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Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tped18 I. List of Lichens collected in , New Zealand W. Lauder Lindsay M.D. F.R.S.E. c. Published online: 01 Dec 2010.

To cite this article: W. Lauder Lindsay M.D. F.R.S.E. c. (1866) I. List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand , Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 8:1-4, 349-359, DOI: 10.1080/03746606609468593 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03746606609468593

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I. List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand.* By W . LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F.R.S.E., &c. The Lichens enumerated below were collected, towards the close of the year 1861, chiefly in the Greenisland dis- trict of the province of Otago, New Zealand—a district about five miles southwards of its capital, . A few, however, were also collected- 1. In the immediate vicinity of Dunedin itself. 2. In the Tuapeka (Goldfield) district, about 37 miles north- west of Dunedin, and towards the interior of the province (eleva- vation above sea, 1000 to 1500 feet : Geological basis, gneiss— tertiary auriferous drifts) ; and 3. In the district at the mouth of the Clutha, about 60 miles south of Dunedin, including the vicinity of Finegand station, and the headland known as the Nuggets. Saxicolous species were collected chiefly on- 1. The Chain Hills (1100-1280 feet : mica slate and gneiss). 2. Saddlehill, including Scroggs Hill (1100-1565 feet : Apex-

and trap tuffs ;1 . Base—tertiary crag, made up mostly of Ostrea fragments (Woodburn) : tertiary, coarse, quartzose con- glomerates, grits and sandstones : talcose slates (Otokia). 3. Stoneyhill (1000 feet : columnar ). 4. Kaikorai Hill (1092 feet : basalts). 5. Greenisland Hills and Cliffs (500-600 feet : porphyries and basalts ; tertiary, fossiliferous, marine, calcareous sandstones). 6. Ferry Hill, Clutha Ferry (250 feet : slaty basalts and trap conglomerates). 7. Finegand Ranges (250 feet : slaty basalts). 8. The Nuggets (270 feet : slaty basalts and trap conglom- erates, associated with fossiliferous strata, apparently of meso- zoic age. 9. Anderson's Bay (200 feet : trachytes).

Corticolous species were gathered mostly in various rem- Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 nants of the primitive forest that once apparently covered

* My friend Dr Nylander, of Paris, did me the favour to examine the bulk of my Otago Lichens (all those regarding which there was any doubt as to whether they might be new or were already known) ; and to him I am indebted (in the case of those Lichens) for the determination of the species, as well as the nomenclature and classification, in the following list. t The traps of Otago arc in great measure, if not entirely, of tertiary age. 350 List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. the whole surface of the country:—which remnants are now extremely limited—and are colonially known as patches of " bush"— 1. Saddlehill Bush. 2. Stoneyhill Bush. 3. East Taeri Bush—in the flat and rich alluvial plain or carse of the Taeri. 4. Greenisland Bush. 5. Various patches of bush in the ravines of the Chain Hills. 6. Water of Leith, about Pelichet Bay, Dunedin. 7. Signal Hill, North-east Valley, Dunedin (1200-1300 feet : basalts). 8. Mount Cargill (2297 feet : trachytes and breccias, &c.) The forest trees on which they grew were chiefly " Goai" (Sophora tetraptera, Afton) and " Totara" (Podocarpus Totara, A. Cunn.), and the trunks affected were more gene- rally decaying or dead than living. Lignicolous species—affecting fabricated timber, generally more or less aged,—were found chiefly on the fences of stockyards on or near the farm of Fairfield, Saddlehill,-- my headquarters for four months. Muscico/ous and Terricolous species were collected on the soil (or its decayed vegetation—exposed, dried and withered roots of grasses, mosses, &c.) of the hills, cliffs, ravines, or forests above referred to. My collection makes no pretension to be considered repre- sentative or complete. On the contrary, it is avowedly and necessarily incomplete and limited ; it comes from a very small area of the east , and from elevations under 1500 feet ; and it was made casually in the course of excursions undertaken with very different objects in view. Nevertheless, the field was so new, and comparatively so rich, that it has yielded to casual or superficial collection, as will immediately be seen, as much as 19 per cent. of species Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 or varieties new to science ; while in addition — small though the collection be in itself, its total reaching only 122 species—it has also extended our knowledge of the geographical diffusion of Lichen-species in the southern hemisphere. List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. 351

Enumeration of Species and chief Varieties* (collected in a condition suitable for their determination). Tribe I. COLLEMEI. Genus 1. Collema. Species 1. (Bi-) C. leucocarpum, Tayl. Tribe II. SPIL/EROPHOREL Genus 1. Sphwrophoron. Species 1. S. tenerum, Laur. Tribe III. CLADONIEI. Genus 1. Cladonia. Species 1. (n) C. pyxidata, L. 2. (n) C. fimbriata, 3. (B) C. degenerans, Flk., and (B) var. euphorea, Ach. (a) — haplotea, Ach. — lepidota, Ach. — erratica, Lind& 4. (n) C. rangiferina, var. pumila, Ach. 5. C. aggregata, Sw. Tribe IV. STEREOCAULEI. Genus 1. Stereocaulon. Species 1. S. mixtum, Nyl. 2. S. ramulosum, Nyl. 3. S. corticatulum, Nyl. Tribe V. UsNnt. Genus 1. Usnea. Species 1. (3) U. barbata, Fr., and (B) var. florida, L.

(B) — plicata, Fr. (B) — hirta, Fr. (n) — articulata, Fr. Tribe VI. RAMALINEI. Genus 1. Ramalina. Species 1. (B) R. calicaris, Ach., and

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 (B) var. fastigiata, Fr. — Eckloni, Spr. — linearis, Sw. — geniculata, Bab. 2. (B) R. scopulorum, Ach. * Only those varieties which are well marked and somewhat constant are here introduced. t (B) indicates species or varieties, which are British.

352 List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand.

Tribe VII. PELTIGEREL Genus 1. Pelt igera . Species 1. (B) P. rufescens, Him. Genus 2. Nep hroma. Species 1. N. antarcticum, Jacq. var. tenue, Nyl. Tribe VIII. PARM ELM. Genus 1. Stic tina. Species 1. S. dissimilis, Nyl. 2. (B) S. crocata, L. 3. (B) S. fuliginosa, Dicks. Genus 2. Stic ta. Species 1. S. latifrons, Rich. 2. S. filix, HAL 3. (B) S. damcornis, Ach. (N*) var. subcaperata, Nyl. 4. (N) S. subcoriacea, 5. S. Urvillei, Del., and var. flavicans, Hook. - Colensoi, Bab. 6. S. orygmasa, Ach. 7. S. rubella, Hook, and Tayl. 8 S. granulata, Bab. 9. S. dissimulata, Nyl. var. multifida, Laur. 10. S. fossulata, Dui., and var. Richardi, 11Int. 11. S. physciospora, Nyl. 12. S. Freycinetii, Da. 13. (N) S. episticta, Nyl. Genus 3. Ricasolia. Species 1. R. coriacea, Hook. and Tayl. 2. (B) R. herbacea, DN. (N) var. adscripta, Nyl. 3. R. Montagnei, Bab. Genus 4. Parmelia.

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 Species 1. (n) P. perlata, Ach., and (B) var. ciliata, Schcer. 2. (B) P. perforata, Ach. 3. (B) P. physodes, Ach. var. enterornorpha, Ach. 4. (B) P. pertusa, Schrank. (N) indicates species and varieties new to science.

List of 'Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. 353

Genus 4. Parmelia-continued. Species 5. (B) P. saxatilis, Ach., and (B) var. omphalodes, Fr. - panniformis, Schor. 6. (B) P. lwvigata, Ach., and (B) var. sinuosa, Sm. 7. (B) P. olivacea, Ach. 8. (B) P. caperata, Ach. 9. (n) P. conspersa, Ach. 10 (n) Mougeotii, Scheer. Genus 5. Physcia. Species 1. (B) P. ebrysophthalma, L. 2. (B) P. parietina, L. 3. (B) P. stellaris, Fr., and var. radiata, Nyl. 4. (B) P. cwsia, Fr. 5. (N) P. plinthiza, Nyl. Tribe IX. Gynortionni. Genus 1. Umbilicaria. Species 1. (B) U. polyphylla, Hint.

Tribe X. LECANOREI.

Genus 1. Pannaria . Species 1. (N) P. immixta, Nyl. 2. P. leucosticta, Tuck. 3. (N) P. gymnocheila, Nyl. 4. (B) P. nigra, Huds. Genus 2. Psororna. Species 1. P. sphinctrina, Mut., and (N) var. pholidotoides, Nyl. Genus 3. Placopsis. Species 1. (B) P gelida, L. 2. (N) P. perrugosa, Nyl. Genus 4. Squamaria. Species 1. (B) S. galactina, Ach. var. dispersa, Pers. Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 Genus 5. Placodium. Species 1. (B) P. murorum, DC. Genus 6. Lecanora. Species 1. (B) L. vitellina, Ach. 2. (B) L. aurantiaca, Lightf. (B) var. erythrella, Ach. 3. L. pyracea, Ach. TRANS, BOT. SOC., VOL. VIII. 2 z

354 List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. Genus 6. Lecanora-continued. Species 4. (N) L. homologa, Nyl. 5. (N) L. peloleuca, Nyl. 6. (N) L. thiomela, Nyl. 7. L. umbrina, Ehrh. 8. (B) L. ferruginea, Huds. 9. (a) L. cinerea, Ach. 10. (B) L. atra, Ach. 11. L. punicea, Ach. 12. L. chrysosticta, Tayl. 13. (3) L. parella, Ach. 14. (B) L. glaucoma, Ach. 15. (B) L. simplex, Day. Genus 7. Urceolaria. Species 1. (n) U. scruposa, Ach. 2. U. stictica, Krb. Genus 8. Pertusaria. Species 1. (n) P. communis, DC. 2. (3) P. velata, Turn. 3. (N) P. perrimosa, Nyl. 4. (N) P. perfida, Nyl. Genus 9. Thelotrema. Species 1. (n) T. lepadinum, Ach. 2. T. monosporum, Nyl. Tribe XI. LECIDIEL Genus 1. Ccenogonium. Species 1. C. implexum, Nyl. Genus 2. Lecidea. Species 1. L. furfuracea, Pers. 2. L. subsimilis, Nyl. 3. (B) L. sabuletorum, Flk. 4. L. trachona, Plot. (N) var. marginatula, Nyl. 5. (19 L. allotropa, Nyl. 6. (n) L. coarctata, Ach. (N) var. exposita, Nyl. 7. (N) L. melanotropa, Nyl. Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 8. L. marginiflexa, Tayl. 9. L. millegrana, Tayl. 10. (n) L. pulverea, Borr. var. Laurocerasi, Del. 11. (N) L. leucothalamia, Nyl. 12. (N) L. Otagensis, 1Vyl. 13. L. arceutina, Ach. 14. (N) L. amphitropa, Nyl.

List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. 355 Genus 2. Lecidea—continued. Species 15. (a) L. parasema, Ach., and var. latypea, Ach.

(B) enteroleuca, Ach . 16. (B) L. contigua, Fr., and (a) var. crustulata, Ach. 17. (B) L. lapicida, Fr. var. declinans, Nyl. 18. (a) L. fusco•atra, .Ach. 19. (a) L. petrwa, Flot. 20. (B) L. stellulata, Tayl. 21. (B) L. myriocarpa, DC. 22. (B) L. lenticularis, Ach. 23. (B) L. grossa, Pers. 24. (N) L. flavido-atra, Nyl, 25. (a) L. geographica, Ach. [Abrothallus.] 26. (B) L. oxyspora, Tul. 27. (N) L. Curreyi, Linds. Tribe XII. GRAPHIDEI. Genus 1. Opegrapha. Species 1. (N) O. agelmoides, Nyl. 2. (N) O. spodopolia, Nyl. 3. (N) O. subeffigurans, Nyl. Genus 2. Platygrapha. Species 1. (N) P. longifera, Nyl. Genus 3. Arthonia. Species 1. A. excedens, Nyl. 2. (N) A. platygraphella, Nyl. 3. A. conspicua, Nyl. Tribe XIII. PYRENOCARPEI. Genus 1. Verrucaria. Species 1. (B) V. pallida, Ach. 2. (a) V. nitida, Schrad., and var. nitidella, Flk 3. V. glabrata, Ach.

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 4. (B) V. epidermidis, Ach. (B) var. punctiformis, A ch. 5. (B) V. maura, Wahl. 356 List of Lichens collected in Otago, Yew Zealand. The most interesting statistical features of the foregoing list may be conveniently exhibited in the following table :—

Geographical Distribution. 4‘ +C a . .F3 Pt 6 ti 2 . • .,ASS -,,,,al, GENUS. m 4 , g ,-, -, 1 _ CC 7'C - , -,-,, 788 .28 'gi ..,.. . iElm p - § 7d „ gi A o ) al 1:' c.) ' '444 ,„,:-. IF, Z ,-m k- 0

Collema, . . . 1 ...... 1 ... Sphwrophoron, . 1 • • • • • • ... 1 Cladonia, . . . 5 • • • ... 4 1 Stereocaulon, . . 3 ... 1 ... 2 Usnea, . . . . 1 ... .• • 1 ... Ramalina, . . . 2 ...... 2 ... Peltigera, • . . 1 ...... 1 ... Nephroma, . . . 1 • • • •• • ... 1 Stictina , 3 ... ••• 2 1 Sticta, . . . . 13 2 3 1 9 Ricasolia, . . . 3 ... 1 1 1 Parmelia, . . . 10 ...... 10 ... Physcia, . . . 5 1 1 4 ••• Umbilicaria, . . 1 ...... 1 ••• Pannaria, . . . 4 2 2 1 1 Psoroma, . . 1 •...... 1 Placopsis, . . . 2 1 1 1 ... Squamaria, . 1 ...... , 1 ... Placodium, . . 1 ... ..• 1 ... Lecanora, . . . 15 3 3 8 4 Urceolaria, . . 2 •.. ... 1 1 Pertusaria, . . 4 2 2 2 ... Thelotrema, . . 2 ...... 1 1 Ccenogonium, . . 1 ...... 1

Lecidea , 27 7 9 14 4 Opegrapha, . . 3 3 3 ...... Platygrapha, 1 1 1 ......

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 Arthonia, . . . 3 1 2 ... 1 Verrucaria, . . 5 ...... 4 1

Total, . 122 22 30 62 30

Excluding varieties, where they occur in addition to the type. Their aggregate number is 26, which, added to the species, gives a total of 148. List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. 357 Analysing this table, the first point that claims attention is, that of a total of 122 species, 22 are new to science. To these must be added 7 varieties, also new to science, making a total of 29, or 19 per cent, of the whole number collected. These additions to the Lichen-flora of the world are in the genera Lecidea, Lecanora, Opegrapha, Pertusaria, Pannaria, Sticta, Arthonia, Platygrapha, and Physcia. All the Opegraphce are new ; as is the only Platygrapha ; and as are also one-half of the Pannarice and Pertusarice, one-third of the Arthonice, one-fourth of the Lecanorce, one-fifth of the Lecidece and Physcice, and one-sixth of the Sticice. In addition to the species new to science, 46 species and 20 varieties had not, apparently, previously been found in, or recorded as natives of, New Zealand—making thus a total of 68 species and 27 varieties, or 64 per cent, of the whole, new to the flora of New Zealand. Of genera, two are additions to the New Zealand flora— Umbilicaria and Pla- codium. As regards their geographical distribution, 62 species, or 50 per cent., are common to Britain ; 30, or 24 per cent., are confined to New Zealand ; 62 per cent. are common to both northern and southern hemispheres ; and 38 per cent. confined to the latter. The great majority are, therefore, widely diffused over the world ; and they include not a few cosmopolites, especially in the genera Cladonia, Usnea, Ra- malina, Parmelia, Physcia, Lecanora, Pertusaria, Lecidea, and Verrucaria. 30 species, though not British, are com- mon to New Zealand, with other islands or countries, mostly in the Southern hemisphere. The latter include Australia and Tasmania, and their outlying islands (New Caledonia) ; the various antarctic lands and islands (Cape Horn, Straits of Magellan, Auckland islands) ; South America and its out- lying islands (Juan Fernandez) ; Southern Africa ; and the

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 Polynesian islands (Fiji). The species, which are common to both hemispheres, occur, in the Northern, in various parts of Europe (Scandinavia and Central Europe especially), Northern Africa, Asia, North America (Mexico and West Indies), and the Sandwich islands. A few species are also tropical or equatorial, inhabiting equatorial America (Guiana and New Granada), Africa, or Java. 358 List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand. The genera richest in species are, in the order of their richness— I. Lecidea. 5. Verrucaria. 2. Lecanora. Cladonia.

3. Sticta. 6. Physcia. 4. Parmelia. Crustaceous bear to foliaceous species the numerical relation of about 100 to 70. In the former class, most of the new species occur—in the proportion of about 100 to 30. As indicative of the progress of New Zealand Licheno- graphy, it may be stated, in conclusion, that the foregoing imperfect enumeration does not fall far short (in the num- ber of the species) of the total Lichen-flora of New Zealand as given in Dr Hooker's standard work, " Flora Novae Zelandim," in 1853, the precise numerical relation standing thus :- I. In Babington's List of whole New Zealand Lichen-flora, . 171 species. 27 vars. Total, 198* II. In present List of a small number of Otago Lichens, 122 species. 26 vars. Total, 148f there having been, in the interval between the publication of the lists in question-1853 and 1865—only two papers issued on New Zealand Lichenography (in 1860), by Knight and Mitten.

A letter was read from Dr J. C. Brown, colonial botanist, Cape of Good Hope, intimating that be had sent for the

Downloaded by [University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign] 15:45 29 January 2015 Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh and Glasgow specimens of Welwitschia mirabilis. The plants had been contributed * This number will fall to be largely reduced if we subtract-1. Doubtful natives of New Zealand. 2. Doubtful species and varieties. t This number would be somewhat increased were Ito add to it several species and varieties collected in a state unfit for accurate determination that is to say, whose apothecia were degenerate, and contained no properly developed them and spores.