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Assessment of Eutrophication in Velachery Lake

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Assessment of Eutrophication in Velachery Lake International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 4781-4787 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Assessment of eutrophication in Velachery Lake J. Kiran kumar Assistant Professor, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai. R. Balakrishnan, Undergraduate student, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: This study is to understand the also carried out by studying silicate Phosphorus behavior in Water body sediments concentration water sediment column. and different chemical forms of phosphorus are present in sediments. This study was done by Lake Velachery is one of the prime lakes situated collecting surface sediments samples from lakes. amid the metropolitan city of Chennai in These samples were analyzed mainly for Tamilnadu. This is an artificial lake created in nutrients, and phosphorus fractionation. The 1988-89. It is one of the lakes with a good stock Velachery lake, which once spread over 100 acres, has been reduced to half that size of water all through the year. Since Velachery is a low-lying area, the monsoon rain water from due to encroachments sections of land, has contracted to a little on the lines of a lake on one the neighbouring areas are drained into this lake side and a hillock of trash on the other. The This wetland area is being contaminated by dumping of waste from all the 42 wards of the different factors and natural condition and the Velachery Municipality for about 10 years is the water is contaminated by untreated sewage and principle purpose behind the shrinkage of the industrial effluents. water body. Almost 25 sections of land had been lost to infringements alone. Results have been discussed with eutrophication in sediment samples which is determined to establish the 2.LITERATURE SURVEY phosphorous fractionation by using SMT method which shows the result non-appetite phosphorous An essential goal of most lake administration is dominant in the wetland. plans is to back off social eutrophication by lessening the Inputs of nutrients and residue to Keywords: the lake from the encompassing zone. Measuring Eutrophication, Phosphorous fraction, Non- the lakes eutrophication isn’t simple as lakes are perplexing environments of physical, chemical apatite inorganic phosphorous. and organic segments. Nutrients are the main 1. INTRODUCTION source of eutrophication. Nitrogen and phosphorus both fortify plant development. Both Eutrophication in wetland on major problem and are measured from tests of water and detailed in are assumed alarming proportion due to several units of ug/l (micrograms per litre), or ppb (parts anthropogenic activities. Eutrophic water is per billion). Phosphorus is the most critical nutrient rich and in which oligotrophic water is supplement and is regularly utilized specifically nutrient poor. This eutrophication refers to the as a measure of eutrophication. frequent enrichment of nutrients by the addition of substances that provide for the increased growth of aquatic plant life. This increasing 3.MATERIAL AND METHODS amount of nutrients favours to the over growth algal blooms which leads to eutrophication in lakes. The main objective of this present study 3.1 STUDY AREA in understanding eutrophication in Velachery using sediment. The work is carried out by studying phosphorous fractionation in water. The influence of silicon in phosphorous release is 4781 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue The Velachery lake is one of the prime lake was used to study the samples, The SMT (Ruban situated in the city of Chennai. Along the south et. al, 2001) is done by which fractionates the side of the boundary high rise walls have been inorganic, organic, apatite and non-apatite placed to avoid dumping of waste. phosphorous in the sediments is detailed in the Corresponding boundary near the lake view road given below fig (1). communities have settled along the sides. Ngo colony is located along the eastern extreme where a lot of vegetation has taken place. The portion of the lake on the southern side of the road has completely been covered by garbage. On the western side of the road, the discharge of sewage from commercial establishments and homes and effluents from some of the leather manufacturing units in Nagalakeni has affected the quality of the water. This is one of the oldest Palaeolithic culture sites. 3.2 LOCATION OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES The sampling was taken on the Velachery lake sediments during Dec 2017. The surface samples were collected from the surface of the lake is fig (1). The top surface sediment sample was taken from 6 places surrounding the lake i.e., 6 fractions were studied. Fig.2. SMT Protocol of Sequential Extraction Vel_3 3.4 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR Vel_2 PHOSPHOROUS FRACTIONS Vel_5 1 g of sediment was used for analysing SMT method. Chemicals of supra pure grade or excel Vel_1 Vel_6 grade was used for analysing the samples. The samples were shaken using rotary shaker and Vel_4 filtered after centrifuging the samples. The 1 residue was used for the next step of the procedure and the extractant is stored in the polypropylene bottles. Fig.1. Aerial View of Case 3.4.1 PHOSPHORUS 3.3 METHODOLOGY Phosphorus is essential to growth of organisms and can be the nutrient that limits the primary The surface samples which is collected in air productivity of a body of water. In instance tight sealing bags. After transporting the samples where phosphate is growth limiting nutrient, the to the laboratory, the samples are oven dried. discharge of raw or treated waste water, The method of sequential extraction for the agricultural waste or industrial waste to that fractionation of phosphorous was SMT which 4782 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue water may stimulate the growth of photo interference of Si in the P analysis was corrected synthetic aquatic micro-organisms in quantities. for (IV). Phosphates are also occurred in bottom sediments and in biological sludges, both as The silica is analysed by taking 25 ml sample precipitated forms and incorporated into organic adding 0.5 ml 1+1 HCL solution, adding 1 ml compounds. ammonium molybdate reagent and mix them thoroughly and let them stand for 5 to 10 The combined reagent is done by mixing the minutes. Add again 1ml of oxalic acid solution above reagents in the following proportions for and make it ready to read the colour after 100 ml of the combined reagent: 50ml 5 2minutes and before 15 minutes by using NH2SO4, 5ml potassium antimonyl tartarate spectrophotometer. solution, 15 ml ammonium molybdate and 30ml ascorbic acid solution. Mix after addition of each reagent. Let all reagent reach room temperature before they are mixed in the order given. If turbidity forms in the combined reagent, shake and let stand for few minutes until turbidity disappears before proceeding. The reagent is stable for 4 hrs. the sample is tested using spectrophotometer. 3.4.2 SILICA There were Two analytical methods that are used Portable Multi parameter to determine the concentration of dissolved Silica. Atomic adsorption spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 251.6 nm was used to determine the concentration of Si in the 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION interstitial water and other sediment extracts. The dissolved Si in lake water and interstitial water was measured. Spectrophotometrically at 4.1 Concentration of silica in different 815 nm using the blue ammonium molybdate reaction according to Mullin and Riley (1966) as fractions of Velachery Lake Sediment described by University of Lund (1988). Although the quantitative determinations of e.g. biogenic and total Si are problematic and often depend on the extractants used (e.g. Hallmark et al. 1982, Conley 1998), the analysis of dissolved Si is relatively straightforward (but see I), and the results obtained by AAS and spectrophotometer compared reasonably well. Inorganic Organic Apatite Non-apatite The relative merits of the methods and possible sources of error are described in detail by e.g. IP OP AP NAP Babko and Pilipenko (1974) and Hallmark et al. SILICA SILICA SILICA SILICA (1982). Although both P and Si may interfere in (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) the spectrophotometric analysis of the other element (e.g. Hallmark et al. 1982), the concentrations of P encountered in this study were too low relative to the concentration of Si for P to interfere with the analysis of Si. The 4783 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 852 366 721 164 Apatite and Non Apatite Silica 356 308 565 3765 4500 875 457 910 3026 4000 3500 AP 3000 SILICA 864 461 707 4085 2500 (PPM) 2000 815 452 698 3050 1500 1000 NAP 500 SILICA( 310 488 662 3402 0 PPM) Table.1. Concentration of silica in different fractions Graph.2. Apatite and Non apatite silica Inorganic and organic Silica 4.2 Concentration of Phosphorus in different 1000 fractions of Velachery Lake: 900 800 Inorganic Organic Apatite Non-apatite 700 600 IP Inorganic Organic Apatite Non- 500 SILICA 400 (PPM) P(PPM) P(PPM) P(PPM) Apatite 300 OP P(PPM) 200 SILICA(P PM) 100 70 56 31.333 508 0 88 55 44.667 377 95 42 51.333 394 80 37 50.667 322 84 61 21.33 369 86 33 48.667 345 Table.2. Concentration of phosphorous in Graph 1:inorganic and organic silica different fractions 4784 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue Inorganic and Organic due to the nutrient enrichment and the dumping Phosphorus of garbage’s and sewage. 100 The high concentration in the loosely bound 90 fraction and the Fe bound fraction indicates 80 presence of high amount of bio-available 70 phosphorous in the Velachery Lake.
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