 24, 1962, marked the culmination of nearly a decade of research on the basic Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb alloy system. This paper describes the research and development effort that resulted in the invention of alloy 625, how some of the problems that were encountered along the way were solved and how numerous variants of the alloy were developed. One of the remarkable aspects of the research effort is that it also resulted in the invention of alloy 718. Superalloys 71.8,625 and Various Derivatives Edited by Edward A. Lmia The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1991 1 Introduction The development of INCONEL@ alloy 625 (UNS N06625) was started in the 1950s to meet the then-perceived demand for a high-strength main steam-line piping material. After several years of discovering how various elements affected the properties and fabricability of the alloy system, a patent application was submitted on January 24, 1962. Patent #3,160,500 was issued to H. L. Eiselstein and J. Gadbut on December 8, 1964. The present composition for alloy 625 is listed in Table I. Table I. INCONEL alloy 625 Typical Composition (%) Ni Cr MO Nb Fe c Si Al Ti Mn S 61 21.5 9 3.6 2 .05 .20 .20 .20 .20 .OOl The story of the invention and definition of alloy 625 reflects the triumphs, frustrations and surprises that often accompany the stimulating world of the metallurgical R&D laboratory. -
Modelling and Testing Aluminum Based High Entropy Alloys
Modelling and Testing Aluminum Based High Entropy Alloys A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering by Arkady Gobernik ____________________________ John G. Haddad ____________________________ Connor M. Lemay ____________________________ August 3, 2018 Approved by:_____________________________ Professor Yu Zhong Mechanical Engineering WPI Abstract The purpose of this project was assist in the modeling, casting, and testing of aluminum based high entropy alloys. The goal was to create a castable alloy having more tensile strength than traditional aluminum alloys, while retaining properties such as being light weight and cost effective. This was done by modeling and casting alloys with FCC structures initially composed of aluminum, zinc, and magnesium, and later composed of aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, and silicon. This was done by conducting tensile test and castability experiments of the composed alloys to compare to other present alloys. 1 Acknowledgments The project team would like to show our appreciation to the following people that helped make this project possible. A special thanks to the WPI Advanced Casting Research Center (ACRC) and Metal Processing Institute (MPI) for funding this project. A sincere thanks to Dr. Mohammad Asadikiya and Mr. Songge Yang for supporting us and guiding us in the right direction throughout the entirety of the project as well as assisting us by modelling each alloy for us. The project team would like to thank Michael Collins for teaching and assisting us with polishing, microscope analysis, and opening the door whenever we needed to get into the lab. -
Falcon 1 User's Guide
Falcon 1 Launch Vehicle Payload User’s Guide Rev 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 1.1. Revision History 4 1.2. Purpose 6 1.3. Company Description 6 1.4. Falcon Program Overview 6 1.5. Mission Management 7 2. Falcon 1 Launch Vehicles 8 2.1. Overview 8 2.1.1. Falcon 1 9 2.1.2. Falcon 1e 11 2.2. Availability 12 2.3. Reliability 13 2.4. Performance 15 2.5. Pricing 16 2.6. Standard Services 16 2.7. Non‐standard Services 16 2.8. Vehicle Axes/Attitude Definitions 17 3. Requirements & Environments 18 3.1. Mass Properties 18 3.2. Payload Interfaces 19 3.2.1. Falcon Payload Attach Fittings 19 3.2.2. Test Fittings and Fitcheck Policy 19 3.2.3. Electrical Design Criteria 19 3.3. Documentation Requirements 21 3.4. Payload Environments 23 3.4.1. Transportation Environments 23 3.4.2. Humidity, Cleanliness and Thermal Control 23 3.4.3. Payload Air Conditioning 24 3.4.4. Launch and Flight Environments 24 4. Facilities 32 4.1. Headquarters – Hawthorne, California 32 4.2. Washington, DC 32 4.3. Test Facility ‐ Central Texas 32 4.4. Launch Site – Kwajalein Atoll 33 4.4.1. Processing Services and Equipment 33 5. Launch Operations 36 5.1. Launch Control Organization 36 5.2. Mission Integration 37 5.2.1. Payload Transport to Launch Site 38 5.2.2. Payload Integration 38 5.2.3. Example Flight Profiles 41 D000973 Rev Falcon 1 User’s Guide ‐ D000973 Rev. 7 Page | 3 6.