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Van Wyk, a H (2005) University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) DIE ROL VAN DIE VERLIGTES IN DIE NASIONALE PARTY IN DIE POLITIEKE ONTMAGTIGING VAN DIE AFRIKANER, 1966-1994 deur ANNIE HELENA VAN WYK Voorgelê ter gedeeltelike vervulling van die vereistes vir die graad MAGISTER HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTIAE: GEDOSEERD (GESKIEDENIS) in die Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe Universiteit van Pretoria Pretoria 2005 Leier: Mev. K. Sevenhuysen Medeleier: Dr. J.E.H. Grobler University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) DANKBETUIGING Ek gee alle eer en erkentlikheid aan God alleen wat dit moontlik gemaak het vir my om die studie suksesvol te kon voltooi. Die miniverhandeling word opgedra aan my man, André, my twee seuns, André en Stefan en ook my ouers, Robert en Annie Steenkamp. Dankie vir julle liefde en ondersteuning. ‘n Spesiale woord van dank aan my seun, Stefan wat met groot geduld my met rekenaarprobleme bygestaan het. ‘n Spesiale woord van dank aan my studieleier Karina Sevenhuysen wat my deurentyd aangemoedig het. Ek het besondere waardering vir die bekwame en insiggewende wyse waarop sy leiding gebied het. ’n Woord van dank aan my mede-studieleier Jackie Grobler vir sy insiggewende bydra tot die studie. Aan die volgende persone: die personeel by SA-media en die Argief vir Eietydse Aangeleenthede by die Universiteit van die Vrystaat en ook Hamilton Phidi van die Merensky- biblioteek, Universiteit van Pretoria, ‘n woord van dank met die vriendelike hulp om bronnemateriaal te kon bekom. University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) INHOUD BLADSY INLEIDING . .1 I DIE VORSTER-ERA, 1966-1978: TOENEMENDE INVLOED VAN DIE VERLIGTE AFRIKANERS BINNE DIE NASIONALE PARTY . 30 1 Inleiding . 30 2 Die eerste skote in die verlig-verkrampstryd, 1966-1969 en Vorster se reaksie op Afrikanerverdeeldheid . 31 3 Die aard en samestelling van die verligtes in die Nasionale Party sedert 1970 . 36 4 Politieke, ekonomiese en veiligheidsomstandighede wat tot versterking van die verligtes se oortuiginge lei en hulle invloed verstewig . .. .38 5 Slot . .53 ll DIE P.W. BOTHA-ERA, 1978-1989: VAN AANVANKLIKE VERLIGTE AKKOMMODASIE TOT VERLIGTE FRUSTRASIE . 58 1 Inleiding . .58 University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) 2 Die Botha-regering bevorder aanvanklik verligte politiek, 1978-1984 . 59 3 Groeiende verdeeldheid in verligte NP-geledere, 1984-1986 . 72 4 Die opkoms van die “nuwe nattes” vergroot die breuk tussen P.W. Botha en die verligtes, 1986-1989 . 80 5 Slot . 97 III DIE F.W. DE KLERK-ERA, 1989-1994: DIE VERLIGTES SEËL DIE LOT VAN AFRIKANER POLITIEKE HEERSKAPPY. 100 1 Inleiding . .100 2 De Klerk bedryf pragmatiese politiek en steek die grens na verligte politieke denke oor . 101 3 Die verligtes se rol in die verskillende onderhandelingsfases . 107 4 Die verligtes se sukses en mislukkings met die ooreengekome oorgangsgrondwet . 130 5 Sekurokrate ondermyn die onderhandelingsposisie van die NP . 132 6 Slot . 133 SAMEVATTING . 137 BYLAES . 142 BRONNE . 145 University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) OPSOMMING . 156 SUMMARY . 158 AFKORTINGS AB Afrikaner Broederbond AHI Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut ANC African National Congress AWB Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation BCM Black Consciousness Movement BPC Black People’s Convention BSB Burgerlike Samewerkingsburo Cosag Groep van Besorgde Suid-Afrikaners COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions DP Demokratiese Party EPG Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group FAK Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola Frelimo Marxistiese Mozambique Liberation Front GBS Gesamentlike Bestuursentrums HNP Herstigte Nasionale Party IDASA Instituut vir Demokratiese Alternatiewe vir Suid-Afrika IVP Inkatha-Vryheidsparty University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) Kodesa Konvensie vir ‘n Demokratiese Suid-Afrika KP Konserwatiewe Party MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola NECC National Education Crisis Committee NID Nasionale Intelligensie Diens NRP Nuwe Republikeinse Party NP Nasionale Party NSR Nasionale Statutêre Raad NUK Nasionale Uitvoerende Komitee NVBS Nasionale Veiligheidsbestuurstelsel OAE Organisasie van Afrika-Eenheid PAC Pan Africanist Congress PFP Progressiewe Federale Party SAKP Suid-Afrikaanse Kommunistiese Party SAP Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie SAW Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag SABRA Suid-Afrikaanse Buro vir Rasse-aangeleenthede SADCC South African Development Co-ordinating Council SASM South African Students Movement SASO South African Student’s Organisation SBB Swart Bewussynsbeweging SKK Spesiale Kabinetskomitee SVR Staatveiligheidsraad Swapo South West African People’s Organization Renamo Resistencia Nacional de Moçambiek RGN Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing RNE Regering van Nasionale Eenheid UDF United Democratic Front Unita National Union for the Total Independence of Angola USSR Unie van die Sosialistiese Sowjet-Republieke VKR Verteenwoordigende Kleurlingraad VN Verenigde Nasies VP Verenigde Party VF Vryheidsfront University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) VSA Verenigde State van Amerika WVK Waarheid-en-Versoeningskommissie BYLAES Bladsy BYLAE I: Diagrammatiese voorstelling van die driekamerparlement, 1984 . 142 BYLAE II: Buthelezi se streeksvoorstel vir KwaZulu-Natal, 1986 . 143 BYLAE III: Funksionering van Kodesa en sy werkgroepe . 144 University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) INLEIDING ...Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk, black victor, white subordinate, their roles reversed.....1 Met dié woorde het Patti Waldmeir, van die Londense Financial Times, tydens die inhuldiging van Nelson Mandela as eerste swart president van ’n demokratiese Suid-Afrika op 10 Mei 1994, die politieke posisie van die Afrikaners opgesom. Patty Waldmeir stel die vraag Why did the Afrikaners hand over power?2 Hierdie stap was hoofsaaklik die gevolg van ’n reeks gebeurtenisse, wat oor vyf en veertig jaar heen gestrek het, waartydens sommige Afrikaners binne die Nasionale Party (NP) se denke verander het. In 1949, ’n jaar na die bewindsaanvaarding van die NP, het daar reeds ’n ongemaklikheid, twyfel en kritiek oor die moraliteit van apartheid in die geledere van die sogenaamde andersdenkende Afrikaners in die Party begin posvat. Dié andersdenkende Afrikaners was die voorlopers van die verligte Afrikaners wat in 1966 in die NP na vore getree het. Die verligtes het op hulle beurt die weg vir hervorming gebaan wat in 1994 tot die ontstaan van ’n demokratiese Suid-Afrika gelei het. Binne die nuwe politieke bestel het die Afrikaners deel van ’n demokratiese bedeling sonder politieke mag geword. 1 P. Waldmeir, Anatomy of a miracle. The end of apartheid and the birth of the New South Africa, p. 2. 2 P. Waldmeir, Anatomy of a miracle. The end of apartheid and the birth of the New South Africa, p. 2. 1 University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) Dit is belangrik om enkele terminologie te verduidelik soos wat dit binne die konteks en omvang van hierdie studie verstaan en toegepas gaan word. Die term Afrikaners was sedert die middel van die twintigste eeu vir blanke Afrikaanssprekendes gereserveer en het op daardie stadium ’n eksklusiewe beeld gehad. Die term Afrikaners het gaandeweg sy eksklusiewe beeld verloor met die uitnodiging aan Engelssprekendes en ook gekleurde Afrikaanssprekendes tot Afrikanergeledere en die term het sedert die tagtigerjare van die twintigste eeu rasinklusief geword.3 Vir die doel van dié studie gaan die term Afrikaners oorwegend verwys na blanke Afrikaanssprekendes, maar ook na ander taalgroepe en kultuurgemeenskappe wat hulle met die blanke Afrikaanssprekendes se politieke doel van blanke oppergesag vereenselwig het. Die term andersdenkendes dui in die studie op die Afrikaners wat apartheid binne die NP ondersteun het, maar ’n ander sienswyse as dié van die NP-regering oor die uitvoering daarvan gehuldig het. Met die term verligtes word die groep Afrikaners wat voorstanders van stadige en versigtige veranderinge van apartheid binne die raamwerk van blanke heerskappy was, bedoel. Die term verligtes het in die laat tagtigerjare en vroeë negentigerjare van die twintigste eeu ’n betekenisverandering ondergaan en dit het sedertdien op diegene wat snelle verandering van partybeleid voorgestaan het, gedui. Vir die doel van die studie gaan daar na die onderskeie rassegroepe in Suid-Afrika verwys word as blankes, swartes, kleurlinge en Indiërs. Die term blankes sluit die Afrikaans- sowel as die Engelssprekendes in. Die term swart of swartes word deurgaans in die studie gebruik om die Bantoesprekende gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika aan te dui. Indien die term Bantoe of Naturelle in wetgewing voorgekom het, is daar by die oorspronklike terminologie gehou ten einde die tydsgees weer te gee en dit histories binne die bepaalde regeringsbeleidkonteks te plaas. Teen 1949 het die andersdenkende Afrikaners in die NP meestal uit intellektueles bestaan, waarvan die Stellenbosche intellektueles die kern gevorm het.4 Beide die joernaliste Piet Cillié, redakteur van Die Burger (1954-1977) en Schalk Willem Pienaar, 3 H. Giliomee, The Afrikaners. Biography of a people, p. xix. 4 H. Giliomee, The Afrikaners. Biography of a people, p. 497. 2 University of Pretoria etd – Van Wyk, A H (2005) redakteur van Rapport (1965-1970) en Beeld (1974), het ’n belangrike rol in die vorming van verligte politieke denke van die andersdenkende Afrikaners in die NP gespeel. Hermann Giliomee, bekende historikus, politieke wetenskaplike en openbare kommentator het Cillié tesame met dr. H.F. Verwoerd (Eerste Minister, 1958-1966) as van die invloedrykste denkers
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