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Environmental Rule of Law in Asia

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Environmental Rule of Law in Asia Environmental Rule of Law in Asia Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio and Linda Yanti Sulistiawati Editors-in-Chief Haifeng Deng and Zhenwei Zhang Eathipol Srisawaluck Linda Yanti Sulistiawati Koh Kheng-Lian Anton Ming-Zhi Gao Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio Jonathan Liljeblad Ritwick Dutta Charito M. Macalintal-Sawali Copyright 2019 by Board of Editors Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Ltd. (KAS) University of Cebu and Editors-in-Chief Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio Haifeng Deng and Zhenwei Zhang, Eathipol Srisawaluck, Linda Yanti Sulistiawati, Koh Kheng- Managing Trustee, Philippine Earth Justice Center, Inc. Lian, Anton Ming-Zhi Gao, Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, Jonathan Liljebad, Ritwick Dutta and Professor, University of Cebu School of Law Charito M. Macalintal-Sawali Cebu City, Philippines Linda Yanti Sulistiawati Environmental Rule of Law in Asia Director, Center for Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS-UGM) Associate Professor of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogkarta, Indonesia Date Printed: August 2019 Published and distributed by Konrad-Adenauer- Stiftung, Ltd. (KAS) with office located at 380 Managing Editors Judy Ann Ferrater-Gimena Jalan Besar #11-01 Singapore 20900 (6603 6171) and University of Cebu-Banilad, Inc. with office Research Director, University of Cebu Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines located at at Gov. Cuenco Ave., Banilad, Cebu City, Philippines (233-8888 local 128 and local 103). Kristine Joy P. Argallon Fellow, Philippine Earth Justice Center, Inc. ISBN 978-621-96185-0-2 Assistant to the Dean for Academic Affairs, University of Cebu School of Law Cebu City, Philippines Cover design by: Aahron Dinauanao, Ph.D.; Cover photo by: Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio. No portion of this book may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines, Copyright @ 2019 or notes, whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, photocopied, or in any other ISBN 978-621-96185-0-2 form, for distribution or sale, without the written permission of the Publisher and/or Authors. The infringer shall be prosecuted in compliance with copyright, trademark, patent, and other pertinent laws. The Board of Editors, under the auspices of University of Cebu-School of Law and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Ltd. (KAS), published this book entitled “Environmental Rule of Law in Asia” which is a compilation of articles and/or papers contributed by different authors. However, the views and/or opinions of said authors do not necessarily reflect those of the Board of Editors, KAS and the University of Cebu-School of Law. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Chapter 1. Land Grabbing and its implications on Environmental Rule of Law An Empirical and Historical Review on Regulation of China's Urban Landscape and Open 1 Spaces Haifeng Deng and Zhenwei Zhang Land Allocation and Sustainable Land Management 15 Eathipol Srisawaluck Land Grabbing in Indonesia 27 Linda Yanti Sulistiawati Chapter 2. Climate Change and Environmental Rule of Law “Singapore Smart City” and “ASEAN Smart Cities Network” – A Different Style of 41 Sustainability Koh Kheng-Lian Energy Transition Scam in Taiwan: Wrong Legal Strategy? 67 Anton Ming-Zhi Gao Chapter 3. Indigenous Peoples and the Environment Legal Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge associated with Genetic Resources in the 87 Philippines Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio Myanmar's Indigenous Transnational Strategies: International Alternatives to Domestic 101 Challenges Jonathan Liljeblad Indigenous People in Indian Context: Why the concept has Limited Relevance in India and 117 its Continued use in Problematic Ritwick Dutta The Philippine Judiciary as the Beacon Giving Light to Legislations on the Rights of 133 Indigenous Peoples Charito M. Macalintal-Sawali FOREWORD This publication offers a curated collection of essays that arise out of the 2017 and 2018 meetings of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung’s (KAS) informal network of Asian Environmental Lawyers. As the name indicates, this intergenerational group, which meets annually, is interested in all issues relating to governing the environment and is a forum for members of the legal fraternity from Asian to exchange experiences, best practices and ideas related to current and emerging issues in environmental law and policy. Before introducing the publication, as the Director of the Rule of Law Programme Asia, I would also take this opportunity to briefly summarize in general the works of KAS specifically the Rule of Law Programme. KAS is a German foundation which aims to promote democracy and international co-operation and has been doing so, with considerable success, for more than 50 years. One of its core pillars is the KAS Rule of Law Programme, which has a truly global dimension, with dedicated regional offices in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East/Northern Africa. The Asia regional office for the Rule of Law Programme Asia is located in Singapore, though its activities involve and take place across the full panoply of the countries that make up this region. By way of example, in 2018-19, the Rule of Law Programme Asia organized events in Hong Kong, India, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam, on topics covering rule of law and religion, environmental law, migration and refugee rights, constitutionalism and digital rights. The KAS Rule of Law Programme Asia has managed to draw participants from all over the Asian region and the world. The publication covers a variety of topics ranging from land use regulation, smart cities, energy and indigenous people’s rights. All of these topics are relevant to the work of KAS given that we are committed to the cause of sustainable development that takes into account environmental protection. We also acknowledge the dangers that natural and man-made disasters can bring to human societies. In pursuing this, KAS Berlin has established an office on Global Resources Policy and its coordinator will reach out to our regional programmes focusing on Environment, Energy Security and Climate Change in Asia, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa by delivering programmes with a specific focus on environmental matters. As a political foundation involved in democracy promotion, KAS strives to ensure that the rule of law as an overarching norm is sustainably imbedded in the social reality in the countries that it works in. In that sense this publication could not have come at a more opportune time. The management of climate change is a raging global governance debate today and experts recognize that Asia will be among the hardest hit. Low lying and crowded coastal cities in many South and Southeast Asian countries are most at risk, and the hundreds of millions of people who live there are particularly vulnerable.1 Any danger arising out of climate change in Asia threatens its peace, security and social order. While the linkages between climate change and rule of law may not meet FOREWORD An Empirical and Historical Review on Regulation of China’s Urban Landscape and Open Space the eye at the first instance, it poses a grave danger to all of humanity. The significance of climate An Empirical and Historical Review on Regulation of China's Urban change was underscored by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in his 2019 National Day Rally Landscape and Open Spaces speech, where he said “Climate change may seem abstract and distant for many of us, but it is one of the gravest challenges facing humankind”. We believe this publication is our contribution to Haifeng Deng*, Zhenwei Zhang† bring attention and awareness to the issue of environmental protection that has the potential to determine the destiny of humankind. During the 69 years of the new country, China's urban landscape construction has made Let me take this opportunity to sincerely thank the editors, Prof. Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio great achievements attributed to the high level of awareness of central government and the making at the University of Cebu, School of Law, Philippines, and Assoc. Prof. Linda Yanti Sulistiawati, of related laws and regulations. This article explains the making of related law and regulations at Faculty of Law and Center for Asia-Pacific Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, into two stages: ‘administrative instruction’ and ‘legalization’. Each stage differentiates the types Indonesia, long time partners and friends of the Rule of Law Programme Asia as well as the of legislation and reviews the evolution of law making from administrative commands to the authors, who have contributed to this publication. I would also like to thank my colleague, Ms. provisional regulations and finally, to the administrative regulation. This article elaborates the progress on provisions and legislative techniques by contrasting the two regulations above. Susan Chan, Regional Project Executive, for her support in bringing out this publication. Thereafter, it points out that the existing regulatory system on urban landscape is incomplete by analyzing the Urban Landscape Ordinance and understanding its horizontal and vertical systems. Finally, this paper foresees the possible impacts and challenges to existing laws, regulations and Singapore, 23 August 2019, technical standards in the changing environment and suggests that old regulations should be Gisela Elsner revised, supplemented, or even abolished as to form an urban landscape legal system which will be unified, coordinating, prescient and enforceable. Director Rule of Law Programme Asia Key words: landscape, administrative instruction, legislation, Urban Landscape Ordinance Leiterin Rechtsstaatsprogramm Asien Introduction Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
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