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AN INVESTIGATION of the PERFORMANCE of AFRICAN NATIONS in the 2012 LONDON OLYMPICS Francis Ndum OJIE Ph.D. Thesis 2015

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AN INVESTIGATION of the PERFORMANCE of AFRICAN NATIONS in the 2012 LONDON OLYMPICS Francis Ndum OJIE Ph.D. Thesis 2015 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN NATIONS IN THE 2012 LONDON OLYMPICS Francis Ndum OJIE Ph.D. Thesis 2015 An Investigation of the Performance of African Nations in the 2012 London Olympics Francis Ndum OJIE Salford Business School University of Salford, Manchester, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October 2015 Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations and Terms ............................................................................ viii Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... x Dedication ............................................................................................................... xii Declaration ............................................................................................................. xiii Abstract ................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE: RESEARCH OVERVIEW .......................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research questions ............................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research aim ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Research objectives .............................................................................................. 5 1.5 Research scope ..................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research design .................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Contribution to knowledge ................................................................................... 9 1.8 Structure of the thesis ......................................................................................... 10 1.9 Chapter summary ............................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Sports development and policy .......................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Elite sports development (ESD) .................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Emergence of ESD ...................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 The Olympics as a mega sporting event and an elite sport ......................... 19 2.3 Africa in the Olympics ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Measuring the performance and success of countries in Olympic Games .. 22 2.3.2 Medal tables/medal wins ............................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Challenges of sports performance and success in the Olympics ................. 25 2.3.4 Improving performance and success ........................................................... 27 2.4 Introducing a project management perspective .................................................. 29 i 2.4.1 Issues and challenges critical to performance and success from a PM perspective ............................................................................................................ 31 2.5 Integrating project management theories and sports development .................... 40 2.5.1 Overview of key issues from the literature .................................................. 43 2.6 Chapter summary ............................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................ 48 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 48 3.2 Background to research philosophy ................................................................... 48 3.2.1 Philosophical assumptions ........................................................................... 49 3.3 Research paradigm ............................................................................................. 50 3.3.1 Positivism .................................................................................................... 51 3.3.1.1 Realism ................................................................................................. 53 3.3.2 Interpretivism............................................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Critical Theory ............................................................................................. 58 3.4 Justification of the study philosophy .................................................................. 60 3.5 Research design .................................................................................................. 62 3.5.1 Approach - deductive, inductive and abductive .......................................... 64 3.5.2 Qualitative and quantitative ......................................................................... 65 3.5.2.1 Nature of research ................................................................................. 66 3.6 Research strategy................................................................................................ 67 3.6.1 Case study .................................................................................................... 69 3.6.1.1 Number of case studies ......................................................................... 71 3.6.1.2 Justification of case study choices ........................................................ 72 3.6.1.3 Sampling techniques ............................................................................. 72 3.6.1.4 Sampling technique employed .............................................................. 74 3.7 Developing the research implementation and data for the study ....................... 76 3.7.1 Phase 3 ......................................................................................................... 78 3.7.1.1 Stage 1 - Pre-interview questionnaire ................................................... 80 3.7.1.2 Stage 2 and 3 - interviews ..................................................................... 83 3.7.2 Phase 4 ......................................................................................................... 90 3.8 Validation, verification and reliability ............................................................... 92 3.8.1 Triangulation ............................................................................................... 95 3.9 Data analysis ...................................................................................................... 96 ii 3.9.1 Approach to analysis ................................................................................... 96 3.9.1.1 Thematic analysis.................................................................................. 98 3.10 Ethical approval.............................................................................................. 101 3.11 Chapter summary ........................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ........................ 104 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 104 4.2 Questionnaire data ............................................................................................ 105 4.3 Category One - Findings from first set of interviews....................................... 106 4.3.1 Background questions................................................................................ 107 4.3.2 Success/failure and the London Olympics ................................................ 107 4.3.3 Performance ............................................................................................... 110 4.4 Category Two - Findings from second phase of interviews............................. 115 4.4.1 Findings: A02 (Togo) ................................................................................ 116 4.4.1.1 Brief overview of participation in the Olympic Games ...................... 116 4.4.1.2 Performance in the London 2012 Olympics and challenges .............. 117 4.4.1.3 Strategies for addressing challenges/improving performance ............ 122 4.4.2 Findings: B02 (Kenya) .............................................................................. 123 4.4.2.1 Brief overview of participation in the Olympic Games ...................... 123 4.4.2.2 Performance in the London 2012 Olympics and challenges .............. 124 4.4.2.3 Strategies for addressing challenges/improving performance ............ 129 4.4.3 Findings: D02 (Swaziland) ........................................................................ 130 4.4.3.1 Brief overview of participation in the Olympic Games ...................... 130 4.4.3.2
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