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Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of Knowledge

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Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of Knowledge From: Andrew Helps Sent: Friday, 14 May 2021 9:27 AM To: Amy Selvaraj (DELWP) Subject: Stygofauna Attachments: StygofaunaEP158350.pdf EXTERNAL SENDER: Links and attachments may be unsafe. Good morning Amy, Have any of the KALBAR consultants mentioned the Stygofauna in the Lindenow Groundwater ecosystem? As you would be aware Stygofauna are protected by the EPBC Act and the RAMSAR Convention and a competent environmental ecologist would be producing a paper Vis a Vis the impact of the Lindenow mining operations and the destruction of the Stygofauna habitat at Lindenow. There is an urgent need for KALBAR to retain a competent ecologist to write a report on the impact of flocculants on Stygofauna in the Lindenow sub surface aquifer. I would suggest that KALBAR use the team at Macquarie University to do this. Stygofauna have been the subject of a recent report (2015) funded by ACARP. Kindest Regards Andrew Helps 安德鲁 郝普斯 常务董事 Mobile UNEP Global Mercury Partnership Waste Management Partnership - designated expert Mercury added products and alternatives – designated expert Mercury Fate and Transport Group IMPORTANT PLEASE READ: This email may contain confidential and or proprietary information and may be protected by the rules of legal privilege. If you receive this email by mistake, or are not the intended recipient you must not use it or the information in any way. If this is the case, could you please inform the sender by return email or by telephoning and delete any such email from your computer. This email and any attachments, has been scanned for computer viruses but you should also perform your own scan. No liability is accepted for any loss or damage, whether caused by our negligence or otherwise, that results from a computer virus or a defect in the transmission of this email or the attached file. 1 CSIRO LAND AND WATER FLAGSHIP Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of knowledge Grant C Hose, J Sreekanth, Olga Barron and Carmel Pollino 15 July 2015 Report to the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) CSIRO Land and Water/Macquarie University Citation Hose GC, J Sreekanth, Barron O, Pollino C (2015) Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of knowledge. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2015. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact [email protected] . Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... iv Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Diversity and distribution of stygofauna ............................................................................ 3 Key points ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Global diversity ...................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Australian diversity ................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Stygofauna of major coal regions ........................................................................ 11 3 Factors determining the presence of stygofauna in aquifers .......................................... 16 Key points ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Aquifer geology and hydraulic conductivity ........................................................ 17 3.3 Groundwater depth and distance from exchange .............................................. 19 3.4 Water quality ....................................................................................................... 19 4 Regional water accounts associated with groundwater use ............................................ 21 Key points ......................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Surat and Bowen Basins ...................................................................................... 22 4.3 Hunter catchment ............................................................................................... 33 5 Threats of mining and CSG activities to the groundwater environment and stygofauna 36 Key points ......................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Spatial and temporal changes in water level ...................................................... 38 5.3 Altered groundwater quality ............................................................................... 40 5.4 Altered aquifer properties and water regime ..................................................... 42 6 Knowledge gaps and research needs ............................................................................... 45 References 48 ii | Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of knowledge Figures Figure 1. Common crustacean stygofauna groups A. Cyclopoid copepod, B. Harpacticoid copepod, C: Amphipod, and D. Syncarid. ....................................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Major coal production regions of Australia and operating black and brown coal mines as at December 2012. Source: Geoscience Australia. www.ga.gov.au/data-pubs/data-and- publications-search/publications/australian-minerals-resource-assessment/coal ..................... 12 Figure 3: Map of the Surat and Bowen Basins together with the Condamine-Balonne and Fitzroy surface water catchments. Part of the Bowen Basin underlies the Surat Basin. ......................... 24 Figure 4: Water balance for the Condamine-Balonne region (modified from Kaye et al., 2012) 25 Figure 5: Water balance for the Fitzroy region (modified from Kaye et al., 2012) ...................... 30 Figure 6: Map of the Hunter catchment showing the underlying Surat, Gunnedah and Sydney Basins ............................................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 7 Water balance for the Hunter region (modified from Kaye et al., 2012) ....................... 34 Figure 8 Hydrological stressors/impacts from coal seam gas extraction and coal mining. Source: Commonwealth of Australia (2015) .............................................................................................. 37 Tables Table 1 Ranges of aquifer and water quality attributes of sites (bores) in major coal production basins at which stygofauna have been collected. ........................................................................ 13 Table 2 Hydraulic conductivity (K f) values for aquifer matrices of different geologies................ 18 Table 3: Account of CSG water production from Surat Basin in 2013-14 (Queensland Government, 2014) ....................................................................................................................... 25 Table 4: Estimated volumes of water use by existing and EIS approved mines (as of 2012) in the Queensland part of Surat Basin (Sander et al., 2014)................................................................... 28 Table 5: CSG associated water produced from the Bowen Basin from July 2013 to June 2014 (Queensland government, 2014). ................................................................................................. 31 Stygofauna in Australian Groundwater Systems: Extent of knowledge | iii Acknowledgments This project was funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program. We are grateful for the assistance of Phil Davies (CSIRO) who provided maps included in this report, and ACARP Industry
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