E- 202 VOL.13 CHAD EXPORT Public Disclosure Authorized r P~~ROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
VLUME1
*Project Description
Decommissioning * Lists of Studies/Reports
* Lists of Consultant/Experts Public Disclosure Authorized
DOCUMENTS ______ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT EXECUTIVESUMMARY AND UPDATE
Environmental Supporting Environmental ManagementPlan - Documents ManagementPlan - Chad Portion D Cameroon Portion
VOLUME 1 -* VOLUME 1 VOLUME I * Base Document * ProjectDescription * BaseDocument * ManagementPlan for CulturalProperties * Decommissioning * InducedAccess ManagementPlan * Handbookfor Site-Specific - List of Studies/Reports * ManagementPlan for CulturalProperties EnvironmentalMitigation Actions * List of Consultants/Experts Handbookfor Site-SpecificEnvironmental * EnvironmentalMonitoring Plan VOLUME2 MitigationActions VOLUME2 - AlternativesAnalysis * EnvironmentalMonitoring Plan * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME3 VOLUME2 TechnicalRequirements and Specifications Consultationand PublicReview Program * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME3 TechnicalRequirements and Specifications Plan VOLUME 4 V Compensation& Resettlement * Oil Spill Response:Preliminary VOLUME3 VOLUME4 Approach * CompensationPlan * RegionalDevelopment Plan: Near Term VOLUME5 VOLUME4 Measures * Chad BiologicalStudies * EnvironmentalFoundation Plan * RevenueManagement Plan * CameroonBiological Studies * Offsite EnvironmentalEnhancement Program * InstitutionalCapacity Building * IndigenousPeoples Plan VOLUME 6 VOLUME5 * Chad Public Health VOLUME5 * WasteManagement Plan CameroonPublic Health * WasteManagement Plan VOLUME6 VOLUME6 * EnvironmentalLine List * EnvironmentalLine List * EnvironmentalAlignment Sheets * EnvironmentalAlignment Sheets
REFERENCEDOCUMENTS
4/29/99 THIS DOCUMENTIS AVAILABLE IN FRENCHAND ENGLISH SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS VOLUME I
PROJECTDESCRIPTION
MAY 1999
06-99 PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I
TABLEOF CONTENTS
1.0 PROJECTOVERVIEW ...... 1-1
2.0 RESERVOIRMANAGEMENT ...... 2-1 2.1 HISTORICALSUMMARY ...... 2-1 2.2 RESERVOIRCHARACTERISTICS ...... 2-1 2.3 PRODUCTIONCHARACTERISTICS ...... 2-2 2.4 RESERVOIREVALUATION ...... 2-2 2.4.1 Kome Field...... 2-3 2.4.2 MiandoumField ...... 2-3 2.4.3 BoloboField ...... 2-3 2.5 ARTIFICIALLIFT ...... 2-3 2.6 WELL SELECTION/ PLACEMENT...... 2-4 2.7 PRODUCERS ...... 2-4 2.8 INJECTORS ...... 2-4 3.0 DEVELOPMENTDRILLING ...... 3-1 3.1 TYPICALWELL PLANS...... 3-2 3.1.1 Upper CretaceousVertical Wells ...... 3-2 3.1.2 Upper CretaceousHorizontal Wells ...... 3-2 3.1.3 Lower CretaceousVertical Wells ...... 3-2 3.1.4 InjectionWells ...... 3-3 3.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 3-3 3.2.1 Well Pads...... 3-3 3.2.2 DrillingProcess ...... 3-3 3.3 OPERATIONSPHASE ...... 3-4 3.3.1 Workovers...... 3-4
4.0 OIL FIELDDEVELOPMENT AREA ...... 4-1 4.1 FACILITIESDESCRIPTION ...... 4-1 4.1.1 Well Site / Flowlines...... 4-1 4.1.2 RemoteManifolds / Well Testing...... 4-1 4.1.3 Kome and BoloboField PumpStations ...... 4-2 4.1.4 GatheringStations ...... 4-2 4.1.5 Water InjectionSystem And DisposalWells ...... 4-4 4.1.6 OperationsCenter ...... 4-4
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4.1.7 Central Treating Facility ...... 4-5 4.1.8 Automation ...... 4-6 4.1.9 Power System Facilities...... 4-7 4.1.10 Operations Center Infrastructure...... 4-10 4.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 4-11 4.2.1 Site Preparation ...... 4-12 4.2.2 Roads ...... 4-12 4.2.3 Construction Camp and Landfill ...... 4-12 4.2.4 Plant and Pipeline Construction ...... 4-13 4.2.5 Construction Staffing...... 4-13
5.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ...... 5-1 5.1 PIPELINE ALIGNMENT AND EASEMENT ...... 5-1 5.1.1 Pipeline Alignment ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Land Easement ...... 5-1 5.2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION...... 5-2 5.2.1 Main Pipeline ...... 5-2 5.2.2 Main Pipeline Valves...... 5-3 5.2.3 Cleaning and Intelligent Tools Launchers and Receivers ...... 5-3 5.2.4 Corrosion Control ...... 5-3 5.2.5 Signs and Markers ...... 5-4 5.2.6 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station ...... 5-4 5.2.7 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities ...... 5-6 5.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 5-9 5.3.1 Onshore Pipeline Installation...... 5-9 5.3.2 Crossings ...... 5-12 5.3.3 Blasting ...... 5-13 5.3.4 Construction Records...... 5-13 5.3.5 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station...... 5-13 5.3.6 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities...... 5-14
6.0 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 6-1 6.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DESCRIPTION ...... 6-1 6.1.1 Transportation and Logistics ...... 6-1 6.1.2 Rail System Upgrade ...... 6-1 6.1.3 Road System Upgrade...... 6-2
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6.1.4 Mbere River Bridge...... 6-5 6.1.5 StorageYards ...... 6-5 6.1.6 Air Fields...... 6-6 6.1.7 Telecommunications...... 6-7 6.1.8 Waste Facilities...... 6-8 6.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 6-9 6.2.1 MaterialsManagement ...... 6-10 6.2.2 Roads...... 6-10 6.2.3 StorageYards ...... 6-12 6.2.4 MbereRiver Bridge...... 6-12 6.2.5 Telecommunications...... 6-12 6.2.6 WasteManagement ...... 6-13
7.0 OPERATIONSPHASE ...... 7-1 7.1 HIGHLIGHTSOF OPERATIONSSTRATEGY ...... 7-1 7.2 ORGANIZATIONALBASIC ASSUMPTIONS ...... 7-2 7.3 ACTIVITYCATEGORIES ...... 7-2 7.4 RECRUITMENT...... 7-3 7.5 CONTRACTING...... 7-3 7.6 WORK SCHEDULEAND STAFFTRANSPORTATION ...... 7-4 7.7 COMMISSIONINGAND STARTUP...... 7-4 7.8 LOGISTICSAND MATERIALSMANAGEMENT ...... 7-5 7.9 OPERATIONSAND MAINTENANCE...... 7-5
8.0 DECOMMISSIONING . . . 8-1 8.1 DECOMMISSIONINGPRINCIPLES ...... 8-1 8.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 8-2 8.2.1 Site Reclamation...... 8-2 8.2.2 Gradingand SurfaceReclamation ...... 8-2 8.2.3 Revegetation...... 8-2 8.3 OPERATIONSPHASE ...... 8-3 8.3.1 Oil Field DevelopmentArea ...... 8-3 8.3.2 OnshorePipeline and RelatedFacilities ...... 8-3 8.3.3 MarineTerminal and OffshoreStructures ...... 84 8.3.4 Infrastructure...... 8-5 8.4 DISPOSALOF CONTAMINATEDMATERIALS AND RESIDUES...... 8-5
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8.5 RESPONSIBILITY AND MONITORING ...... 8-6 8.5.1 Chad...... 8-6 8.5.2 Cameroon ...... 8-6
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Upper Cretaceous Crude Properties Table 2-2 Upper Cretaceous Field Temperature and Pressure Table 2-3 Most Likely Crude Oil Resources Table 2-4 Well Count Table 5-1 Main Line Valve Locations Table 5-2 Major Road Crossings Table 5-3 Railroad Crossings Table 5-4 Major River Crossings Table 6-1 Storage Yards Table 6-2 Telecommunications Repeater Locations Table 6-3 Proposed Waste Management Facilities Table 6-4 Estimated Waste Quantities
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Chad Export Project Figure 2-1 Production Profiles Oil & Produced Water Figure 2-2 Typical Electric Submersible Pump Figure 3-1 Vertical and Horizontal (Extended Reach) Wells Figure 3-2 Typical Production Well Figure 3-3 Typical Injection Well Figure 4-1 Oil Field Development Area Figure 4-2 Schematic Flow Diagram for Oil Production and Treatment Figure 4-3 Operations Center Components Figure 4-4 Typical Oil Field Development Area Roadway Cross Section Figure 5-1 Transportation System Figure 5-2a Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2b Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2c Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2d Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-3 Typical Pump Station Layout Figure 5-4 Typical Pressure Reducing Station Layout Figure 5-5 Typical FSO / Export Tanker Berthing Layout Figure 5-6 Offshore Loading Facilities
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Figure5-7 Typical Road,Rail, and River Crossings Figure6-1 ProjectTransportation Infrastructure Figure6-2 Typical RoadwayCross Section Figure6-3 Mbere River Bridge Figure6-4 Main StorageYards Figure6-5 TypicalStorage Yard Layout Figure6-6 Typical Airfield Figure6-7 Typical TelecommunicationsSite
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1.0 PROJECTOVERVIEW
The objectiveof the Chad ExportProject (project) is to produce,transport, and sell oil from three oil fields in the Doba Basinof southemChad (Kome, Miandoum,and Bolobo)to world markets in a mannercompatible with the balancedenvironmental and economicneeds of the peopleof Chad and Cameroon. The Chad Export Projectis being consideredby a consortiumcomprised of Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc. (EEPCI), Societe Shell Tchadienne de Rechercheset d'Exploitation,and Elf HydrocarburesChad (referredto as the Consortium). The proposed Chad Export Project includes the oil field developmentin southern Chad, and a TransportationSystem originating in Chadthat traversesCameroon, including a marine terminal facility off the coast of Cameroon(Figure 1-1).
EEPCI will act as Operatorfor the oil field development. A pipeline transportationcompany, Tchad Oil TransportationCompany S.A. (TOTCO) has been formed to construct,operate, and maintainthe TOTCO TransportationSystem with equity participationof the Consortiumand the Republicof Chad. A CameroonOil TransportationCompany S.A. (COTCO)has been formed with equity participationfrom the Consortium,the Republic of Cameroonand the Republic of Chad.COTCO will construct,operate, and maintainthe CameroonTransportation System.
The principalproject facilities in Chad includethe developmentof three separate oil fields, the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo oil fields. Over 1,000 kilometers (km) of seismic data were obtained, 15 explorationwells drilled, and 575 square kilometersof three-dimensionalseismic informationsecured to define this core developmentarea. As much as one billion barrels of oil will be producedover the 25- to 30- year life of the project. Plannedproject elementsin the oil field developmentarea include:
* Approximately300 productionwells and 25 water reinjectionwells with an average pleakoil productionrate of 225 thousandbarrels per day (kbd) of oil * A gatheringsystem to transportproduced fluids * A CentralTreating Facility(CTF) to produceexport quality oil * An Operations Center (OC) located in the Kome field, consisting of the CTF, an airstrip, housingfor 200 personnel,and a 120 megawatt(MW) power plantto serve projectneeds.
The TransportationSystem spanning both Chad and Cameroonincludes:
* A 1,070km long, 760 mm diameterburied pipeline * An originatingpump station locatednear the CTF in Chad * Two intermediatepump stations located along the pipelineroute in Cameroon • A pressurereducing station (PRS) close to the shorecrossing of the pipeline
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A subsea pipelineapproximately 11 km long, terminatingat a floating storage and offloading (FSO)vessel offshoreof Kribi, Cameroon.
To support the movementof approximately340,000 tons of material over a four-year period, various infrastructurefacilities and upgrades will be made. These include temporary and permanentstorage areas; road and rail systems;a satellite-basedtelecommunications system; an administrativeoffice in N'Djamena,Chad; and a centralizedoperations and administrative office in Douala,Cameroon.
During project operations,oil, water, and limited gas will be producedby submersibleelectric pumpsfrom wells in the three fields. These fluids will be transportedby a gatheringsystem to the CTF, where the gas will be used to satisfya portion of the project'sfuel needs in the oil field developmentarea for the generationof electricity. The water will be disposedof by pumpingto the oil-producinghorizons below ground, and the oil will be transferredto the Transportation System.
The pipeline is 760 mm in diameter and buried throughoutits length,with a minimum of one meter (m) of cover. Coverwill be increasedfor road crossingsand other sensitive areas and reducedto a minimumof 0.50 m in rocky areas. The pipe will be protectedwith a corrosion protectioncoating and cathodicprotection. Isolationvalves with automaticshut down capability will be installedat intervalsfor operationalpurposes and to minimizeenvironmental impacts in case of spills. A combination of leak and spill detection methods will be utilized for the TransportationSystem. The leak and spill detectionsystem will be fully automatedand manned 24 hoursa day.
Two intermediatepump stations (numbered2 and 3) will be sited near Dompta and Belabo in Cameroon. Each pump station will occupy an area of about 20 hectares (ha) and will incorporatefacilities including:
* Diesel-fueledpumping units * Diesel-fueledpower generation units * Crude oil line heaters * Crude oil toppingplant * Variouswaste facilities includingoily water treatingand disposal,incineration, and a landfill * Livingaccommodations for 20 workers * An airfield (additional16 ha area not includedin pumpstation total).
A normally unmanned Pressure Reducing Station (PRS) near Kribi will occupy an area of approximately5 ha and will includethe followingfacilities:
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* Pressureregulating and pressurereducing systems * Surgetankage for emergencypressure relief * A landingarea for helicopters * Emergencypower generation * Communicationsfacilities. A subsea loading pipelinewill extendfrom the PRS to offshore loadingfacilities. The offshore loadingfacilities will includean FSO vesselconverted from an existingcrude oil tanker modified to includeonboard boilers buming crude oil and a hull structurethat will be attachedto a single- point mooring system. The FSO will have segregatedballasts to ensure that seawaterand oil are not intermixed,eliminating the needfor oily waterballast treatmentand disposal. Onshore pipeline constructionwill involve the temporaryclearing of a strip of land, typically about 30 m wide, along the pipeline route; digging a ditch to accommodatethe pipeline; transportingand stringingpipe along the length of the route; weldingthe pipe; installingthe pipe in the trench; backfillingthe trench; and rehabilitatingthe cleared area along the pipeline route. Upon completionof pipeline installation,the area along the pipeline route will be returneidto its prior use except for a 10 to 15 m wide area for maintenanceand emergencyresponse access that will be kept clear of buildings and heavy vegetation but could be used for grazing or cropping.
Infrastructure upgrades will be made in both Chad and Cameroon. Railroad improvements consistingof locomotive rehabilitation,repair of rollingstock and constructionof additional rail sidingswill be part of the upgrades. Approximately475 km of road will be improved, 35 km of new road constructedand a new bridge across the Mbere River built at the Chad-Carneroon border. Other projectfacilities will includefour permanentstorage yards at the Doualaport, the railhead at Ngaoundal,Ngoumou, and Kome; there will be eight temporaryyards at various locations between Douala and Kome. A satellite-basedtelecommunications system with a networkof telecommunicationssites will be constructed.
Project constructionwill take place over 3.5 years and involve a peak work force in C;hadof approximately4,000, and a work force between2,000 and 2,600 in Cameroonof whom up to 60 percentare expectedto be nationals. An estimated200 permanentpersonnel will be trained for operations during the life of the project. At the start of operations, it is estimated that approximately450 contractorpersonnel will be requiredand that about 350 of these positions will be staffedby nationals. An aggressiveplan will be institutedto hire and train Chadiansand Camerooniansto replaceexpatriate personnel as operationsprogress.
Expert and independentenvironmental advice has been an integral part of the preliminary engineeringof the project, reflectinga key project developmentstrategy of minimizingaidverse environmentalimpacts by the early recognitionand, where possible, avoidance of sensitive
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issues. Environmentaland socioeconomicinputs to project development have been the responsibilityof an intemationalconsulting firm with extensiveexperience in the environmental assessmentof complex projects, utilizing an array of specialistorganizations and individuals, including Chadiansand Cameroonians,as subconsultants.Consultations with affected groups, including the local population, Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs), and relevant governmentministries and agencies,have been undertakenand will continuethroughout project development.
The project will be constructed and operated in accordancewith internationally accepted standards and guidelines (e.g., World Bank Group Environmentaland Social Safeguard Policies, World Health OrganizationGuidelines for DrinkingWater Quality). These standards and guidelinesspecify a varietyof measureswith respectto environmentalprotection, including:
* Assessmentof oil spill risks, and developmentand implementationof an oil spill contingency plan * Implementationof positive pipe corrosioncontrol measures
* Use of pressuresensors connected to alarms and automaticpump shutdown systems * Provision of a measurementsystem with continuous input/output comparison for leak detection * Adequateengineering design providing protection from likely extemalphysical forces * Accurateand completerecords of all inspections,leak incidents,unusual events, and safety measurestaken
* Minimization of disturbance to natural vegetation, soils, hydrological regimes, and topography * Positive measures to control population influx to remote areas due to increased access createdby the land easement,and to preventassociated secondary impacts * Acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirementsand pressure-temperatureratings * Requirementsand data for evaluationand limitationof stresses,reactions and movements associatedwith pressure,temperature changes, and other forces * Guidance and limitations on the selection and applicationof materials, components,and joining methods * Requirementsfor the fabrication,assembly, and erectionof piping * Proceduresfor operationsand maintenanceessential to public safety.
May 1999 1-4 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc _'. OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT A1REA -INCLUDES PUMP STATIONNo. 1) Oil Fields NIGEPJABASIN ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OIBAOver 1,000 km seismic and 15 exploration wells (F \ DOBABASIME - KIGEOAM 575 sq km of 3D seismic Va9 . ,7O/ lKome,Bolobo, Miandoum(sweet crude) Apprximately 300 producingwells and 25 producedwater disposalwells
L¢Ieati¢Jn Map,_ / ,, S ' --,8 o PU MP STATIONNo. 2 PeakproducFacilities _;Xt F _ "T.,, O RRemotwSingle tgathering stations
- 'D m Centralprocessing unit : t-~~ / \ t t BAIBOKCommunCHA 12OMWpowerplant Location Map -~ * ~PU|MPSTATION No. 2 Peak production @e225kbd oil
- /RP C 340,000nitos mt inmoiield devero meantarea -,1O MEL.NGME Single statuscommunity f l*'ANGADoba airfield
l' ) >> 3 PumpInfrastructure CENTRAL- OshUpgraderailroad rolling stock CENTR L - Improveroads/bridges/drainage & port Goioum. AFRICAN REPUBLIC - 340,000tons materialmoved over 4 years
D I Pipeline and Pump Stations N1ANG'AE0 EO J 760mIN,heated, buried, -1070 kilometers Intcrnat4l3 Pumpstations
DOUALA.4 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Onshore pressure reducing stationat coast UXLLHEGA .4PUMP STATION No" 3 Floating Storage and OMoading (FSO) ~~~~~2~~~~NDE I'~~~~~~~ Convertedtanker storage (2 MBBL)
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
10 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~CP~~'tION' ONG GUINEA GUINEAX/ CONGO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 100 2(00Kilomecter-s
LEGEND11 = Oil GULFOField Developmont Area OFAES&MORMajor-Roads - -- Pipelirie (In StudyAt-ea) Chad Export Project CIIAD EXPORT PROJECT - --- International BoundariecsRalod m City /Town ~~~~MarineTferrninal * City Thwn ~~~~(FSO) DAMES & MOORE 5~TtA AMISMOREGRIUU7UMI"I FIGURE 1-1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK PROJECTDESCFRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VO,LUME1
2.0 RESERVOIRMANAGEMENT
This section provides an overview of the reservoir area and the associated evaluation results and objectives.
2.1 HISTORICALSUMMARY
During the 1969 to 1986 explorationperiod in Chad,a total of 21,000 km of seismic data were obtained and 28 explorationwells drilled, resulting in 11 discoveriesin the Doba, Dosdo, and Lake Chad basins. In the period 1989 to 1992,another 4,800 km of seismic data were obtained and 5 more explorationwells drilled.
In 1993 and 1994,a delineation-drillingprogram (10 wells total, eight in the core development area) further appraised the Kom6, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields in the Doba Basin. The program results reduced the original-oil-in-placeuncertainties and improvedthe establishedoil recoverymodels. Additional fluid sampleswere obtained to define reservoir,facility, and pipeline performanceand improve the level of confidence in reserves of the proposed development area.
A three-dimensional(3-D) seismic survey was performedfor the core developmentarea from late 1995 through mid-1996.The survey covered a total of 575 square kilometers (kM2) over Kome, Miandoum,and Bolobo.This 3-D grid providesthe basisfor updatingstructural mapping and stratigraphicinterpretation used to optimizedevelopment well locations. The 3-D seismic data have been interpretedand incorporatedinto the geologicmodels.
2.2 RESERVOIRCHARACTERISTICS
The core developmentarea is approximately40 km by 22 km. In general,the core development area is subdivided into two productive intervals,the Upper Cretaceous (UK) and the Lower Cretaceous(LK). The UK is locatedat a depthof approximately1,500 m. The underlyingwater is essentially fresh with a total dissolved solids concentrationof approximately500 parts per million (ppm). The LK contains about 1 percent of the total reserves and is the only zone producingsignificant amounts of gas in the developmentarea at Kome. This horizon is located at a depth of about3,000 m. The water underlyingthe Kome LK is also fresh.
Natural water drive is thought to provide the primary drive mechanism for all three fields becauseof strong evidenceof an active freshwateraquifer in the region. While aquifer salinity is about 500 ppm, connate water salinity in the oil zone is expectedto be approximately5,000 ppm. Apparentlythe oil was in place beforethe freshwateraquifer became active. The UK oil is highly biodegraded(oil loss from biodegradationis estimatedin the range of 10 to 60 percent) which indicates that a substantial fresh groundwaterflow occurred. Given the substantial evidenceof an active aquifer system, water injectionfor pressure maintenanceis not currently warranted. In general, the reservoir developmentplan is designed with enough flexibility to
PD English Text 04-28.doc 2-1 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT accommodate changes as new data become available during the development drilling and productionphases.
2.3 PRODUCTIONCHARACTERISTICS
Table 2-1 lists the availablecrude propertiesfor the three fields.Table 2-2 lists temperatureand pressure data at reservoirand surface conditions. Availablefield data typical for fields at this stage of evaluationare relativelylimited and data variationsexist.
Several core sampleswere taken from wells drilled in the major reservoirzones. Formationtest pressure data collected from wells are a key in understandingthe different reservoir systems and tilted oil/watercontacts of the three fields. Productionflow and builduptests were performed to appraise formation conductivity, observe well productivity,and obtain fluid samples for analysis.
Sand controltechniques are plannedfor all Kome,Miandoum, and BoloboUK producersto limit or preventsand production. The lead candidatesand controltechnique under considerationis a cased-hole,intemal gravel pack where sand of uniformdimension is placed at the formation face preventingthe finerformation sands from flowing into the wellbore.
2.4 RESERVOIREVALUATION
The estimated most likely crude oil resources for the core developmentarea are shown in Table 2-3 and are assessed at 950 million barrels. Extensivereservoir simulationhas led to recovery factor estimatesvarying from 7 to 38 percent. A total of 315 new developmentwells (289 producersand 26 water disposalwells), in additionto the 11 existingwells and 40 planned recompletionsof producingwells, are projectedin the developmentplan. Table 2-4 lists planned well numbers by field and type. This plan will be modifiedas requiredbased on new geologic and reservoirinformation received during developmentdrilling and productionoperations.
Productionis plannedto start from two predrilledfields, Komeand Miandoum.Approximately 35 percent of the developmentdrilling program will be predrilledfor startup. Oil production from Bolobo will start three years later. Developmentdrilling will continue in all three fields after startup. The total basin average annual rate is expected to plateau at approximately 225 thousand barrels per day (kbd) of oil in the first years of production.The pipeline design capacity is approximately250 kbd of oil, with an annual average plateau of 225 kbd which includes an average downtime of 10 percent. Figure2-1 shows the development plan productionprofiles from the reservoir simulationresults for the three fields and the total area. All producednatural gas (currentlyestimated at over 2 billion standardcubic meters, primarily from the Kome LK reservoir) is intendedto be used as fuel in the CTF and power plant. All producedwater will be reinjectedinto producingformations.
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2.4.1 Kom6 Field
The Kome field is the largest of the discoveredDoba core fields with the most likely resource estimatedat 588 million barrels(560 million barrels in the UK reservoirand 28 million barTelsin the LK reservoir). To date, seven wells have been drilledin Kom6 and a 3-D seismic grid has been acquired over the entire 4,856 ha field area. The 1993 and 1994 drilling campaigns (3 wells) provided opportunitiesto supplementwell tests, fluid analyses, and core and wellbore completiondatabases. Approximately40 percentof the reserveswill be producedat waltercuts greater than 90 percent. The oil recoveryfactor varies from 7 to 28 percent. The LK is estimatedto make a minor contributionto overall recoveryfrom the Kome field; however, LK gas will provide a significant fuel source for power generation. Strong aquifer support is expectedto result in oil recoveriesof up to 40 percentfrom this zone. Sand controland artificial lift will not initially be required.
2.4.2 MiandoumField
The Miandoumfield is the second largestof the discoveredDoba core fields with the most likely resource estimatedat 227 million barrels in the UK reservoir. To date, five wells have been drilled in Miandoumand a 3-D seismic grid has been acquiredover the entire 3,359 hia field area. As discussed for Kome, the Miandoum reservoir is surrounded by the same area-extensiveaquifer system.Significant aquifer influx is assumed to support oil production. The moderate oil viscosity and high pressure drawdownwill lead to the production of high volumes of water starting early in the life of the field. Artificial lift and water disposal are estimatedto be requiredat productionstartup. The oil recoveryfactor at Miandoumvaries from 10 to 38 percent. This level of recoverydepends on the productionof high volumes of water over a significantnumber of years.
2.4.3 BoloboField
The Bolobofield is the smallestof the discoveredDoba corefields with the most likely resource estimated at 135 million barrels in the UK reservoir. To date, three wells have been drilled in Bolobo and a 3-D seismic grid has been acquiredover the entire 1,619 ha field area. Artificial lift will be requiredfrom the start of productionand all producerswill be completedwitlh sand controlmeasures. The predictedrecovery factor for Bolobovaries from 21 to 27 percent.
2.5 ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Each UK production well located within the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields will be equipped with an electric submersiblepump (ESP). Each ESP will be controlled by an ESP controllerlocated at the wellsite. Figure2-2 providesan illustrationof a typical ESP compiletion.
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2.6 WELL SELECTION/ PLACEMENT
Well completionobjectives include maximizing oil recovery while minimizingwater and sand production.To achievethese objectives,completion intervals will be selectedon a case-by-case basis and dependon reservoircharacteristics.
Reservoir simulation models will continue to be used to evaluate completion strategies and compare completion altematives. Completion, workover, and infill (additional wells drilled between existing producers on subsequent drilling programs) drilling programs will be economicallyoptimized and establishedfor each field.
2.7 PRODUCERS
A total of 289 new wells are planned for the Chad Export Project. Developmentdrilling in the three fields may result in modificationsto the proposedwell locationsor to the number of wells drilled. The wells will be drilledas vertical or extended reach (horizontal)wells. One to three producingwells will be locatedon eachwell pad.
Some wells will be equippedwith variable speed drives (VSDs) for ESP control. However, initially the primary use of the VSD will be to size and commissionproduction wells. Equipment will be providedat the wellsitefor downholeinjection of a demulsifierchemical on approximately 50 percentof the wells at any given time.
The Kome Lower Cretaceous(LK) field will producegas and light oil under reservoir pressure. Productionfrom the Kome LK wells will be gathered separatelyand sent to the CTF where the gas will be usedfor power plant fuel and the oil will be combinedwith other incomingemulsion.
2.8 INJECTORS
The current plan providesfor wells to be drilled for the sole purpose of water injection, as well as converting certain dry producers or appraisalwells to injection.A total of 26 new disposal wells will be drilled. Produced water from all three fields will be reinjected at Komi§and Miandoum.The design basisfor water injectionis 25 kbd per well. The total number of disposal wells and their distributionbetween the individualfields may changeas the developmentdrilling program progressesand will be adjusted to handle the total volume of produced water. Dry holes that are not convertedto injectionwill be temporarilyplugged and abandonedand may be re-enteredat a later date for additionalwater injectioncapacity or observation. These wells will be temporarilyplugged and abandonedby pulling the ESP, runninga kill string of tubing in the well, and securingthe wellhead.
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TABLE 2-1 UPPER CRETACEOUS CRUDE PROPERTIES
Kome Miandoum Boloboc APIGravity 18-20 24 17-22 Pour Point(OF) 15-40 20 13-37 Gas/OilRatio (scf/STB) 15 47 15-32 Sulfur(weight %) 0.1-0.14 0.06 0.10-0.12 Vanadium(weight ppm) 0.21-0.39 <1 0.19-0.31 Nickel(weight ppm) 12.2-13.6 5.4 9.01-12.6 Iron(weight ppm) 30.5-32.8 20 7.21-16.3 Sodium(weight ppm) 8.46-19.3 N/A 9.29-10.6
H2S (ppm) 0 0 0 Nitrogen(mol %) 0.25-0.46 0.21 0.19-0.919
CO2 (mol %) 0.14 0.07 0.06-0.51 TotalAcid Number(mg KOH/gcrude) 5.4-7.4 1.0 4.4-7.3
TABLE2-2 UPPER CRETACEOUSFIELD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Temperature0 F PressurePSIG Wellhead | Reservoir Wellhead Reservoir Kome 90140 140-150 150-250 2100-2450 Miandoum 90-140 140 150-250 1840 Bolobo 90-140 137-138 150-250 2317-2336
TABLE2-3 MOSTLIKELY CRUDE OIL RESOURCES
MillionBarrels Kome 588 Miandoum 227 Bolobo 135 Total 950
PD EnglishTables 04-28.doc May 1999 SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT
TABLE 2-4 WELL COUNT
Producers Injection ______~ ~~~~~~~~~WellsTotal Vertical Horizontal Total Total Kom6 Total #dWelis 221 :10 231 27 258 Existing Wells (5) 0 (5) (1) (6) Recompletes (31) 0 (31) (7) (38) Total NewDrills 185 10 195 19 214 Miandoum Total# Wells 46 10 56 :_____:___9 65 Existing Wells (2) 0 (2) 0 (2) Recompletes 0 0 0 (2) (2) Total New Drills 44 10 54 7 61 Bolobo Total # Wells 43 0 43 0 43 Existing Wells (3) 0 (3) 0 (3) Recompletes 0 0 0 0 0 Total New Drills 40 0 40 0 40 Total Total # Wells : 310 20 330 36 366 Existing Wells (10) 0 (10) (1) (11) Recompletes (31) 0 (31) (9) (40) Total New Drills 269 20 289 26 315
May 1999 PD English Tables 04-28.doc 100 250 90
~)00 -U--80 150~~~ -- *60-*- 70
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5
0 0 ~~~~~~ 4 2 6 2 8 2 600 H 17 1 9 2 1 2 3 U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 150 0 I 2 1 4 1 6 ~ 100~H 24 I
LEGEND ~~~~~~~~~~~~PRODUCTIONPROFILES OIL & PRODUCED WATER MIANDOLJM M| Chad Export Project BOLOBOklMEP CATER & MOORE KBOD = Thousand Barrels of Oil Pci Day DAMES
AIWU/5&M-RGtUPCUMANY FIGURE 2-1 _~~~~~~~VV~-. Controls Valve
Valve
Cable
Pump
Motor
TYPICAL ELECTRIC Chad Export Project SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
5 DAMES& MOORE 1=,, .',!AMMS-iUtG(U( FIGURE 2-2 PROJECTDESCRIP2TION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUJME1
3.0 DEVELOPMENTDRILLING
The producingformation in each of the three fields is overlainby a 60 to 200 m thick Miandoum Shale. The MiandoumShale is overlainby a seriesof unconsolidatedsands approximately900 to 1,500 m thick. As a result, wells drilled in each of the three fields will have a variety of total depths(TDs) from 1,646m to 1,951m dependingon the field and the specificproducing horizon. Lower Cretaceouswells are plannedto 3,475 m TD.
The wells will be drilled as vertical or extended reach wells. The drilling program for viertical wells is in accordancewith standardindustry practice, utilizing water-based drilling muds to the extent feasible. Extended reach wells will be drilled in accordancewith standard industry practice, but require a technicallymore complex and challengingdrilling and casing program. Extended reach wells will be drilled as a straight hole using water-based muds until the MiandoumShale is reached. At that point, protectivecasing is set and the well is "kicked-off" from verticalto near horizontal.Drilling is continuedat a high angle within the targeted horizon. The advantageof an extendedreach well over a verticalwell is that it has a longer productive interval, making it a higher volume producerand reducingthe total number of wells and well pads. However,reservoir properties limit the applicabilityof extended reachwells. Figure 3-1 illustratesthe differencebetween a straight (vertical) and an extended reach (horizontal)well completedin the sameproducing horizon.
All wells will be designedand constructedwith an objectiveof protectingthe shallowfreshwater aquifer overlyingthe MiandoumShale. A risk assessmentwas conducted to determine the preferredwell casingdesign. The risk assessmentassumed a designincluding:
* Surface casingto around90 m * Productioncasing from the surfaceto TD * Productiontubing to the ESPfor productionwells * A casing tubing isolationpacker for producedwater disposalwells * Eternalprotective coating and cathodicprotection of casing if the groundwateris determined to be highly corrosive * Internalcorrosion protection of tubulars.
Other aquifer protectionmeasures include grouting the top portion of the casing string in place, cementingthe productioncasing in the drilled hole across the MiandoumShale and initothe upper sands,and using an inhibitedpacker fluid and monitoringthe casing by tubing annulus on reinjectionwells. The low reservoirpressure for producingwells and the expected low injection pressurefor reinjectionwells add a naturalprotection to the upperfreshwater aquifer.
PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 3-1 - Nlay 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT
3.1 TYPICAL WELL PLANS
3.1.1 Upper Cretaceous Vertical Wells
Approximately 260 new UK vertical wells will be drilled. The design standard for most of these vertical wells uses a two-casing string program consisting of 33 centimeter (cm) (13 5/8") surface casing and 24.5 cm (9 5/8") production casing. Seven wells are planned to be cored and will require using a three-casing string program. Use of 24.5 cm production casing permits running 11.4 cm (4 t/2") tubing and electric submersible pumps. A 44 cm (17 Y2")surface hole will be drilled to 91 m at the base of the shallow freshwater sands with 33 cm diameter surface casing cemented to surface. It is anticipated the 31 cm (12 1/4")hole will be drilled using the latest polycrystalline diamond cutter (PDC) bit technology that enhances rate of penetration and abrasion resistance over a broader range of rock properties. Unconsolidated, high permeability sands with high seepage losses are encountered from below the surface casing to approximately 765 m. A shaley sand interval is then encountered and transitions into the Miandoum Shale. The Miandoum Shales are at approximately 1,370 m, 1,130 m, and 1,580 m respectively at Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields. Below the Miandoum Shale, the UK reservoir sands are unconsolidated.
The 24.5 cm production casing will be run to TD and cemented to approximately 610 m by the drilling rig. Once the production casing is hung in the wellhead, the drilling rig will move to the next location. A workover rig will move in to perform completion, testing, and artificial lift operations. Figure 3-2 provides a typical production well diagram.
3.1.2 Upper Cretaceous Horizontal Wells
Approximately 20 horizontal wells will be completed in the Kome and Miandoum fields. The base design case standard for these horizontal wells uses a three-casing string program consisting of 47 cm (18 5/8") surface casing, 33 cm (13 3/8") intermediate casing, and 24.5 cm (9 5/8") production casing. A 14 cm (5 Y2")diameter slotted liner will be run to complete the 1,220 m horizontal open hole section. A 66 cm (26") surface hole will be drilled to 91 m at the base of the shallow fresh water sands with 47 cm diameter surface casing cemented to surface. A 44 cm (17 Y2")intermediate hole will be drilled to the top of the Miandoum Shale and cased with 33 cm diameter casing. A 21.5 cm (8 '27)diameter, 1,220 m horizontal section will be drilled within the objective reservoir and completed with a 14 cm slotted liner in the open hole. The well will then be cleaned up and tested.
3.1.3 Lower Cretaceous Vertical Wells
Ten wells will be drilled and completed in the LK reservoir in the Kome field. Well architecture consists of 24.5 cm (9 5/8") surface casing at 91 m, 17.8 cm (7") intermediate casing at
May 1999 3-2 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI approximately2,957 m, and a 11.4 cm (4 '2") productionliner. The 7.3 cm (2 7/8") production tubing is designedto handlethe anticipatedgas and oil flow rates.
3.1.4 Injection Wells
Figure 3-3 provides a typical injection well diagram. The design is similar to the Upper Cretaceousvertical well describedabove. Water injectors requiretubing strings up to 17.8 cm (7") in size to handle anticipatedinjection rates. A packerwill be set in the 24.5 cm (9 5/8") productioncasing above the injectionzone.
3.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE
3.2.1 Well Pads
Drilling sites and access corridors will be selected to minimize environmental and socioeconomic impacts while allowing economic attainment of the geological objectives. Optimizingoil recoveryrequires flexibility in the selectionof individualwell targets based on the most recent data, thus precludingidentifying all final well locations prior to the start of idrilling operations. A number of well pads (perhaps 30-50) will be pre-selectedprior to the start of drilling. The remainderwill be identifiedapproximately 3-6 monthsin advanceof drilling at that location throughout the drilling process, taking into account oil productiondata and updated reservoiranalyses.
Well pads will be designedfor one to three wellheads. Lateritewill be usedfor locationsurface material and reservepits will be constructedto includeliners to capturespent drilling fluids and cuttings. The pads will be graded so rainfall on the active portions of the pad will be diirected into the reservepit. Areas for storageof fuel, lubricants,chemicals, solid waste, producedoil, and waste oil will be designatedto protect wildlife, prevent water and soil contamination,and minimizepossible fire and explosionhazards.
Sizes of the well pads are estimated to be approximately75 m x 100 m for one wellhead locations, 90 m x 100 m for two wellhead locations,and 110 m x 100 m for three wellhead locations. Exact dimensionsfor each well pad will depend on final rig designs and surface constraintsthat may impactconstruction of individuallocations.
3.2.2 Drilling Process
Developmentdrilling will utilize three drilling rigs and two 24-hourworkover rigs. The drilling rigs will be diesel electric rigs equipped with 1,000 horsepower(hp) drawworks and at least two 1,000 hp mud pumps. One of the three rigs will be designed to drill the horizontallwells equippedwith an extra 1,000hp mud pumpand a top drive.
PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 3-3 - Mllay1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHAD EXPORTPROJECT
One of the workover rigs will be equipped to perform the sand control jobs on wells and may perform the recompletion of existing exploration wells. The second workover rig will be designed to install the ESPs and perform well tests on selected wells.
3.3 OPERATIONS PHASE
3.3.1 Workovers
After drilling is complete, the two workover rigs will be retained in the field to conduct ongoing ESP repair workovers, recompletion of producers after they water out (water cut exceeds acceptable oil production capability), and occasional conversions of producers to injectors. The ESP repair frequency is initially estimated to be once per year per well. When water production begins, ESPs will be increased in size to maintain production volumes. ESP repair frequency is expected to reduce as higher water cuts are experienced and ESP operating experience and learning curves are established. Ultimately, the ESP repair frequency is expected to be once every four years per well at high water cuts.
May 1999 3-4 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc -7-: | | Diameter ------l . 47 cm (18 5/8") Diameter Casing GROUND SURFACE
SURFACECONDUCTOR AT 90 - 120 METERS
-Production Tubing
- - VERTICAL< WELL] HORIZONTAL (EXTENDEDREACH) WELL
Electric Submersible Pump
33 cm (13 3/8") Diameter ProtectiveCasing
Kick-offPoint
24.5 cm (9 5/8") Diameter Casing
Electric Submersible Pump
24.5 cm (9 5/8")Diameter Casing @ Total Depth
-i .~ , 14- cm- -(5. 1/2")- - . Liner- -- with TaperedSlots
Not to Scale
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL _1 UnconsolidatedSands (EXTENDED REACH) L J MiandoumShale Chad Export Project WELLS L-- ]Reservoir DAMES & MOORE ,I"A r AWAMOQREIROUPw.qMw" FIGURE3-1 EXPECTED FORMATIONS Cement Grouted from Top if Necessary Depth Local WaterWells i
33 cm (13 /,") Casing @ 90 meters
Cathodic Protection (If Groundwater Determined to be Corrosive)
UnconsolidatedSands
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TY(PICAL PRODUCTION WELL Chad Export Project IDAMiES& MOORE WADMES WAACUREGROUD COMPNY FIGURE 3-2 EXPECTED FORMATIONS Pressure Monitoring A
Depth Local WaterWells] r Cement Grouted from 3Top if Necessary
33 cm (13 /3") Casing ( 90 meters \
Cathodic Protection (If Groundwater Determined to be Corrosive) UnconsolidatedSands
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TYPICAL INJECTION WELL | ~Chad Export Project E DAMES& MOORE ^EMA M &MREGR0URCFIGUE 3-3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
4.0 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENTAREA
Oil,water, and limitedgas will be producedin eachof the Kome,Miandoum, and Bolobofields. In the Komeand Miandoumfields, there will be gatherngstations where free water is sepiarated from the oil,then treated and disposedof intothe oil reservoirvia injectionwells. Watercontent in the oil will be reducedto about10 percentat the gatheringstations. The remainingoil and water,in the form of an emulsion,is pipedto the CTFfor processingto producecrude oil of a qualitysuitable for exportsales. Thegeneral layout of the oil field developmentarea is shownin Figure4-1. A schematicillustrating the varioussteps in the productflow pathis presentedin Figure4-2.
In the oil field developmentarea, approximately1,080 ha are neededfor facilitiesanid their related infrastructure(195 ha); of this, 325 ha of land will be made availablefor most pre- constructionuses, with the restrictionthat the use not interferewith normaloperations and maintenance.Another 490 ha will be reclaimedafter construction and madeavailable to pre- constructioncustomary land users.
4.1 FACILITIESDESCRIPTION
4.1.1 WellSite I Flowlines
Approximately300 producingwells will be locatedin the oil field area. Fiberglassflowlines will connectindividual wells to the field manifolds.If required,the flowlinescan be servicedusing portable launchersand receivers. Productionfrom the Kome LK wells will be gathered separatelyusing carbon steel flowlinesand sent to the CTF wherethe gas will be used for powerplant fuel and theoil combinedwith other incoming emulsion.
4.1.2 RemoteManifolds / Well Testing
Fieldmanifolds will be usedas part of the gatheringsystems. The field manifoldssenre two purposes:
* To collectproduction from severalindividual wells and direct it via a productionmanifold to a gatheringline, a gatheringstation, or a fieldpump station * To directproduction via a test headerfrom a selectedwell to a well test skidlocated ait each manifold.
Fieldmanifolds (except the manifoldslocated at the gatheringstations and field pumpstations) will be locatedadjacent to a producingwell. Therewill be 10 field manifoldswithin the Kome UK field, 3 within the Miandoumfield, and 3 withinthe Bolobofield. The designof the test manifoldswill be based on the use of rotaryselector valves (RSVs). RSVsare multiport diversionvalves that allowone of severalinlet well streamsto be divertedto a well test skid.
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-1 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT
Well testing installationat each manifoldsite will consist of a vertical separator, proportional velocity flowmeter, a watercut meter, a ratio tube-type densitometer, and associated instrumentationand controls.
4.1.3 Kom6 and BoloboField PumpStations
For the wells and manifoldslocated at the southemand northern ends of the Kom6 field, two field pump stations (KP-1 and KP-2) will pump the productionfluids to the Kome gathering station. The pump stations will receive productionfrom other field manifolds including the manifold located at the pump station. The field pump stations will be designed to pump a multiphasemixture of oil, water, and gas using rotary screw pumps. Storageof field production will not be provided at the pump stations. A similar multiphasepump station (BP-1) will be utilizedin the Bolobofield, sendingall Boloboproduction fluids to the Kome gatheringstation for processing.No field pumpstation will be requiredin the Miandoumfield.
4.1.4 GatheringStations
Two gathering stationswill be constructed,one in Komeand one in Miandoum.The gathering stationswill receive productionfrom individualwells via field manifoldsand field pump stations. The Kome field gatheringstation will also receiveproduction from the Bolobofield pump station.
The functionof a gatheringstation is to:
* Separateproduced gas and sandfrom incomingwell fluids * Dewaterincoming well fluidsto producea 10 percentwatercut emulsion and pump it via the emulsiontrunkline to the CTF * Measure the emulsion productionrate and watercut to determine oil productionfrom the field * Treatproduced water to removeoil and sand, and pump it to an injectionwell * Compressthe producedgas for transportationto the CTF.
Major features of the gatheringstation design are discussedbelow.
4.1.4.1 Free-WaterKnock-Out
At the Kome gathering station, tank separationwill be used for free-water knock-out (FWKO). Two stages of separation are required. The first stage will be unheated and reduce the incomingemulsion watercut to 40 percent. The second stagewill be heatedand dewater the 40 percentwatercut emulsiondown to 10 percent.The heat source will be waste heat recovered from gas turbine exhaustsat the power plant. Heat input to the process will include a produced water recirculation loop heating the fluids from 60°C to °71C. At the Miandoum gathering
May1999 4-2 PDEnglish Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VO,LUMEI station, lower crude viscositieswill allow the use of unheated FWKO tanks to separate free water from the inlet emulsionto producea 10 percentwatercut emulsion.
4.1.4.2 Emulsion Pumping
At the Miandoumgathering station, rotary screw pumpswill be providedto pump the emulsion from the FWKO tanks to the CTF via an emulsiontrunkline. At the Kom6 gatheringstation, 10 percent watercut emulsion will gravity-flowfrom the second stage FWKO tanks to the CTF emulsioninlet tanks.
4.1.4.3 ProducedWater Treatment
Producedwater from the FWKOswill be pumpedto skim tanks removingsolids and oil prior to reinjectionof producedwater. Clear-watersurge tanks will be installeddownstream of the skim tanks to providesurge capacityfor the water systemand suctionfor the water injection pumps. Plot space will be provided in the water plant should it be determinedthat additional water treatmentequipment is needed.
4.1.4.4 Sand Handling
At the Kome and Miandoumgathering stations, the majority of the sand will be removed in the FWKO tanks. As required,the tanks will be shut down and manuallycleaned. The sand will be disposedof in the landfillor another environmentallyacceptable manner. Sand and other solids carried to the producedwater systemwill be removedin the skim tanks.
4.1.4.5 Water InjectionPumps
At each gatheringstation, a pumping systemconsisting of booster pumpsand main injjection pumps will be provided to pump the treated produced water to injectionwells. The E3olobo producedwater will be reinjectedat Kome.
4.1.4.6 Gas CompressionFacilities
At the Miandoum gathering station, vapor recovery units and multi-stage reciprocating compressorswill be providedto collectproduced gas from the FWKOtanks and compressit for transportto the CTF where it will be used as fuel gas for the power plant and tank blanketing. At the Kome gatheringstation, Kome and Boloboproduced gas from the FWKO system vwillbe recoveredby vapor recoveryunits for fuel.
4.1.4.7 Utility Systems
At each gatheringstation, the followingutility systems will be provided:
* Potableand UtilityWater
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-3 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT
* Pressure Relief and Flare
* Instrument and Utility Air
* Fuel Gas
* Chemical (Demulsifier) Storage and Injection
* Hot Water Process Heating (Kome Gatherng Station and CTF)
* Electric Power
* Open Drain System.
4.1.5 Water Injection System And Disposal Wells
Both dry holes and converted high-watercut producers will be used as water disposal wells. The total number of disposal wells is estimated to be 36 (including nine recompletions): 27 in the Kome UK field, and nine in the Miandoum field. Water disposal at Bolobo is not envisioned. Total produced water production is expected to approach 900 kbd. The total number of disposal wells and distribution between the individual fields may change as the development drilling program progresses. A manual choke and a meter will be provided at each wellhead.
For the Kome field, the water disposal system will consist of a water injection trunkline and lateral system from the Kome gathering station out to the disposal wells. For Miandoum, individual injection lines from the gathering station will run to each well.
4.1.6 Operations Center
The Operations Center (OC), located in the Kome field, will include the following, as shown in Figure 4-3:
* Kome Gathering Station
* Central Treating Facility * Power Plant * Pump Station No. 1 (PS N o.1)
* Community * Airfield
* Operations Support Facilities.
The location of the OC is directed by the following criteria:
* Have high ground elevation, away from potential flood zones
May 1999 4-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENATS - VOLUME I
* Avoid existingvillages * Avoid cultivatedareas and utilize existinglarge pad * Be close to the field havingthe largestreserves and the highestfluid viscosity * Have minimalimpact on the environment.
4.1.7 CentralTreating Facility
The CTF will receive emulsion and producedgas from the Kome and Miandoumgathering stations,as well as producedoil and gas from the Kome LK.
The mainfunctions of the CTF are:
* Dehydratethe incoming 10 percentwatercut emulsionfrom each field to produce pipeline quality crude meeting a one percent maximum basic sediment and water (BS&W) specification * Separatethe Kome LK oil and gas * Receive the incoming produced gas and direct it to the power plant and CTF fuel gas systems.
The key designfeatures of the CTF are:
* The emulsion production from each field will be commingledand treated in electrostatic emulsiontreaters. * The incomingemulsion will be combinedand mixed in emulsiontanks upstreamfrom the emulsiontreating system. The emulsionwill be pumpedfrom the tanks, split, and processed in seven identical parallel treating trains. Each train will have an emulsionheating system and a treater. The inlet emulsionwill first be preheatedin plate exchangersby hot-ltreated crude and then by producedwater from the treaters.Final heating to treating temperature will be accomplishedusing a hot water heatingmedium in shell and tube exchangers. * The BS&W content of the oil will be measuredafter treating. Off-specificationoil (wet oil) will be directedto a separatewet oil system. The wet oil will be further treated in the tanks by providingheat and retentiontime or it will be recycledto the inlet of the emulsiontreaters. * Temperaturelimits for treatedoil to pipelinePS No.1will be at a 740C (165°F)maximum. All cooling of the treated emulsionwill be accomplishedby cross-exchangewith inlet eniulsion from the field.
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-5 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT
* Short-termsurge capacity for the treated crude will be providedat the CTF, but there will be no storagefacilities for treated oil within the CTF. Treated oil will be sent to PS No. 1 for storage.The BS&W contentof the treatedoil flowing to PS No. 1 will be measuredand wet oil will be automaticallydiverted to the wet oil system. * Gas productionfrom the fields will be handledseparately from the emulsion. The Miandoum gas and the Kome UK/Bolobogas will have separateinlet systems.The gas streams from the inlet separatorswill be combinedand used as fuel gas for the power plant and the CTF. Any liquidscollected in this systemwill be sent to the emulsiontreating system.
The following utilitysystems will be providedat the CTF:
* Fire Water * Potable and UtilityWater * PressureRelief and Flare - Instrumentand UtilityAir - ChemicalStorage and Injection - Fuel Systems(Oil and Gas) * Processand Open Drain System
* SanitarySewer
* Hot Water HeatingSystem * ElectricPower * DieselCrude Oil Topping Plant • Waste Incinerator(located in Kom6field) * Landfillremote from CTF.
4.1.8 Automation
The Automation System will be designed to meet the functional requirementsof the process design with safety of personnel,environment, and equipment paramount in the philosophy. Other major considerationsare reliability,cost, and accuracyover the life of the development. Control of the CTF and the field facilities to the wellhead level will be performedfrom a single control room in the CTF. Secondarycontrol rooms will be included in the gathering stations, from which each gathering station and facilities producing to that station are controlled. Typically, secondary control rooms will not be staffed. Control of the power plant at the Operations Center (OC) will be performedfrom the power plant control room (PPCR). Each
May 1999 4-6 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI location will have a standalone, programmablelogic controller (PLC) based system for emergencyshutdown.
The Automation and Control System will be a hybrid system based on PLCs. An operator controlsfacilities locatedat the CTF, gatheringstations, and field sites (wellsites,manifolds, and pump stations) from the CTF control room. The field informationfor wellsites, pump stations, and manifolds will be relayed via telecommunicationsthrough the CTF Control System to the gathering stations. Packagedequipment PLCs will either be connecteddirectly to the Control Systemvia serial link or interfacedvia the TelecommunicationsSystem.
Each gathering station Control System will communicatewith the CTF Control Systermvia redundantdigital microwavelinks. Wellsites,manifolds, and pump stationswill be polled using digitalVHF (very high frequency)radios.
4.1.9 Power SystemFacilities
This section providesan overviewand the associateddetails pertainingto the electricalpower generation,transmission, and distributionsystem.
4.1.9.1 Overview
A power plant of 120 megawatts(MW) capacitywill be installedto meet a peak electric power demandof approximately105 MW. Sixty-hertzelectric power will be generatedat the OC power station and transmittedby high voltage pole line to the Kome, Miandoum,and Bolobo fields' facilities and wells. Approximately70 percentof the power demandis for the well ESPs.
The power systemwill be dedicatedand isolatedbecause no existing power systemis available in the Doba Basin. The power system is designed to the necessary reliability to meet oil productionneeds. Waste heat recoveryfrom power generationwill supply processheat to the CTF and Kome gatheringstation.
4.1.9.2 PowerGeneration
Four combustiongas turbine generators(30 MW each, site rated)will be installedto meet the oil field developmentarea and PS No. 1 power requirements. During most of the project's life, there will be at least one spare generatorsince the power demandin the oil field development area is estimatedto be below 90 MW. However,during years four through seven,all four units will be required. Dueto the limited availabilityof naturalgas, a maximumof two units will run on naturalgas and the remainingunits on crudeoil.
Waste heat will be recovered from the gas turbine exhausts using a hot water closed-loop system. The utilities and auxiliarieswill includea black-startgenerator, a crude fuel treatment
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-7 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT system, fuel selectionand forwardingskids, and diesel and treated crude storagetanks. The fuel treatmentequipment will be part of the CTF operation.
4.1.9.3 Fuel Systems
Combustionturbine generators(CTGs) will be operatedon Miandoumcrude, Kome LK gas, and other associatedgas. The turbines are fueled on either gas, crude or a combinationof both. The Miandoumcrude will be treated by centrifuging,filtering, and heating before injection into the turbines. Natural gas availabilityis limited;however, all available gas will be consumedin the turbines.The CTGwill also be capableof operatingon #2 diesel fuel oil. Dieselfuel will be used duringplant commissioning,and to startand stop the units.
4.1.9.4 Prime MoverAuxiliaries
All turbineswill be suppliedfrom the followingcommon equipment:
* Fuel gas filtration and preheatpackage * Dieseloil storage * Crude oil storage, preheat,and treatment * Instrumentair system.
A black-start diesel engine-driven generator for starting under blackout conditions will be required.This generatorwill providethe necessarystation serviceand engineauxiliary power to allow one generatorset to be started.
4.1.9.5 PowerPlant Building
The power plant will includea 33-kilovolt(kV) switchgearbuilding and a combinedcontrol room and electrical equipment building. The latter building will include the power system central control room. The gas turbine generatorsets will be housed in individual,free-standing factory enclosureswith a fire detectionand suppressionsystem.
4.1.9.6 Control
The power plant will be designed to operatewith minimumoperator intervention.One full-time power plant operator will be located at the power plant control room. The power plant control systemwill be interconnectedto the CTF Control Systemto permit exchangeof operatingdata to the CTF plant operatorin the CTF control room. Controlof the power plant will be possible only from the power plantcontrol room.
The power plant main operator panel will be located in the power plant control room and incorporateterminals for monitoring,controlling, and generating reports relating to the power
May1999 4-8 PDEnglish Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 plant. The power plant main operator panel will control and monitor auxiliariescommon to all generator sets. The power plantcontrol roomwill house the electricaldistribution control panel that remotely controls and monitors66-kV and 33-kV switching operations at the fiv,e field distribution substations. Adjacent to every generator set, there will be a standard, manufacturer-suppliedlocal generatorset controlpanel.
4.1.9.7 PowerPlant Electrical
Generatorswill be connectedto the busworkin a manner that allows a high degree of flexibility for generator,bus, and load switching. Generatorswill be bussed togetherthrough generator step-uptransformers. Auxiliariesfor eachgenerator will be suppliedfrom a centralpower plant, service motor-controlcenter located near the generator set supplied from the power plant stationservice bus and with altematesupply from the black-startsystem.
4.1.9.8 PowerTransmission System
Electricpower will be transmittedfrom the power plant to the field locationsas follows:
* To 66-kV/ 33-kV field distributionsubstations at Miandoum(M-1) and Bolobo(BP-1) by 66- kV overheadtransmission lines m To 33-kV field distribution substations at Kom6 (KP-1 and KP-2) by 33-kV overhead transmissionlines.
The overhead power lines will be designed for the high incidence of lightning in the area. Transmissionlines will sharea commonutility corridorwith the pipelineswhen possible.
4.1.9.9 PowerDistribution System
Overhead distributionfeeders (33-kV)will supply power from each of the five field distribution substationsto the producingwells. Each feeder will supply between6 to 12 ESPs. For each ESP, the 33-kV overheadfeeder will be tapped.The tap will be terminatedapproximately 50 m from the well at a pole-mounted,fused disconnect. Other voltages for operating wellhead equipment, such as 24-volt direct current for the ESP-PLC, will be made available by transformingfrom the ESPsupply lines.
4.1.9.10 FacilityPower Distribution
At the gathering stations and field pump stations, 33 kV will be supplied from the field distributionsubstations to other substationswhere transformationto 3.3 kV and 480 volts (V) will be performedto meet site loads. At the CTF and PS No. 1, 33 kV will be suppliedfrom the power plant via 33-kV cables in cable trays to substationswhere transformationto 3.3 kV and 480 V will be performed.Onsite loads will be supplied by abovegroundcables in cable trays.
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Switchgearand motor control centerswill be in substationbuildings. All power transformerswill be oil-filledand locatedoutdoors.
4.1.10 OperationsCenter Infrastructure
The field OperationsCenter (OC) infrastructurefacilities will includethe following:
* Community * Airfield * Utilities (see Section4.1.7) * OC plant buildings * Primaryand secondaryfield roads.
4.1.10.1 Community
The communitywill be located within the OC as shown in Figure4-3. It will providethe following facilities:
- Livingquarters to accommodate200 single-statuspeople - Cafeteria and kitchen to serve midday meals for 385 people (185 day workers and 200 residents)and moming and eveningmeals for the 200 residents * Recreationcenter and outdoor sportsfacilities for the residents • Accommodationsfor supportservices staff and equipment • Laundryfacilities to wash linens and personalclothing of residentsand work clothes of all employees * Fire protectionfor the communityincluding the following: - Hydrants - Hose reels - Sprinklersystems - Smoke detectors - Fire detectors - Alarms - Fire extinguishers. * Streetlighting to illuminatethe streetsand perimeterroad for safety and security.
May 1999 4-10 PD Englist Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
4.1.10.2 Airfield
An airfield will be constructedto provide air transport during construction and subsequent operations.This airfield will providefor freight transport,personnel rotation, medical emergency evacuation,and total emergencyevacuation of expatriateemployees.
The airfield will be a completelyfenced, private facility and will operate during daylight hours under visual flight rules. The runwaybearing surface will permit operationthroughout the entire year. Its length will be approximately 3,200 m allowing material transportation by an Anotonov 124 aircraft. The airfield will be located southeast of the communityas shown in Figure4-3.
4.1.10.3 OC Plant Buildings
The OC plant will have the followingmajor buildings:
* AdministrationBuilding * CTF Control Center and Motor ControlCenter Buildings * Mechanical,Electrical, and InstrumentationMaintenance Building * GeneralWarehouse * Training Centerand VehicleMaintenance Building * ESP MaintenanceBuilding * Power Plant Building * Guard House.
4.1.10.4 Roadways
An all-weatherlaterite road will connectthe OC facilitiesto the Moundou-Sahrroad at Bebedjia. The OC facilities will in tum be connectedto field facilities and wellsites by upgradedexisting laterite roadsor new lateriteroads. The roadconnecting the airfield,the community,and the OC plant will have an asphalt surface on a laterite base. Major roads within the OC plant and gatheringstations will also have an asphaltsurface on a lateritebase.
4.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE
Constructionof the oil field developmentfacilities will span a period of approximately2.5 years. The first year will focus on preparationof the major sites includingbuilding the initial well pads and roads; building the construction camp; starting site preparation of the airfield; and site/foundationwork for the productionfacilities. Duringthe secondyear the constructioneffort will center on the major plants including the CTF, power plant, PS No. 1 and Miandoum
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-11 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT gathering station, bringingthem close to mechanicalcompletion. The majority of the interfield pipelines,manifolds, and overheadelectrical power lines will be installedduring this time. Work in the final six monthswill shift to precommissioningactivities to preparethe facilities for start- up. Throughout the construction phase, wells will continue to be drilled and civil work associatedwith drill pad and road constructionwill be ongoing. Forty percentof the drilling will be completedat first oil.
4.2.1 Site Preparation
Site preparationincludes clearing and grubbing,contouring, and laying down a laterite base to seal underlying soils, providefor water runoff,and establisha stable platform for construction. Dependingon subsoil conditions, excavationand recompactionwill be required where large tanks and heavy equipmentare located.
Erosion control features will include localizedsilt fences and drainage course impedimentsto slow runoff and contain sediment prior to reachingthe sediment basins. Temporarydrainage channelswill direct runoff to sedimentbasins to be usedwhere possiblefor dust control.
Topsoil from the clearingand grubbingoperations will be stockpiledfor later use. The grading operationsand extent of the site preparationeffort will be dependent upon the rainy season. Excavationand other earthmovingactivities will be kept to a minimum during the rainy season. Borrow sources for construction materials, such as sand and gravel, will be selectively developedto minimize the number of disturbedareas. Where possible, local businesseswill supply and transport materialsto the job site.
During construction, old exploration infrastructure, well pads, and borrow pits will be rehabilitated. Laterite from abandonedwell pads or airstrips will be reused in developingnew facilities to reduce the number of new borrow pits. Topsoilstripped from clearing and grubbing operationswill be used for rehabilitationof old facility sites and borrow pits. Excess topsoil stored for more than six monthswill be fortifiedwith fertilizers,soil enhancers,or other organic materialsto maintainviability.
4.2.2 Roads
Upgradingof existing roads and constructionof new roads will conform to a typical roadway cross section (Figure 4-4). Topsoil will be stockpiled and erosion control features will be incorporated. Borrow areas for laterite will minimizesurface area disturbed and be reclaimed after use.
4.2.3 ConstructionCamp and Landfill
The inital activitieswill includethe constructionof the Komecamp facilities, relatedworkshops, and temporaryoffices. A portion of this constructioncamp will serve as the permanenthousing
May 1999 4-12 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI for the operationsstaff. Also included in these initial facilitieswill be the constructionmaterial laydown area and establishmentof a fuel storage facility. Rather than using trailers for a constructioncamp, preferentiallybuildings will be constructedusing local materials. The!initial phase of activity will also includeconstruction of a sanitary landfill as part of the overall waste managementprogram.
4.2.4 Plant and PipelineConstruction
After completionof site preparationactivities, underground utilities and flowline work will begin with trenchingand establishmentof a pipe fabricationshop. Along with this undergroundwork, foundationexcavations and concretepours will be completed. Field pipelineactivities will follow the same generalconstruction techniques used for the TransportationSystem pipeline. Tank, structuralsteel, and buildingconstruction will follow foundationpreparation.
Setting of mechanicaland electrical equipmentsuch as turbine generators, pumps, vessels, and heat exchangers will commence once quality checks are complete for concrete and structural steel work. Plant piping, electrical, and instrumentationwork will conclucle the mechanicalcompletion of the facilities. Final pre-commissioningactivities, such as instrument calibration,equipment alignment, and startupverification of equipmentwill then take place.
4.2.5 ConstructionStaffing
The constructioncontractors will determinethe size of the constructionstaff used for the project. The anticipatedconstruction staff for the oil field developmentarea will consist of approximately 2,000 Chadiannationals and 1,000 expatriatesduring the peak constructionperiod. Chadians generallywill providetheir own housing,with the constructioncontractor providing transportation from collection points in the villages. For expatriates,the existing Kome drilling camp will be utilized prior to completionof the main constructioncamp. This camp will continueto be used by drilling personnel during the developmentphase. Most expatriateswill be housed in the main constructioncamp at Komewhich will house 800 to 1,000people during peak occupancy.
PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-13 - May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK Chad
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BOLOBO FIELD - K o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Airfield
CapAirstnpExisting Central KP>~~ Treating Bekia< '8 Kornd pS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~BeadFacilities KOMs FIELD
4' ~~~~~Kom6i Bekia 0~~~~~ 0
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4' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 0 5 Kilometers
LEGEND
Proposed Well /,f Export Pipeline OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA * Existing Well Oil Field Outline A Field Manifold N Road Chad Export Project 5j] Pump Station & Manifold / River 2 Gathering Station & Manifold 0 Village/Town Naf7#h6 DAMES & MOORE FIGURE4-1 Not all proposedwells shownADJiS UKGOWMNVFUR4- MIANDOUM MIANDOUM MIANDOUM MIANDOUM PRODUCED WATLR PRODUCING = FIELD GATHERING 90%OIL RODULCD WELLS WELLS MANIFOLDS STATIONh' L RNEAL W A T%WATFRR
BBOLOBO OLB ______BOLOBO PRODUCING FIELD FIFLD PUMP WELLS ,~ MANIFOLDs I STATION P
<1%BASIC SEDIMENT /KOME KOME FIELD WMERPRODUCED WATER KOMft MANIFOILDS KOME REINJIECTIONWELLS PRODUCING GATHERINTG 90OI WELLS AND STATION FIELD PUMPP STATIONS
CENTRAL TREATING WATER FACILITY
<1% BASIC SEDIMENT-M AND WATER PUMP STATION No. 1
<1% BASIC SEDIMENT - AND wATER
LEGEND SCHEMIATICFLOW DIAGRAM FOR WATER ~~~~ChadExport Project OIL PRODUCrION AND TREATMENT I I ~OIL DAMES& MOORE .~4-~G.UICIAIAW Ft[GURE4-2 N
w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Om~Gathering Station Central Treating Facility Power Plant s Pump Station No. 1 /// ^ ~~~AdministrativeOffices ,/
<'% ///o/,, /
N~~~~~line ~ ~ ~ lii
4AF
),~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AEX MOORE<
| | l l ~~~~~~~~~~~OPERATIONSCENTER Approxilmate Scale in Kilometers Chad Export Proj ect CMOET
DAMES l& MOORE FGR - 5.00 m Vegetation Clearing 2.50 m (Field Roads) 2.50 m 1.00 m 3.00 m (Regional Roads) 3.00 m 1.50 m 1.00 m
3% 3%
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... , . .. . . !.0 ...... ' .' . . . . ., . . . . ,;. ,,. ., ,,. .' .; .
2 3 Earthmoving Level 3 2
10.50 m 0.50 m
NOTES 1. Laterite thickness variable from 15-30 cm. 2. Road widths reduecd through villages as required. 3. Regional roads inside oil field development area to include pedestrian path (not shown). 4. Ditch size/slope variable and sized to accommodate water level.
Not to Scale
TYPICAL OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENTAREA Chad Export Project ROADWAY CROSS SECTION DAMES& MOORE K~E~~QALWES&MOOKGQPC(MAW FIGUJRE4-4 PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
5.0 TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM
This sectionprovides an overviewof the pipelineand its ancillaryfacilities. The Transportation Systemwill requireapproximately 1,665 ha of land;of this, 1,615ha will be madeavailable for mostpre-construction uses, with the restrictionthat the use not interferewith normaloperations and maintenance.Another 2,130 ha will be reclaimedafter pipelineconstruction and made availableto pre-constructioncustomary land users.
5.1 PIPELINEALIGNMENT AND EASEMENT
5.1.1 PipelineAlignment
The pipelineroute begins at the oil field developmentarea in southemChad and endsoffshore of Cameroon,near Kribi. The majorityof the entireroute follows roads, railroads, and trailson existingmaps. The proposedpipeline route from the developmentarea to the Chad-Camneroon border is relativelyflat. From the borderto Meiganga,the alignmentfollows the northern escarpmentof the MbereRiver Valley. BetweenMeiganga and Mabele,the terrain is gently rolling to rolling,and the pipeline route intersectsmany cross drainagechannels. Similar conditionsexist as the route headssouthwest to approximately10 km south of the villageof Dang. It then extendssouth-southwest through rugged savanna used primarily for livestock productionand traditional agriculture. The routecrosses the PangarRiver and utilizesareas of savannain the forest/savannamosaic north of the LomRiver. The routepasses north of the confluenceof the LomRiver and the SanagaRiver, where it tumssouth and follows the railroad southto Goyoumand Belabo.The terrainin the areaof Goyoumand Belabois a relativelyflat plateaudominated by disturbedsemideciduous forest. Fromthe town of Belabo,the! route generallyfollows the southside of the SanagaRiver valley to NangaEboko and Batchenga. The routestops paralleling the SanagaRiver at Batchengaand continuesgenerally southwest to Obala. BetweenObala and Yaoundeand then to Akono,the routetraverses increasingly rollingand steepsloped terrain. West to Krbi, the land variesfrom rollingterrain to rugged steepslopes as the pipelineroute traverses the Atlantic Littoral Forest. The routecrossies the coastline continuingapproximately 11 km offshore across a relativelyflat, featureless, sandy/mudsea floor and terminatesat the FSO vessel. The overallpipeline alignment is presentedin Figure5-1.
5.1.2 Land Easement
GeneralConfiguration - An overallland easementwidth of 30 m on averageis requiredfor constructionof the pipeline. Additionalland easementwidths are requiredat locatioriswith steepslopes, the shorecrossing (50 m), and otherterrain features such as rivercrossings (60 m). In addition,a protectedmaritime area will be establishedconsisting of a circlearound the FSOvessel with a minimumradius of 1.5 km,and a stripof 250 m on eitherside of the axis of the pipeline. Prohibitedactivities within these areas will includepulling objects across the sea
PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 5-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT floor and other activitiesthat could interferewith the construction,operation, and maintenance of the system.
Access to the Land Easement- Access to the land easementof the onshore pipeline will be required for construction purposes, and during operationsfor maintenance and emergency response purposes. Constructionaccess will be via existing, upgradable roads and tracks where possible;should new access roads be required,they will be routed to avoid or minimize effects on sensitiveenvironmental resources. Operationalaccess to the land easementwill be via roads or tracks usedduring construction.
Land EasementPreparation - The land easementhas been surveyed and staked to identify the centerlineand will be preparedby clearingand grading,as necessary. Clearingwill include removal of abovegroundvegetation and rocks to the side of the land easement. Any trees and large shrub debris that needs to be removedwill be felled and stockpiledalongside the land easement. A portion of the smaller shrub vegetationmoved to the side of the land easement will be conservedand spread over the land easementafter constructionis completedto help control erosion, serve as a mulch,and providea sourceof seedfor revegetation. In agricultural areas, the topsoil will be removed,stockpiled, and eventuallyrespread over the graded area.
5.2 TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM DESCRIPTION
5.2.1 Main Pipeline
The main pipelinewill be engineeredand designedin accordancewith the AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) code designated ASME B31.4 ("Liquid TransportationSystems for Hydrocarbons,Liquid Petroleum Gas, AnhydrousAmmonia, and Alcohols"). The main pipelinewill be manufacturedwith special limitations on chemistry, hardness, and dimensions to promote field weldability and ductility under service conditions, in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) specificationdesignated API-5L ("Specificationfor Line Pipe").
The mainpipeline will be 760 mm (30 inches)in outside diameterand buriedthroughout virtually all its length, generallywith a minimumof one meter of cover. Coverwill be increasedfor major road intersections,river crossings,and other specifiedareas. Cover will be reduced in rocky areas. The actual "as-built"pipeline burial depth will be noted on the final pipeline alignment constructiondrawings.
All pipe will have a specifiedminimum yield strengthof 482,000kilopascals (70,000 psi). Five different wall thicknessesof pipe will be used in the pipeline system, dependingon pressure requirements.
May 1999 5-2 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCR'IPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
5.2.2 Main Pipeline Valves
Main pipeline block valves will be installed in conformancewith ASME B31.4 code to allow isolation of pipeline segments. Main pipeline block valves may also be utilized to faicilitate maintenanceoperations. The proposedlocations of the block valvesare indicatedin Table 5-1 and shownas main line valveson Figures5-2a through5-2d. The valves have been located to protect environmentallysensitive resources and reducedrainage from the pipelinein case of an incident. Valveswill be installedwithin fenced enclosuresand regularlyinspected and serviced, and periodicallyoperated to ensurethey remainin good workingorder.
Manual block valves will be hand-wheeloperated, with the valve normally chained open and locked. Remotelyoperated block valves will be operatedby either electricmotor, hydraulics,or a gas accumulator,and will communicatewith the TransportationSystem Oil Traffic Control Center (OTCC) in Douala. These remotely operated block valves may be supplied with commercial power where available. Radio telemetry will be solar-powered(photovoltaic) at remotely controlled block valves which will relay valve status (open/closed) and pipeline pressure/temperaturetelemetry to the nearestpump stationwhere the data will be incorporated into the ExportPipeline Automation System.
5.2.3 Cleaningand IntelligentTools Launchers and Receivers
Launchersand/or receivers will be installed at each PS, the PRS, and FSO to allow intemal cleaning and help determinethe overall operatingintegrity of the pipeline. Each launcherand receiver trap will be equippedwith a quick-openingend closure and a safety device to prevent the closurefrom accidentallyopening under pressure. The quick-openingclosure will be rated for the full hydrotest pressure. Detectiondevices will be installed near the traps to indicate successfullaunching and receiptof cleaning and intelligenttools. The detectorscan be read locally and progressreported to the OTCC in Douala.
5.2.4 CorrosionControl
Cathodic Protection System - In general, solar-powered(photovoltaic) cathodic protection installationswill be usedto protect pipelinesections. However,rectifier unitswill be used where reliable AC power is available. When possible,cathodic protectioninstallations will be located adjacentto pipelinestructures such as block valves, check valves,or pump stationsto facilitate securityand access.
Pipeline Coating- A corrosion-resistant,three layer polyethyleneexternal coating suitable for service at the designtemperature (71°C nearthe pumpstations) will be applied. Buried valves, fittings, and other componentswill be protectedby a field applied epoxy or coal tar urethane coating. Abovegroundpiping and valves will be protectedby painting.
PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-3 May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT
5.2.5 Signs and Markers
Signs and markersalong the pipelinecorridor will be used to identifythe locationof the line and the land easement and to facilitate general access and maintenance requirements. The followingguidelines will be utilized:
* Wordingon signswill appear in both Englishand French * Standardpipeline waming signswill be installedon both sides of the roads, railroads,major streams,and at blockvalves, checkvalves, and pump stations * Waterwaywaming signswill be installedon each side of streams30 m or more in width * Aerial markerswill be installedat approximately10 km maximumspacing * Each valve station will be marked with "No Trespassing" and "Danger - Flammable Materials"signs.
5.2.6 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station
The pump stationswill be engineeredand designedin accordancewith ASME B31.4. All pump stationswill be staffedwith both expatriateand local operatingstaff. The PRS near Kribi will be a nonstaffedfacility except for securitypersonnel. The originatingpump station, PS No. 1, will be located in the Kom6field near the OC. All utilities,and some services,including electrical power,potable water, fire water, oily water disposal,security, catering, housing, and lighting,will be providedby the OC. A typical intermediatepump stationlayout is shown in Figure5-3.
The interfacebetween the TransportationSystem and the oil field productionfacilities will be upstreamfrom the suction/fillmanifolds for the PS No. I tanks. Equipmentand facilities at PS No. 1 will includethe following:
* Two pipelinestorage tanks (100-KBcapacity each) * Suction/fillmanifolds for the tanks * Three 320-hp (3 x 238-kw)booster pumps * Pipelinecontrol system * Three 6,000-hp(3 x 4,474-kw)mainline centrifugal pumps (electric motor driven) * Powerdistribution and control * Firewaterloop * Automation,computing, and telecommunicationssystem.
May 1999 5-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI
The intermediatepump stations, PS No. 2 and PS No. 3, will be completely self-supporting facilities, including electrical power and utilities. Equipmentand facilities at an intermediate station (the two stationsare essentiallyidentical) will includethe following:
* Main line pumpingunits (3 x 6,000-hp/4,474-kwunits with waste heat recovery) * Main stationgenerators (3 x 750-kw)and emergencygenerator * Direct-firedheater (1 x 63 MBtu/hour) * Pipeline controland leak detectionmeter * Instrumentair system * Fire and potablewater systems * Fuel/lubeoil treatmentand distributionsystems * Crude oil topping plant (industrial grade diesel for pumping units and generators) and emergencyflare
* Dieselfuel storage(3,000 barrels) e Pressurerelief tank (10,000 barrels) - Drains and sewagesystems - Buildingswill includethe following:
- Administration building
- Dining,recreation, and laundrybuilding
- Quarters/housing units
- Guardhouse - Medical clinic - Warehouse and maintenance building - Automation,computing, and telecommunicationsmodule - Containerizedbuildings for powerequipment. * An incineratorand commonproject service landfill * Helipad * Lateriteairstrip for Twin Otter servicewith limitedfuel storage.
The PRS located near Kribi will be equippedwith throttlingand reliefvalves and a 10,000 barrel relief tank. Other equipment/facilitiesat the PRS will include emergency power generation equipment,incinerator, landfill, helipad,automation, control, and telecommunicationsmodules. A typical PRS is shown in Figure5-4.
PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-5 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENfTS- VOLUME I CHADEXPORT PROJECT
Securitysystems at intermediatepump stationsand at the PRSwill includethe following:
* Perimeterfencing * Perimeterlighting * Closed-circuittelevision * Various alarmsand locks * Display and control system linked to the automation, computing,and telecommunications system * Securitystaff on duty at all times.
An Oil Traffic ControlCenter will be built in Douala,Cameroon.
5.2.7 OffshoreMarine Terminal Facilities
The offshore marine terminalfacilities will include a subsea loading pipeline approximately11 km long,extending from the shorelineto a mooredfloating storageand offloading(FSO) vessel in more than 30 m of water. Loading of ocean-goingtankers will take place from the FSO vessel at intermittentintervals for export of the crude oil to world markets. These facilities are illustratedon Figures5-5 and 5-6.
5.2.7.1 SubseaPipeline
The subsea pipeline will be a welded continuous pipeline, extending from the Cameroon shoreline to the FSO. It will be engineeredand designed in accordancewith the American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME) and American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) code designated ASME B31.4 and the American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice designated API RP-1111 ("Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore HydrocarbonPipelines"). The pipe will be manufacturedwith special limitations on chemistry, hardness, and dimensions to promote field weldabilityand ductility under service conditions,in accordancewith the API SpecificationAPI-5L ("Specificationfor Line Pipe").
The subsea loading pipelinewill be 760 mm (30 inches) in outside diameter. The pipeline will be buried in a trench through the surf zone to an approximatewater depth of 7 m below Mean LowWater, or approximately1,500 m offshore. The minimumtrench depth from the top of the pipeline'sconcrete coating to the sea floor will be no less than I m for sand or clay or 0.3 m for rock.
5.2.7.2 Riserand Moorings
A single point mooring(SPM) system will be permanentlyutilized to moor the FSO vessel for the specified design life. The SPM system allows the vessel to weathervanefreely about the
May 1999 5-6 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I mooring point. Two basic mooring configurationsare considered feasible: a fixed jacket- articulatedyoke system and a catenarychain-extemal turret system. These are illustratedon Figure5-6. These systemswill have cathodicprotection and corrosioncoating.
At the FSO mooring, the subsea pipeline will connect to the SPM piping. The piping arrangementdepends upon the SPM configurationadopted during detailedengineering design. If a fixed jacket-articulatedyoke mooringis adopted,the subsea pipelinewill be connectedto a conventional760 mm riser that will be attachedto a steel piled jacket. The riser will tenminate with a pig trap installedon the deck of the jacket. If a catenarychain-extemal turret mooringis adopted, the subsea pipeline will be connected to a pipeline end manifold assembly on the seabed that will providethe flow path transitionto two hose stringsleading to the surface. The pipelineend manifoldwill be secured on the seabed by a suitablefoundation to preventsliding, lifting, and tilting, and it will be designed to accommodatethermal expansion of the subsea pipeline. In the case of both SPM configurations,the crudeoil pipingon the surface will include a swivel assemblythat is mounted on the rotatingaxis of the SPM, an inlet metering manifold, and deck pipingthat leads to.the FSO receivingtanks.
For the protectionof the FSO vessel, a restrictedzone with a minimumradius of 1.5 km will be established. Official navigationcharts for the area will be updatedto show the location of the installation. A perimeter of protection will also be establishedalong the route of the olfshore pipelinethereby preventing objects from beingpulled acrossthe seabedwithin this zone.
5.2.7.3 FloatingStorage and OffloadingVessel
The FSO vessel will be a converted existing crude oil tanker. All tankers considered for acquisitionand FSO conversionwere built in accordancewith the conventionsand codes;of the IntemationalMaritime Organizationin effectat the time of vesselconstruction. All tankers must have been maintained in compliance with current IMO standards,including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the Intemational Convention for Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships (MARPOL).
Basedon preliminaryanalyses, the FSO needsto have a minimumcrude oil storagecapacity of 300,000 deadweighttons (DWT), or approximately2.0 million barrels. The FSO vessel will have power generation,cargo and ballast pumping, cargo tank cleaning,inert gas, and other similar systems. The FSO vessel hull structure will be modified at the bow or stlem to accommodateintegration of the SPM structureand the additionof a helicopterpad.
Although the propulsionpower and steering systems will not be needed during mooring, the systemswill be retainedfor propellingthe vesselto the installationsite from the conversionyard and for eventual decommissioning.While on station, these systemswill be unclassifiedsuch that the FSO vessel becomesan oil storagebarge insteadof a tanker. The systems may also be reactivatedfor voyages to shipyardsfor scheduled maintenance. The FSO vessel will be
PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-7 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT capable of operating at least 10 years without shipyard repairs with the potential of 15 years without a vessel drydocking. The FSO will be designed to meet the in-water inspection requirements of the classification society. To achieve this serviceable life, the vessel will undergoextensive repair and life extensionwork prior to use.
The tanker will be modified to have three to five centrifugalpumps and one to two stripping pumpswith steam turbineor electricmotor drivers. The systemwill be capableof simultaneous loading and offloading. The crude oil pumps will have a maximum offloading rate of 75,000 barrels per hour and an averageoffloading rate of 45,000 barrels per hour.
The onboard boilers that supply steam to ship services and cargo pumps will be converted to burn crude oil. Waste heat boilers, as applicable,and diesel generator engines will also be converted to burn heavycrude oil from the crudeoil system.
Other facilities on the FSO vessel will include instrumentationand control systems; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC systems); air and water; sewage treatment; and electrical systems. These systemswill be upgradedas necessaryto accommodatethe crude oil storage and offloadingfunctions and all necessaryoperating personnel.
5.2.7.4 OffshoreMarine Terminal Operational Considerations
Facilities will be providedfor the safe operationof the FSO vessel in all modes of operation; e.g., loading,stand-by, survival, etc. In the case of a convertedtanker, existingfacilities may be utilized where possible, but supplementedas necessary,for the vessel's new use as a floating storage unit. The FSO will be providedwith a fire detectionand alarm system feeding into a central fire control panel area. The system will be arranged to provide indications of the affected area and nature of the incident throughout the FSO. Choice and location of the detector elementsand alarm devices will be based on the requirementfor the earliest possible detection and waming of any incident. There will be at least two mainfirewater pumps located remotelyfrom each other in safe areas. Each pump alonewill be capable of meeting the 100 percentdesign demandfirewater requirements.
Crude oil loading procedureswill be developedthat allow for the unrestrictedflow of crude oil from the subsea pipelineinto one or more designatedreception tanks onboardthe FSO vessel. The crude oil will be then transferredto other storage tanks within the cargo block using the inter-tankpiping system. The existingsteam turbine driven cargopumps will be used to transfer the crude oil from storage to the export tanker via a meteringpackage that includes a meter prover. The maximumoffloading rate will range up to 75,000 barrelsper hour dependingon the limits of the floating hose and the receivingrequirements of the export tanker. The FSO tandem mooring system will be designed to accommodateexport tankers varying in size between 80 and 320 thousanddeadweight tons. The exporttankers must also be equippedfor bow mooring in tandemwith the FSOvessel.
May 1999 5-8 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I
Export tankers will be required to have either segregated ballast or discharge clean ballast with less than 15 ppm oil-in-water per internationalregulations, specifically, the IMO Intemrational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). All overboard water dischargeswill be monitoredto meet IMO and MARPOLstandards for oil contamination.
A load monitoringsystem will be fitted to providea continuousmonitoring of the load distribution of the FSO to ensure that shear forces and bendingare kept within allowable limits. FLIII and continuousinert gas facilities will be providedto keep the atmosphereof all crude oil sitorage tanks in a non-flammablecondition at all times.
The cargo tanks will be fitted with fixed tank washingmachines for tank cleaning. Crude oil washing will be the normal method of cleaning the tanks, with seawater washing being done beforegas freeing procedures,prior to an inspection,etc. The frequency,duration, and type of washing program will be determinedfrom operationalexperience. Due to the relatively short cargo retentiontime, it will probablynot be necessaryto tank clean duringevery discharge.
It is unlikelythat the ballasttank capacityof the tankerwill be usedto its maximumcapacity. In FSO service,the maintenanceof a minimumdraft as requiredby IMO can normallybe achieved by keepingabout 10-15 percentof cargo on board,thus minimizingthe need to bring seawater onboard as ballast. If seawater is used as ballast,it will be carriedin segregatedballast tanks. The use of segregatedballast tanks ensuresthat the seawaterdoes not come into contact with oil and eliminatesthe need for cleaningprior to dischargeback into the sea.
The FSO vessel operationswill require a variety of marine support includingtugs and supply vessels. The marine supportfunctions will include providing assistanceduring export tanker mooring and loading operations, transport of personnel and provisions to/from shore, and performance of preventative maintenance tasks including inspection and change-out, as necessary,of underwatercomponents.
5.3 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE
5.3.1 OnshorePipeline Installation
A pipeline constructionunit, or spread,carries out the full range of operations including land easement clearing, pipe stringing, welding, hydrostatictesting, backfilling,and final cleanup. The pipelinewill be constructedwith two major spreads. All pipelineconstruction will be carried out in conformance with the ASME and ANSI code designated ASME B31.4 ("Pipeline TransportationSystems for Liquid Hydrocarbonsand Other Liquids"). The code states that its primary purposeis:
"to establish requirementsfor safe design, construction, inspection, testing, operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems for protection of the general public and operating company personnel as well as for reasonable
PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-9 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT
protection of the piping system against vandalism and accidental damage by others and reasonableprotection of the environment."(ASME, 1994)
Project representativeswill be assigned to the pipeline spreads to carry out or observe a numberof inspectionsand teststhat will assureconformance with ASME B31.4.
The pipelineditch will typically be centeredon a line usuallyabout 10 m from one side of the 30 m land easement. This will providean approximate10 m width for storingditch spoil and up to a 20 m working area for constructionequipment and pipe. The ditch typicallywill be excavated mechanicallyand the limit of open ditch will generally not exceed 20 km. Equipmentsuch as backhoes and clamshell buckets will be used in areas of loose or unconsolidated rock. Dimensionsof the ditch will rangegenerally from 1.2 to 1.4 m in width and 1.8 to 2.2 m in depth. A minimum of 1 m of cover from the top of the pipe to the ground surface typically will be provided. Coverwill be greaterat road intersections,river crossings,and near pump stations. If solid rock is encountered,blasting will be required. A minimum of 0.50 m of cover will be providedwhen the ditch is in rock.
Topsoil that is removed for subsequentreuse will be stored within the land easement in a manner allowing retrieval during cleanup operations for redistributionover the graded area. Clearing and pipeline constructionactivities will be conductedover a period of approximately three to six monthsor a maximumof one seasonin any one place.
Pipe will be transportedto the land easementby tractor-trailertrucks. The pipe will be unloaded and strung along the land easementusing sideboomsand other equipment. A hydrauliccold bendingmachine will introducevertical or horizontalbends in the pipe in the field.
Laying the pipe involves swabbing,lining up, and welding. The pipeline contractorwill secure all open ended pipes that have been loweredinto the ditch at the end of the work period with "night caps." Where practical,known wildlife crossing/migrationzones exposedto open ditch areaswill be securedto preventdanger to animals. Swabbingbefore a pipe length is joined by welds ensures foreign objectsand materialsinside eachjoint are removed.The pipe length will then be lined up and welded to the continuousstring of pipe that has already been joined. Valvesand fittings will be installedas welding proceeds.All welds will be inspectedboth visually and by use of nondestructivetesting methods.All nondestructivetesting will be performedby qualified and experiencedpersonnel in accordancewith a set of written proceduresfor testing and determining the acceptabilityof welds. Welds that do not meet requirementswill be repairedor the weld will be removed,as appropriate. Recordsof nondestructivetesting will be annotatedand includedon the as-builtdrawings.
After testing, the joint will then be cleanedand wrappedto provide a homogeneousprotective coating.The pipelinewill have a corrosion-resistantextemal coating suitablefor service at the designtemperature (71°C near the pumpstations). The coatingwill be inspectedand repaired,if necessary,prior to lowering the pipe into the ditch. Sideboom tractors with slings made to
May 1999 5-10 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI minimizecoating damagewill be used to lower pipe into the ditch. In rocky areas,the bottom of the ditch will be paddedto provide a uniformbearing surface for the pipe. Once in the ditch, pipe will be padded with sand or soil where necessaryto protect its coating during backfill operations.
Backfillmaterial will be retumedto the ditch and crownedon top of the ditch to compensiatefor future settling. Excess backfill material will be contoured over graded sections of the land easement. Ditchingshould produce sufficientbackfill material. However,in some rocky areas backfill may need to be imported.
The pipelinewill be tested hydrostaticallyprior to commencementof operationsto ensure it is able to maintain the design intemal pressure and that there are no leaks. Testing will be conducted in manageablesegments. Before hydrostatictesting is carried out, cleaning and intelligenttools will be pushedthrough the pipelinewith compressedair to removewelding slag, dirt, debris, or other items that may have accumulatedduring the constructionprocess. The pipeline will then be filled with water, pressurized,and tested to establisheddesign limits. In accordancewith accepted pipeline practice,the amountof water drawn from a stream or river will be limitedto a maximumof 10 percentof the flow at the time of extraction. In confonrance with waste managementplans, hydrotest water will be, to the extent practicable,disposed to the ground surface into infiltration beds or percolation ponds, incorporating erosion control measures (i.e., energy dissipation devices) and, if needed, filtering devices to nrmove sediments. A recordof the hydrostatictest will be madeand retainedfor the entire operational life of the pipeline.
Cleanup and restoration of the land easement will be undertaken once backfilling and compactionare completed. Materialsthat were stockpiled during constructionwill be spread over the cleared area. The land easementwill be retumedto its natural contourand grade to the extent feasible as long as there is no interferencewith operationsand maintenanceof the TransportationSystem. Topsoil will be spread over those areas of the land easement from where it was removed.Ground and aerial markerswith kilometerpost (KmP) indicatorswill be installedalong the pipelineroute to aid in maintenanceand emergencyresponse.
With the exception of the system easement (which includes areas occupied by valves, telecommunicationstowers, pump stations, and other permanentaboveground facilities), all of the remaining cleared land easement areas will be allowed to return to former use after construction activities cease as long as there is no interference with operations and maintenance of the TransportationSystem. The 10 to 15 m wide portion of the system easementthat lies directlyover the pipeline will be allowed to return to grasslandor field-crop agriculturaluse, but no trees or permanentstructures will be allowed.
Pipeline constructionwill be undertakenfrom moveableconstruction base camps (one for each construction spread). Each base camp will be located as close as possible to the land
PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-11 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT easement,and will supportpipeline constructionactivities for a distanceof approximately60 to 80 km. Small remote campssupported by the base camp will be used to facilitateconstruction activitieslocated at a distancefrom the base camp. There will be only two base camps in full operationat any one time. Each campwill relocate periodicallyto provide constructionsupport and logisticalfunctions over the entire pipelinecorridor.
The pipeline installation contractorwill determinethe size of the constructionwork force. The anticipatedconstruction staff will consistof approximately1,000 nationalsand 600 expatriates duringthe peak constructionperiod.
5.3.2 Crossings
Road and Railroad Crossings- Sealed roadswill be bored and other roads will be open cut and most likely backfilledon the same day they are dug. The locationsof major road crossings are shown in Table5-2. A typical road crossingis depictedin Figure5-7. Traffic flow will not be interrupted; temporaryby-passes will be used. Pipeline installationat railroadcrossings will be bored. Railroad crossingsare listed in Table5-3 and depictedin Figure5-7.
River and Stream Crossings- Rivers and streams will be open-cut. The pipeline beneath major rivers will be concrete-coatedto provide negative buoyancy and placed at a depth beneaththe bed to ensure the pipelinewill not be affected adverselyby any subsequentscour. Significant river crossingsfor which special design considerationswill be needed are listed in Table 5-4. All other watercourses crossed will be evaluated to determine site-specific requirements.Typical river crossingsare depictedin Figure5-7.
Installationof the pipelineat river crossingswill be plannedto occur during periods of low water flow when possible. The minimum cover betweenthe top of the buried pipe and the bottom of the channel will be 1.5 m to minimize potentialeffects of scour and changing bottom profiles. The minimumcover depthwill be greaterat riversthat presenta higherpotential for scour.
Typically,the ditch will be graded on each approachto watercoursesso that the channel and bank contours will be restored to their approximate original configurations after pipeline installation has been completed. Breakers or riprap will be placed over the pipeline and disturbed areas along the banks, where necessary for erosion control. There will be no permanentblocking of surfacedrainages.
Beach Crossing- The pipeline will cross the beach at approximately right angles to the coastlineand will be buriedacross the beachand surf zone. A temporarytrench protectedby a cofferdamor sheet piling, or steel frames if sheet piling is not feasible, will be dug across the beach. After placementof the frames, the trench will be evacuated. After removingspoils, the pipelinewill be pulledthrough the frames into place. Areas blastedfrom rock will be restoredto preventbeach zone erosion.
May 1999 5-12 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
5.3.3 Blasting
The actual need for blasting will be determinedduring pipelineinstallation. Where blasting is required,it will be performedby qualified,experienced personnel using approvedwritten safety procedures. Blastingwill be limited to the land easement.Vibration levels at the edge of the land easementwill be minimal. The followingsafety precautions will be taken:
* The blasting area will be checkedimmediately prior to detonationto ensure that personnel, wildlife, and equipmentare well awayfrom the dangerzone * Blasting matswill be usednear transmissionor telephonelines and in areas of human use * Blastingwill not be conductedin areaswhere it could induceslope instability.
5.3.4 ConstructionRecords
A completerecord of the followinginformation will be maintainedfor the pipeline:
* Total number of girth welds (all nondestructivelytested), number of welds rejected during testing, and the dispositionof each rejectedweld * Amount, location,and depthof cover at each road, rail, andwaterway crossing * Locationsof each crossingof other pipelines * Locationsof buried utility crossings * Location of each block and check valve, weighted pipe, corrosiontest point, or other item connectedto the pipe.
Most of this informationwill be availableon "as-built"drawings that will be preparedat the end of the installationphase.
5.3.5 PumpStations and PressureReducing Station
The constructionof the pump stationsand PRS will span a periodof about 2 years. PS; No. 1 will be built by the constructioncontractor(s) building the OperationsCenter facilities in the oil field developmentarea. For PS No. 2, PS No. 3 and the PRS, it is envisionedthat certain work (i.e., site preparation)will commenceat one pump station and when finished, the work crews and their equipmentwill moveto the secondsite and performthe samejob. Crews constructing the concretefoundations will follow a similar progression,moving from one site to the next.
The pump station/PRSconstruction contractor will determinethe size of the constructionwork force. The anticipatedconstruction staff will consist of approximately300 nationals and 100 expatriatesduring the peakconstruction period.
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A brief summaryof overall constructionactivities for the pump stations and PRS is presented below:
Site Preparation - This will includeclearing and grubbing,contouring and layingdown a laterte base to seal the underlying soils, and providing for water runoff and a stable plafform for constructionequipment and personnel. Dependingon the subsoil conditions,some excavation and recompactingmay be requiredunder areaswhere large tanks and heavy equipmentwill be located. Topsoilwill be stockpiledfor reclamationof temporaryuse areas.
Erosion control measures will include features to control storm water runoff and to mitigate sediment transport, such as localized silt fences, drainage course impedimentsand sediment basins. Temporarydrainage channelswill be used to direct runoff water towards sediment basinsfor possibleuse in dust control.
Borrow sourcesfor constructionmaterials such as sand and gravel will be purchasedfrom local vendors or developedto minimizethe numberof disturbedareas. Where possible,the project will rely on local businessesto supply these materialsand transportthem to the job site.
Construction Camp and Landfills- The initial activities will include the construction of the camp facilities and constructionrelated workshops,temporary offices, material laydown areas, and establishmentof a fuel storage facility. These initial facilities are being designed to maximize use of local people and training programs. This initial phase of activity will also include constructionof a sanitarylandfill as part of the overall waste managementprogram for constructionwaste.
Facility Construction - After completion of site preparation and construction camps, undergroundutilities and piping will begin with trenching, as well as establishmentof a pipe fabrication shop. This undergroundwork will also include excavation, form construction,and pouringof concretefoundations for equipmentand buildings.
Following undergroundactivities, structuralsteel and building erection will begin. Setting and aligning of mechanical equipment (i.e., pumps, turbines, heater), tank erection, and abovegroundpiping will follow as the quality checks are completedfor concrete and structural steel work.
The electricaland instrumentationwork will concludethe mechanicalcompletion of the facilities followed by the pre-commissioningactivities. Instrumentcalibration, loop checks and startup checksfor equipmentwill be completedduring this phase of construction.
5.3.6 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities
The three main constructionactivities involve: (1) conversionof the FSO vessel; (2) fabrication and assembly of the SPM system;and (3) installationof the facilities at the offshore site. The
May 1999 5-14 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1
FSO conversionwill be carried out at a shipyard dry-dockfacility capable of handling large vessels. The SPM system and its various components(hoses, swivels, chains, etc.) will be fabricatedat specializedvendor shops and assembledfor connectionto the FSO. The manner of this connection- whether structuralor mechanical- will depend on whether a fixed lacket- articulatedyoke or turrettype SPMsystem is chosen.
The FSO vesselwill sail to the installationsite under its own power. The SPM systemwill either be deliveredto the site with the FSO when it sails, or transportedseparately. If the latter, it is most likely to be barged or carried on the deck of the installationvessel. The subsea pipeline (concretecoated) will be deliveredby barge.
The offshore construction spread is envisioned to include a main installation vessel (a combinationpipelay-crane barge) and supportvessels (anchor handlingtugs, supply vessels, and cargo transport barges). If a turret type SPM system is utilized, the offshore construction will include installation of a pipeline end manifold (PLEM) and pre-installationof the FSO mooring lines and anchor piles. If a fixed jacket-articulatedyoke SPM system is utilized, the offshore construction will include installation of the platformjacket, plafform deck, turntable structure,and installationof a rigid pipe riser betweenthe subsea pipelineand the jackelt. The final hook-up involves connectionof the FSO vessel to the pre-installedSPM system. It is anticipatedthat the offshoreconstruction activities will take place over approximately2 months.
PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 5-15 - Mlay1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORTPROJECT PROJECTDESCRIPTION TABLE 5-1 MAIN LINE VALVE LOCATIONS
No.1 APproximate Tpomet
1 0 MotorOperated PumpStation No. 1 2 3 CheckValve 3 37 CheckValve 4 98 Check Valve 5 137 GasOperated 6 140 CheckValve 7 174 GasOperated 8 181 CheckValve 9 212 CheckValve 10 235 MotorOperated PumpStation No. 2 11 235 MotorOperated PumpStation No. 2 12 265 CheckValve 13 300 Check Valve 1 4 324 Gas Operated 15 326 CheckValve 16 380 GasOperated 17 405 Manual Valve 18 430 GasOperated 19 435 CheckValve 20 486 GasOperated 21 487 Check Valve 22 528 GasOperated 23 529 CheckValve 24 539 CheckValve 25 582 GasOperated 26 591 MotorOperated PumpStation No. 3 27 591 MotorOperated PumpStation No. 3 28 610 Check Valve 29 637 ManualValve 30 667 CheckValve 31 702 ManualValve 32 709 CheckValve 33 752 ManualValve 34 796 GasOperated 35 812 CheckValve 36 859 ManualValve 37 906 GasOperated 38 907 ManualValve 39 946 Gas Operated 40 946 Check Valve 41 967 Motor Operated 42 994 GasOperated 43 1,005 GasOperated 44 1,007 CheckValve 45 1,040 ManualValve 46 1,061 GasOperated 47 1,066 MotorOperated PressureReducing Station 48 1,066 MotorOperated PressureReducing Station 1 Main linevalves 1-7are located in Chad. 2 Locationis stated as pipelinekilometers from the OperationsCenter in Chad.
PD EnglishTables 04-28.doc Mlay1999 SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT
TABLE5-2 MAJORROAD CROSSINGS Locaition Aproximate Suf 06 od: fKilometer1 Sufc oructo Metho CTF 2 Laterite Open cut Begada 5 Laterite Open cut Kome 14 Laterite Open cut Bebe 29 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Bito 35 Laterite Open cut - New road Mokassato Kagopal 42 Laterite Open cut - New road Kagopal 50 Laterite Open cut Kouloulou 72 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Mbann 75 Laterite Open cut - New road Gadjibian 88 Laterite Open cut Bessao 111 Laterite Open cut Baibokoum(Chad/border) 177 Laterite Open cut New Road (Cameroon/border) 185 Laterite Open cut- New road Loubol 202 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Ndjakfoui 203 Laterte Open cut - Road upgrade Djom 205 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Bong 212 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Domptato PS No.2 230 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Nana 252 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Meiganga- Gangui 365 Laterite Open cut Meiganga- NgaoundalHighway 380 Paved Bored Belabo to Bertoua Highway 595 Paved Bored Nanga Ebokoto Bertoua 702 Laterite Open cut Nkotengto Nanga Eboko 732 (Camsuco) Laterite Open cut Nkotengto Nanga Eboko 742 Laterite Open cut Mbandjokto Nkoteng 752 Laterite Open cut Batchengato Mbandjok 768 Laterite Open cut Yaoundeto BafoussamHighway 820 Paved Bored Yaoundeto Okola 838 Laterite Open cut Yaoundeto Ongot 853 Laterite Open cut Yaoundeto Douala Highway 860 Paved Bored Mbankomoto Ngoumou 869 Laterite Open cut Ngoumouto Akono 887 Laterite Open cut Lolodorfto Eseka 961 Paved Bored Bikokato Lolodorf 968 Laterite Open cut Bidjouka 994 Laterite Open cut Bipindito Akom II 1007 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Bipindi 1009 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Bipindi 1050 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Ebolowa 1067 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Grand Batanga 1069 Laterite Open cut
Locationis stated as pipelinekilometers from the OperationsCenter in Chad
May 1999 PD English Tables 04-28.doc SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT PROJECTDESCRlPTION
TABLE 5-3 RAILROAD CROSSINGS
Location Approximate Kilometer < Belabo Spur 593 East of Mbandjok 757 West of Mbandjok 766 East of Yaounde-Bafoussam Highway 819 North of Ngoumou 881 Ngoumou-Mbalmayo Spur 885
Locationis stated as pipelinekilometers from the OperationsCenter in Chad.
TABLE 5-4 MAJOR RIVER CROSSINGS
Number Location Approximate ______~~~~~Kilometer.' 1 LouIl River 2 2 Lim River 140 3 Mbere River 178 4 Mbere River 324 Mba River 432 6 Pangar River 487 7 Mouyal River 529 8 Lom River 539 Sesse River 584 10 Yong River 608 11 Tede River 709 12 Afamba River 811 13 Nyong River 907 14 Lokoundje River 946 15 Mougue River 994 16 Lokoundje River 1,007 17 Kienke River 1,062
1 Locationis stated as pipelinekilometers from the OperationsCenter in Chad.
PD English Tables 04-28.doc MAay1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK Nigeria el DevelopmentArea
'90 fQ /9 ~~~~~~~~Ngaoundere Domptat
LocationMap
~~~~Ngaoundal~~~~~~~~> Statiganga/1
Cameroon Dang CentralAfricanRepublic
Goyoim Deng Den,+ t BelaboZ
Nanga Ebob
Batcheng, Douala Stato No3 GuineafLol Bipindi N < >Congo Marine Temiinal A 1erminal Pressure ReducingStation / 50 0 50 Kilometers LEGEND VPipeline Pump Station/PRS Chad Export Project TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Road FIG 5-l ~'7~AbAmEs&mboREGROUPUOMPADAMES & MOORE FIUE - Chad b d j Republic N Doba Location Map ~~~~ -~~~~ - ~\ ~ < / /<~~~Kom ; PumnpStaion No 1i F- ( X 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~Gadgjib> Bessao ~-> -- Sigib ai AA ~ N 10 0 10 Kilometers LEGEND 4,VPipne 0 City/Town PROJECT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM /&VajeorRoad []Big *New Construction E] PBrnp Station PRS Road Upgrade [ uwtto/R Chad Export Project AND INFRASTRUCTURE /,VSecondary Road fMain Line Valve Q'Railroad T'elecommunicationsTower /VRiver Airfield (7DAMES & MOORE :,. lntemnationalBoundaty y-2a * A AMEsA\)DRU.ilrU((MPANy FIGURE _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FGR ._2a__ .5 I maroon A MBAI MBO BABONGO 15 DJOHONG NGAOUNDALMIGANGA 7 ~~~~~A 17 8''s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20_0 _20 Klometers f d &18 LEGEND AfPipeline 0 City/Town PROICT TRANSPORTATT1N SY FM /,\IvlaJor 1oac INFRASTRUCTURE RNoadUpgrade PumpStaion PRS Et AND ,ASecondary Road Main LineValve Chad xpor roject *VRailroad 0 Telecommunications Tower. I /vRiver Airfield I I ' DAMES & MOORE ,,.ylnterationalBoundary A rfe. ,i ' ' FIGIR 5-2b r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ch.d Nigeria a 19 Location Map 20 -B BiTARt OYA -23 DENG DENG LPumpStafion N0 3 GOYCIUM NANGA EBOKO - - K AS 20 0 Kilometers BERTOUA LEGEND pM-finelro citylTown PROJECT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 4*NwConstruction r1 Bidge AND INFRASTRUCTURE RoadUpgrade ] Pump Station /PRS Chad Export Project '/vSecondary Road Main Line Valve VRailroad Telecommunications Tower ,%-nerrmational Boundary Airfield DA4tAM(ifESRi,hi,UIANY FIGURE5-2c A- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G."Afo-.C,. aI A.BATC N p -. DOUALA NKOMIETOU 3 I 4 ir ~ a ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~½ A~ ,ONDn 452IW KR lBI6 > ,~ 25 0 25 Kilometers FSO \ I ' . 474 Pressure Reducinz Station 1 LEGEND GEsPipeli 0 City/Town PROJECT TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM aivsajor Road Bridge NewonUpgradeuto PurnpStation PRS Chad Export Project ANDINFRASTRUCTURE R.ySeeondadyRoade Main Line Valve ^/Railroad @ Telecommunications Tower D M /VRiver L Airfield DAM2ES& MOORE 5 ,%,:nternational Boundary + I .iF- A )AMES1&MOO)RF(iOUF(IMI ANV FIGUR. 5-2d -N Fecec Sludee Tank : ; Sewage :ncine rator - Di >s Treatmhient I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Plant N -_, COTP _ > _ -Crude0 :: Oil} 0 0 e0 Stmucrstik0 1 1010 ; (ikrSJ / 1 '\ '''" 0','\/12 Heter;0 'c ,' 0-He 00 .0jfrilWater>, ,.>*uo;0 0 t00002 :0 * t TnkI ; tgh Frequency Radio Antenna .. l 0;:; l 0;0 t; 00 - 00i; *. *,0-0000-;i4-~Fl-4h- Proeeisittt;etrc t Waterl Well NaA -_ fAdmtotn To~~~~~~~~~~~~aing .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~'Pocsii ac t Oil -. er* Watr WaI x / . (COTP) J Li Wa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Baldtttink..f ~~ ~ ~~~~ter el o 1 ;0,\\':''''m''';'. bill', 1ildi''gfB.. . ' Z ' ', If: C 'i '- ',' ' ' ' .-- -- : ------Z Maat PUrttILube c ati6nSkids-~ Eatrgnc *II StatiI Are StorageT TIn I PIPEL1NE1 0 0 0 :; j 5Laydown Xrc; , ^ : x fi W ,t r f .; ., t; .; Water Wcl I No Flow*. . Rw Wtc - . Flow -l Fence~~~~~~~Are u CE-J Geiierator~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- o ttt 20 30 40 50 100 ; arhos MOORE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0D MtraiE.r .Sk . A & M O F 5 MEfEES ceaea DAMES &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. h'a,%cnnce B 0dg Residential&UrirAi IG RE5- O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gnrin .} . 3 . 01 PIPELINE Flow4 : . - . - | . g} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Satellitei Relief Main PipelnS RadioTowe r i Valves ca er ecyer A. Water wallt Stationer .- 4L ~~~~~~~~Tramni ... Oil Drain/ Scaper- Wl07 HuePk [Center[ T ommunicationsI ,.--- Fence -.. _.EmergencyF- PipeeGenerator HELIPAD.3rDeslS.rg [ E ShPdessure Treatmentef P Telee Inicinera'tor Inlet Strainer - ____ Skid 10,000 BBL Relief Tank Pressure Reduction Relief Tank U~~~~II~~~Pump/Strainer __.-_ PipelineTYPICALPEPipeline Oil Drain Scraper Sump Tank Launcher Future Tank ! -- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * -Fence Pipeline3 TO FSO, - -- Pipeline TYPICAL PRESSURE F=-K------14 ------=-f- 1 Chad Export Project REDUCINGSTATION LAYOUT o to 20 30 40 50 METrERS3 DAMES & MOORE gMQ1TAADA &MORGRCMOORE FIGURE5-4 Export Tanker // (80,000 to 320,000 DWT) Work Boat / Tug II Service Boat Transfer Hoses FSO Vessel It Shoreline : 0 :/ 0f ; Onshore ; , ,------Subsea Pipeline < { Pipeline Single Point \\ Pressure Reducing Mooring System Station II Not to Scale TYPICAL FSO / EXPORT TANKER Chad Export Project BERTHING LAYOUT DAMES & MOORE El~i AUkkt&MO0REGROlUPCOMA FIGURE 5-5 Fixed Jacket-Articulated Yoke Alternative \ ^ Xl ~~~~Subsea. \ Sea floor Pipeli Tanker Manifold / Turret Single Point Mooring-. ExportV Tanker / \ : FSOVessel ilLJ,iL :e!:i .1I i, ii Flexible Floating Loading Hoses Anchor Legs (typical) < Sea floor -- …------…--- Subsea Pipeline Pipeline End Manifold Catenary Chain-External Turret Alternative NottotSearle OFFSHORE LOADING FACILITIES Chad Export Project DAMES& MOORE FIGUE 5-6 [=Ti!I AnAME&MOOREGROjPCWFAW FGUE so ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~60 mi- War-ning .- ~ Noee1 ~ ieieSg Natural Grade Flow I 12.Om ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Flow I I Mm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.0m ipeline Scc Note 2 PLAN PROFILE TYPICAL ROAD CROSSING Railroad See Note 1 Pipeline Flow ¶ - --r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Flow--- 1 I I L~~~~~F-oPipeline Fo F __ ISee Note I PLAN Warning 6.0 m See PLAN Sign ~~~Max.~ Railroad Note 4NaulGrd I 8.0m ipein Pipeline~~~~ See Note 3 PROFILE PROFILE TYPICAL RAILROAD CROSSING TYPICAL RIVER CROSSING -Pipeline to cross roads, r-ailroads, and streams as an angle as close to per-pendicular as practical. TYPICAL ROAD, RAIL, AND Ileavy wall pipe shall be installed between r-oad land easement limits or aRI E C OS NG minimum of 12 meters on each side of the centerline of the t-oad. Chad Export ProjectRIE C OS NG -Ileavy wall pipe shall be ittstalled between the railroad land easenient timits or a intntmum of 18 meters on each side oftshe centerline of the railr-oad. Is DAMES & MOORE -Conti'nsous concrete coating shall be applied to provide negative buioyancy, Kq=;3I AUWES&MnnR5U5COMPct'ANy FtGURE 5-7 extending at least 3 meters beyond the Iiigh water level, PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 6.0 PROJECTINFRASTRUCTURE This section provides an overview of the infrastructureimprovements planned for the project. Approximately 245 ha of land are needed for storage yards, landfills, airfields, remote telecommunicationstowers, truck parks, and service roads. Another 180 ha will be reclaimed after constructionand made availableto pre-constructioncustomary land users. 6.1 INFRASTRUCTUREDESCRIPTION 6.1.1 Transportationand Logistics A combinationof ocean-going,air, rail, and road transportationwill be used to move project- related materialswhere needed. Most materialsto be imported into Chad and Cameroonwill arrive by ocean-goingcargo vesselat the Port of Doualaand be transferredto a project storage yard located near the port. Approximately340,000 metric tonnes (MT) of materials will be movedthrough or within Cameroonduring construction, with 160,000MT transportedinto Chad. The port facilities located onshore at Douala have the capability to handle the quantities of materialsneeded for the TransportationSystem, the oil field developmentarea facilities,and the drilling program. The port has adequateareas suitable for material and container handling, storage,and acreagefor laydownyards. Currentplans are to securean area, which is 9.1 ha with a rail spur. This facility located in the zone sous-douanedes Etats d'AfriqueCentrale area adjacentto the port will be used to stage projectmaterials for shipmentto storageyards located in Chad and Cameroon. The existing system of roads within Chad and Cameroon will be used to support both constructionand operationsof the TransportationSystem and other project facilities.To move construction and operations materials safely and efficiently, some existing roadways will be upgraded (with limited construction of new road segments) to provide the required transportationinfrastructure. The road networkused by the projectis shownon Figure6-1. In addition to project needs during the construction period, appropriate transportation infrastructurewill be requiredthroughout project operations. These operationalrequirements will be met by use of the Douala to Ngaoundalrailroad and the Ngaoundal-Meidougou-Babongo- Belel-Mbai Mboum-Baibokoum-Kome road. Transportation requirementsduring project operationswill be significantlyless than those duringconstruction. 6.1.2 Rail System Upgrade The capacityof the Cameroonrail systemto haul the total quantityof materialsto storage!yards and to the Ngaoundalrailhead has been assessed. Locomotiverehabilitation, repair of roiling stock,and constructionof additionalrail sidingswill be part of the infrastructureimprovements. PD English Text 04-28.doc 6-1 - Miay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT An agreementwith the concemedCameroon railroad concession holder covers the following: * Freightrates * Procurementplan to purchasespare parts for rollingstock * Operationsplan for using dedicatedtrains * Rehabilitationof four locomotivesand 150dedicated rail cars * Additions of switches,sidings and other devices * Rail traffic * Access to communicationsfacilities * Maintenanceprogram. Rail sidings will be needed at five storage yards along the rail route to park and unload the dedicatedtrains carrying pipe and material. New rail sidings will be installed adjacent to the storageyards at Ngoumou,Nanga-Eboko, Belabo, and Ngaoundal. In Batchenga,the existing rail siding located in the stationwill be upgradedand used. New rail sidingswill incorporatean area that includesthe tracks, a loadingand dischargearea, and unloadingramps. As such, rail serviceswill be providedby the concemedCameroon railroad concession holder. New rail sidings will conform to the specificationsfrom the Ministry of Transport and the concerned Cameroon railroad concession holder. The new rail siding will vary in length between600 and 800 m. Maindesign criteria are as follows: - Rail is narrow gauge standardI m - Maximumlongitudinal gradient at rail sidingsis 2.5 percent * Minimumradius on curvedtrack is 400 m. 6.1.3 Road SystemUpgrade In the southwestempart of the projectarea, the materialswill be hauled by trucks from Douala via the existing roadswhich do not require upgrades,to the storageyards at Kribi and Lolodorf and by the rail line for the Ngoumou,Batchenga, Nanga Eboko,Belabo, and Ngaoundalstorage yards. Improvementsof existingroads with limited constructionof newfacilities will be required to meet the transportationrequirements. The scope of work will include: * Repair of the Ngaoundalto Meidougouroad May 1999 6-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRiPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI * Upgradeof roads between Meidougou,the Cameroon-Chadborder near Mbai Mboumnand Kome, includingriver crossingstructures and constructionof limited sectionsof new road * Constructionof a new bridge across the Mbere River which will constitute a new border crossingat the Cameroon-Chadborder * Maintenanceof the upgraded infrastructureduring the constructionphase and during the period definedin the Conventionof Establishment * Access roadsto the land easementof the pipeline * Access roadsto remotetelecommunications sites * Access roadsto pumpstations. 6.1.3.1 Road Repair Repairsto the existing roadway between Ngaoundaland Meidougouwill allow materials and equipmentto move to the TransportationSystem pipeline and oil field developmentarea. The existing roadway between Ngaoundaland Meidougouis approximately135 km long anid 6 m wide. The road and pavementare in good conditionfor the first 80 km from Ngaoundal. The remaining55 km of roadwayto Meidougouis consideredto be in poor condition(estimated 20 potholesper kilometerof roadwayin March 1996). Repair and maintenanceof the existing paved road between Ngaoundaland Meidougouwill involve: * Clearing high grassesand vegetationfor 5 m on both sides of the road to improvevisibility and provide safer driving conditions (Care will be taken to not uproot or damage the vegetationwhich is good for erosioncontrol and maintainingslope stability.) * Necessarymaintenance of existingroadside drainage such as clearingditches and culverts of debris. General minor repair of the pavement including patching of potholes will be necessary. 6.1.3.2 Upgradesof ExistingRoads Upgradingand maintainingthe existing lateriteroadway betweenMeidougou and Kome i(about 475 km) will also be requiredto transport material and equipmentto the oil field development area in Chad. The existing lateriteroadway system between Meidougou and Kome is generally not capableof safely and efficientlyhandling the amountof traffic expectedfor the project. The existing roadwaysystem averages between 3 and 6 m in width. The roadwaysystem varies in conditionbetween good to bad with manytrail-like segments, along with numeroussegments of steep gradientsor sharp curves. Upgradingand maintainingthe existingroadway system will typically involvethe following: PD English Text 04-28.doc 6-3 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS- VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT * Wideningthe roadwayto a minimumwidth of 6 m * Designingand constructingdrainage facilities such as earth ditchesand culverts * Upgrading existing structures such as culverts, bridges, and low-water crossings, or reinforcingthe existingstructures as required * Clearingvegetation for up to a maximumof 5 m on each side of the road to improvevisibility and providesafe drivingconditions. 6.1.3.3 Construction of New Road Segments A small amount of new road constructionwill also be required since the existing roadway systembetween Meidougou and Kom6 is discontinuousin placesand consideredunsafe. New road segmentswill be needed either to connect the existing roadway in locations where the road is discontinuous,or in other locationswhere safety considerationssuggest that a new road segmentis preferableto upgradingthe existing road. Somevillages like Mbang Rey and Mbai Mboum in Cameroonwill be by-passed. Construction of new road segments on the road betweenMeidougou and Komewill involvethe same designcriteria and specificationsused for the roadupgrade. 6.1.3.4 Access Roads Access to the land easement of the Transportation System pipeline will be by existing, upgradableroads and trackswherever possible. New access roads, if required,will be routed to avoid or minimize impacts on sensitive environmental resources. Access roads will be constructedon a compactedsubgrade and, if required,with a lateriteaggregate base as surface dressing. The accessroads will be slopedto providepositive drainage and avoid erosion. The roadscope of works will be based on: * Roadwidthof6to7m * Transversalslope: 2 to 3 percent * Clearedvegetation - 2 to 5 m each side, if required * Grades in excess of 5 percentgenerally avoided * If used, surfaceof the roadwill be laterite. After construction is complete, temporary access roads to the land easement will be decommissionedas needed and an active revegetation program followed. Access roads leadingto continuouslyused infrastructurewill be maintained. May 1999 6-4 PD English Text 0428.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 6.1.3.5 Road DesignCriteria Project-relatedtraffic levelsare estimatedto peakat approximately35 truck movementspear day (eachway) with the majority of the traffic on the road between Ngaoundaland Kome. Other routes, including the existing roadways between Douala and Kribi and between Douala and Lolodorf,are expectedto carry a peak load of approximately16 truck movementsper day (each way). Roads will be designedfor maximumvehicle speeds of 60 km per hour (kph) under normal loads as defined by nationalstandards. Certainsections will be designedwith a reduceddesign speed. The maximumallowable speed for oversizedproject loads will be 20 kph in restricted areas including village crossings, blind curves, steep inclines, major intersections,,river crossings,and at-grade rail crossings. Roadwaysigns will be installedin accordancewith nationalstandards and symbolsusing metric units. Both regulatory and waming signage will be posted along roads where appropriate. Regulatorysigns will provide notice of traffic laws or regulations. Waming signs will call attentionto conditionsalong the road that are potentiallyhazardous to traffic operations. Each roadwidth restrictionor speed limitationwill be announcedwith adequatewarning signs. Paved roads and existing laterite roads will be designedand upgraded accordingto the typical cross sectionshown on Figure6-2. 6.1.4 Mb6r6 RiverBridge The bridge across the Mber6 River (Figure6-3) will be situated5 km southeastof Mbai Mlboum near the Cameroon-Chadborder. It will have a total length of 108m divided into two central spans of 32 m, and two lateral spans of 22 m. The three piers and the abutmentswill be founded directly on the bedrock. The bridge superstructurewill consist of a prefabiicated reinforcedconcrete slab 10 m wide. Two circulationlanes of 3.5 m and two walkwayswill allow traffic on the bridge. 6.1.5 StorageYards In addition to the Port of Douala yard, eleven storage yards will be constructedto stage materials and support pipeline and pump station construction activities. The approximate locationsare shown on Figure6-4. Five storageyards locatedat Ngoumou,Batchenga, Nanga Eboko, Belabo, and Ngaoundalwill be connectedwith the main railroad by a rail siding. The Ngaoundal yard will be used for consolidationand the interim storage of materials and equipmentbound for Chad and the northemCameroon part of the project. Locations,sizes and primaryfeatures of the storageyards are indicatedin Table6-1, and a typical layoutis shown in Figure6-5. PD English Text 04-28.doc 6-5 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT The Kom6 yard will be part of the oil field facilitiesand mainly store materialsand equipmentfor the OC, gathering stations, and drilling activities. Kome will not be used to store pipe for the pipelineconstruction. The Douala, Ngaoundal,and Kome yards will be used solely for the storageof materials and equipment. During the construction phase, the logistics contractorwill operate these three yards. Site work will include vegetationclearing, topsoil stripping, earthwork,laterite gravel pavement (typically comprising0.30 m of laterite),drainage, and where appropriate,construction of rail spurs. An access roadwill connectthe storageyard to an existingroad. Approximately70 percentof the area will be assignedas pipe and materials storage,with the remaining area dedicated for moveableconstruction camps for logistics, pipeline and pump station contractors,and for maneuveringroads. The constructioncamps will be equippedwith fencing,lighting, buildings, and other equipmentneeded for yard operations. A truck park will be constructedon each side of the Mbere River bridgeto facilitatethe transit of materials and equipmentat the Cameroon/Chadborder. Typical civil works will be similar to those plannedfor the storageyards. Customsand securitybuildings for traffic not relatedto the projectwill be erectedat these truck parks. 6.1.6 Air Fields Air transportationwill be neededfor moving personneland critical materials,and for emergency situations during construction and operations. The following private airfield and aircraft accommodationswill be plannedto supplementexisting in-country airports: * One airfield located southeastof the communitycenter in the Kome area for personneland cargo transportation;it will allow transportationof oversized/overweightloads by heavy carrier * One laterite landingstrip at eachof the pumpsstations in Cameroonsuitable for visual flight access by Twin Ottertype aircraft and helicopters * One helipad at the PRS. Upgrades of existing landing strips at Belabo, Ngaoundal, Baibokoum,and Bessao will be handled on an as needed basis. Limited fuel storagewill be providedfor the Twin Otters at each landing strip. A typical layoutof an airfieldis shown in Figure6-6. Temporaryairstrips or helipadswill be locatednear maincontractor's camps in Meiganga,BMlel, and Dompta. The intemationalairport in Doualawill be used by heavycargo aircraftfor take off of the oversized/overweightloads to be deliveredto the Komeairfield. May 1999 6-6 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 6.1.7 Telecommunications The telecommunicationssystem provides consistencywith current Exxon Corporationsystem architecturestandards during constructionand developmentactivities through the operationof the project. A comprehensivestate-of-the-art satellite-based telecommunications system has been designed. A satellite-derivednetwork is preferredbecause it can be rapidly implemented and does not require extensive site development. The integrated system will employ conventionalIntelsat service to link field sites, includingpump stations,the PRS, the OTCC in Douala, and the FSO vessel. Communicationwith the field facilities in Chad will be handled with a similar satellite-basedsystem. The system also links offices in N'Djamena,Douala, and Houstonwith the construction,pipeline, and productionfacilities. An early systemwas installed to support the drilling, exploration operations, and field studies. It will be upgraded to the permanentdesign to support constructionand operationof the project. This system will also support project automation and computing. The system is composedof the following major components: * Satellite communicationsnetwork (Intelsat/Inmarsat) * Telephonesystem (e.g., carrier serviceand PABXs) * High frequencyand very high frequencyradio systems * Microwavesystems (offshore and interfield) * Personalcomputers with associatednetwork links e Aviation (flight following). The satellite-basedsystem is the main telecommunicationssystem for the oil field development area, TransportationSystem, and FSO. This systemis capableof supportingthe project'slocal and intemationalvoice and data requirements. The wireless telecommunicationsfacilities are intendedto providea safe and reliable operatingenvironment in remotelocations not served by the public network. This system will enable the Pipeline AutomationSystem and the Block Valve Interfacesutilizing the master automationunit to collect pipeline block valve statLisand pump stationdata on operations. Constructionof the system uses a modular design. The modulesare self-contained(i.e., base system componentsand generators),and form the hubs for the final system. Radio repeater sites along the pipeline route, automation for pipeline and production, and field ancl local telephone systems are linked together through these communication hubs. The telecommunicationscenters will be used for the pipeline constructionactivities. There will be five locationsfor the permanenthubs. They are: * Kome/DobaOC and Pump Station No. 1 * Douala/OilTraffic Control Center PD English Text 04-28.doc 6-7 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHAD EPORT PROJECT * Pump Station No. 2 * Pump Station No. 3 * PRS and FSO. A very high frequency (VHF) radio system is proposedfor communicationsbetween the fixed locationssuch as the OTCC in Doualaand remotefield areas, and for telecommunicationswith remotely operated pipeline block valves. A network of VHF/UHF radio sites will extend the range of mobile telecommunications along the entire pipeline route. Remote telecommunicationstower sites will measure 20 m x 20 m and will require construction of entrances for occasional maintenance. The access roads will be 4 m wide and designed to accommodate4-wheel drive trucks; the lengths will vary by location. Table 6-2 provides the proposedlocations of all telecommunicationstower sites, includingthose at fixed facility sites. The telecommunicationstowers selected for use will be freestandingand self-supporting to minimizethe footprint. Except for the entrances,minimal clearingoutside of the 20 m x 20 m areas will be required. The telecommunicationstowers range in height from 10 m to 50 m based on surroundingterrain. The towers will not be lighted. For security purposes,the sites will be fencedand one unarmedsecurity guard will be hired for each site, on a full-time basis, to monitor the site. The layout of a typical telecommunicationssite is shown in Figure 6-7. Both the telecommunicationstowers and blockvalve sites are shownon Figures5-2a through 5-2d. 6.1.8 Waste Facilities The proposedproject will generatevarious types and volumes of solid, liquid, petroleum-based, and hazardouswastes during constructionand operationsof facilities. Waste management guidelinesthat includethe prohibitionand/or substitution of certainchemicals and the reduction, reuse, treatment,and environmentallyacceptable disposal of project-relatedwaste have been prepared. Required waste managementfacilities will be constructedand managed by the project. A project-levelwaste managementplan has been preparedbased on these guidelines. Area/contractor-specificwaste managementplans for major constructionactivities will also be drafted duringthe final engineeringand designphases of the project. Waste managementfacilities designed and constructedas part of the project and the respective wastes disposedof or treated during constructionand operationof the project are presented on Table 6-3. These facilities will be designed to meet applicable World Bank guidelines and internationalstandards for waste managementpractices. No radioactivewastes are expected to requiredisposal in Chad or Cameroon,and will not be accepted at project waste facilities. Radioactivesources are commonly used in petroleum industry projects for quality control purposes, and any such sources imported for project purposes will be exported for disposal. Any radioactive sources originating in Chad or May 1999 6-8 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRI,PTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 Cameroonwill be subject to disposalaccording to the provisionsof Chadian or Cameroonian law, respectively,and will not be acceptedfor disposalin projectfacilities as currentlydesigned. Waste Volumes and Characteristics- Preliminaryestimates of waste volumes have!been made for various locationsand phases of the project and are shown in Table 6-4. These are order-of-magnitudeestimates for determiningdisposal options. In estimatingwaste amounts, it was necessaryto makesome assumptions. Theseassumptions include: * No pre-existinginfrastructure is available in the project area for waste managementand disposal * Oil-contaminatedsoil will be expected to result from small spills and leaks as a result of normalconstruction and operationsactivities. Waste ManagementFacilities - No pre-existinginfrastructure is available in the project area that meets the needs for waste managementand disposal.Five landfills, constructedin stages and containing both hazardous and non-hazardouswaste cells, are proposed for hacndling project-relatedwaste: Kome, Dompta, Belabo, Ngaoundaland Kribi. The largest landfill at Komewill occupyapproximately 12 ha. The landfillsin the vicinity of the two pump stationsand the PRS will be approximately4 ha in size, with the site at Ngaoundalbeing half the size. An incinerator appropriate for destruction of medical wastes, oily debris, domestic wastes, combustiblechemicals, and oily processessludge will also be installedat the landfill sites. Sewage Collection,Treatment, and DisposalSystems - Wastewatercollection, trealtment, and disposal systems will be required at each manned facility. The wastewater generated during both constructionand operationswill be treated in a sewage treatment systelmand disposedin accordancewith World Bank guidelines. The design capacity of the sewage treatment system, either a packaged plant and/or septic system, will be based on the resident and day labor personnel population. The treatment methodswill be capableof processingpeak sewageinfluent flows and meeting project effluent or receiving water quality guidelines. The treated effluent will be dischargedto a subsurface infiltration system, surface absorption or evaporation ponds, or perennial surface waters. Potentialleaching or erosionat disposallocations will be considered. 6.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE The various infrastructurecontractors will determine the size of the constructionwork, force. The anticipated construction staff will consist of approximately 1,500 nationals arnd 200 expatriatesduring the peak constructionperiod. PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 6-9 - Allay1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT 6.2.1 Materials Management A Materials Management System will be developed with the Logistics Contractor to move project materials from worldwide marshaling yards to Douala and the final destination. Materials to be utilized for construction in Cameroon largely will be transported to storage yards either from the port of Douala via the national rail system using Ngaoundal as a railhead, or to a lesser extent, over the national road system. From Ngaoundal, the materials will be transported over repaired or upgraded existing infrastructure or via the pipeline land easement. In the westem section of the project, the materials will be transported from Douala via the existing roads to Kribi and Lolodorf which do not require upgrading, and via the railway for the Ngoumou, Batchenga, Nanga Eboko, and Belabo storage yards. Most of the material destined for Chad will be carried from the port of Douala by rail to Ngaoundal, and then by road across the Cameroon-Chad border at the Mbere River southeast of Touboro. Loads transported by road or rail will have a maximum weight of 60 tonnes. Approximately 36 heavy cargo flights will rotate through Kome, Chad from the airport in Douala over the construction period, representing about one percent of the total material required. 6.2.2 Roads Initial work will focus on establishing work camps and laydown areas for material. In Cameroon, the two construction camps will be at Belel and Dompta, while in Chad, the one construction camp will be at Bam. Camps will include housing accommodations and catering facilities for the contractor's management staff. Also included in the camp facilities will be related workshops and water treatment, wastewater treatment, incinerators, and waste handling systems. The actual construction of the roads will begin with clearing and grubbing operations where work expands beyond the existing cleared right-of-way. The majority of road upgrade work will be within the existing open right-of-way. Vegetation clearing for up to 5 meters on each side of the road will be performed where safety is a concem such as curves and intersections. Clearing operations will primarily be accomplished with appropriate construction equipment with existing vegetation being windrowed along the downslope side of the cleared area to control runoff. During this clearing effort, the contractor will strip and preserve topsoil and use it to provide a suitable growth medium for revegetation of disturbed areas. Current plans call for several spreads of equipment to be mobilized for the road work. Three spreads are planned for Chad and two spreads are planned for Cameroon. Each spread might consist of bulldozers, excavators, graders, compactors, water trucks, haul trucks, and crew trucks for transporting workers. The drainage improvements will follow the early clearing work. Drainage improvements will vary from upgrading of existing road ditches to constructing entirely new culverts with headwalls. May 1999 6-10 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI Extending existing culverts where their size and elevations are adequate will also be considered. Contractorwork in existing drainage courses will be coordinatedwith weather conditions. Completingthe installationof culverts to control runoff across road construction areas will be an early priority. For some water crossings,the existing structures will be upgraded while establishinga temporary water crossing as required to accommodatelocal traffic. The locationsof laterite borrow pits will be selected based upon constructionneeds and the availabilityof laterite. The sides of the borrow pit will be sloped efficientlyto prevent injury to personnel, livestock, and wildlife, and to prevent erosion. Reclamationprovisions include topsoil conservationand replacement. Traffic safety in the constructionareas will be an integral and high priority element. Traffic control devices will include signs, barricades,devices, and flagging. Constructionequipment will be parked sufficientlyaway from the traveled roadwaywhen not in use. At the end of the work day, signs will be covered or removedfrom the traffic view to a locationfar enough from the road so as not to be a hazard to motorists. Where the constructionactivity cannot be completedin a normal work day, adequatewarning lights and barricadeswill be placed to allow safe operationof vehiclesduring the night. Routineinspection of traffic control elements will be performed. Maintenancework will consist of cleaning and reshaping the drainage ditches as well as removing sedimentation accumulation in the sediment ponds. Repairs to erosion control features such as silt fences and diversionchannels will also be included. The road plafformwill requiregrading, watering, and compactionof the lateritesurface. Additional lateritewill also be requiredin certainareas of high use or damagefrom rainfallevents. Maintenancework will be planned and conductedwith the safety of the motorist,pedestrian, and worker in mind at all times. Traffic control will be integral to the effort with adequatewaming signs and flagmen positionedat each area of work. To avoid damagingthe road during the rainy seasons,a rain barriersystem will be installedand operated in compliancewith appropriateCameroonian and Chadian regulations. Dust control will be performedby wateringor other meanssuch as chemicaltreatment. Wateringwill consist of spraying water over the width of the roadway utilizingconventional water trucks equipped with sprayers. Water sources will be streams, dammed watercourses,or water wells, The project will provide road maintenance and dust control for a limited period of time after commencementof operationsin accordancewith the Conventionof Establishment. PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 6-11 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT 6.2.3 StorageYards Storage yard constructionwill be similar to the road work. Constructioncamps will be of the temporary and mobile type in Cameroonwhile in Chad the camp for the road work will be located near the GadjibianStorage Yard. Constructionwill begin with clearing and grubbing operations. Sheet flows from the disturbed areas will be larger and, therefore, require more substantial erosion control features to be installedand maintained. In southemCameroon, two constructionspreads will be mobilizedto constructthe eight storage yards. The Domptastorage yard and the truck parks at the border will be constructedby the road upgradeworkforce. Constructionwork, erosion control measures,and reclamationwork will all be similarto the road constructioneffort. 6.2.4 Mb6r6River Bridge The bridge constructionwill start with early activitiesincluding sand and aggregatestockpiling and pier/foundationwork in the Mbere River. This early work will be completedduring the low flow periodsfor the Mbere River. The contractorsenvironmental plans/procedures will describe construction methods for this work that minimize impacts on the Mbere River. The bridge construction,for example,will limit work in the river to piers and foundations;the actual deck work will be constructedon the Chad side abutmentand pushedonto the piers. The superficial foundationswill also limit the impact on river disturbances. Borrow pits for sand and gravel will be located near riverbeds while large boulders will be located along the road. Extractionsin sloped riversideswill be limited to avoid further erosion and difficultsite restoration. Riverbedborrow siteswill avoid well vegetatedand wetland areas. Borrowareas will also be sufficientlyaway from sites of future constructionto protect piers from eddying and localizedacceleration at the bottom of the piers. Borrow areas will be limited to riverbankswhich can be renewedduring rainyseason flows. 6.2.5 Telecommunications Remotetelecommunications sites will be cleared prior to the facility installation. The contractor working on the road upgradeswill be responsiblefor site clearing,soils preparation,and setting the tower and shelter foundations. An estimated20 personnelwill camp at the remote sites during the facility installation, which will involve telecommunicationstower erection and equipment installation. The remainingtelecommunications sites will be installed in sequence with the pipeline constructionusing the pipelineconstruction base campsfor support. May1999 6-12 PDEnglish Text 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOL,UME1 6.2.6 Waste Management The first contractorsin the field, the infrastructureand logistics contractors,will provide their own waste treatmentfacilities until the landfillsare constructed. In accordancewith the project waste management plan, the contractors will provide incinerators, interim waste storage facilities, permanent waste storagefacilities for select waste streams, and small shorl: term usage landfills at strategic locations if required. Incineratorsare required at all construction sites and certain inert wastes will be kept in interim storage until the common project service landfills are operational. Landfill constructionwill require earthwork,an access road, and the installationof a compositeliner, leachate collection system, and monitoringwells. During the constructionphase, the landfill and incineratorwill receive contractors'wastes for disposalon an "as approved"basis. Minimizationof waste volumesand material hauled to the landfill for disposal will be emphasized. The incinerator and landfill used for construction purposeswill be left in place and used duringthe operationsphase of the project. PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 6-13 May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT PROJECTDESCRIPTION TABLE 6-1 STORAGE YARDS Provisional Location New Existing Easement Areato be A Access RailSiding StorageYard Status Uti W Roadto be Roadto be Easting Northing Secured(ha) Used(ha) Constructed Upgraded Douala Permanent (Existing) 9.1 9.1 Existing Rehabilitationof existingrail spur Kribi Temporary 602054 323337 8.1 5.9 - 750 m Lolodorf Temporary 692738 358883 17.4 7.6 -- Ngoumou Permanent 758781 400677 15.9 8.3 1700m Newrail sidingto be ______constructed-700 m Batchenga Temporary 792575 473348 10.2 6.7 -- -- Rehabilitationof existingrail siding ______--600 m Nanga Temporary 211036 521809 21.5 15.7 600 m 600 m Newrail sidingto be Eboko constructed- 700 m B6labo Temporary 307145 543724 27.2 20.2 -- 3500 m New rail siding to be ______constructed- 750 m Ngaoundal Permanent 310664 715427 16.6 12.2 -- 2000 m New rail siding to be constructed- 700m Meidougou Temporary 410361 710798 28.9 13.3 -20 m -- Dompta Temporary 517333 808307 14.0 13.1 -- Gadjibian Temporary 528450 890850 15.9 14.4 -50 m Kom6* Permanent 354598* 940009* 11.5 8.2 -- * UTM WGS72 Coordinate Basis PD English Tables 04-28.doc May 1999 SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT TABLE 6-2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS REPEATER LOCATIONS Cameroon Douala Kribi Bidou Bipindi Lolodorf Mvengue Ngoumou South Yaounde Pass North Yaounde Pass Mt. Sousoumou Mt. Mengang Mt. Bomkene Beiabo PS No. 3 Goyoum Mouyal Mbele Pigberi Kongolo Ngaoundal Meiganga Gbal Ngaolougou Dompta Outstation Dompta PS No. 2 Mt. Zali Mt. Godoke N'Gara Miladi Kome CTF May1999 PD EnglishTables 04-28.doc SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT PROJECTDESCRIPTION TABLE6-3 PROPOSEDWASTE MANAGEMENTFACILITIES FACILITY __-_____-_WASTE Landfill NonhazardousWaste Cell Dewateredwastewater treatment sludge Refuse Tires Piggingresidue ash Scrapmetal and plastic Cementand concretewastes Usedrags, brushesand otherpaint wastes (not includingpaint) Drums,barrels, containers Incineratorash HazardousWaste Cell Batteries Noncombustiblehazardous wastes Incinerator ashes with high metals content Incinerator Foodwastes Refuse Medicalwastes Used lubricants,motor oil, transmissionoils, drive grease,cleaning solvents Oily filters Oily rags Scrap plastic Solvent-basedpaints/coatings Oil-baseddrilling fluids Fuel and lube oil filter sludges Used lube oil Usedhydrocarbon-based solvents, chemicals, additives(with hydrocarbonbases) Piggingwastes Sludges,slop oil, and tank bottoms WastewaterTreatment System Sewage Wash water Waterfrom containerwashing operations PD English Tables04-28.doc May 1999 SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT TABLE6-4 ESTIMATEDWASTE QUANTITIES jq? Field.Faiiities and Camps Landfill Nonhazardous (Tonnes) 36,000 15,000 Landfill Hazardous(Tonnes) 50 10 Incinerator(Tonnes) 11,000 4,000 Wastewater Treatment (m 500,000 165,000 3 ProducedWater TreatmentSystem (m ) 1,080,000 950,000 LandfillNonhazardous (tonnes) 2,800 1,000 Landfill Hazardous(tonnes) 40 2 Incinerator(tonnes) 2,200 990 WastewaterTreatment (m 3) 160,000 9,900 Pppeine Camps (2Total) ______Landfill Nonhazardous(tonnes) 500 LandfillHazardous (tonnes) 0 Incinerator(tonnes) 100 Wastewater Treatment Plant (m3 ) 140,000 Landfill Nonhazardous(tonnes) 200 LandfillHazardous (tonnes) 0 Incinerator(tonnes) 400 Wastewater Treatment (m3 ) 24,000 Incinerator(tonnes) 100 100 Wastewater Treatment (m 3 ) 4,000 3,000 1Amounts shown representtotal quantities. 2 Amounts shown representannual quantities beginning with the first year of operations. May 1999 PD English Tables 04-28.doc Chad BEBEDJIA MOUNDOU o 0 Location Map Nigeria T L BESSA, / ° =3 r~~~~~~~~~AIBOKO MBAI MBOUM NGAOUNDERE MAROUA-BOULAI Cameroon GOYOTMgE 0 NG Central African Republic _ a BATCHENs- / BERTOUA ] DOUALA , C) g~~~~~~~ S@UN~~YAUDE AYOS\ Atlantic A Ocean 50 0 50 Kilometers Congo IIUEND NPipeline 0 Cit~,fTown Export PROJECT TRANSPORTATION At Railroad E Bridge Chad Export Project INFRASTRUCTURE ' Major Project Access Roads A Truck Park Occasional Access Road and Light Traffic N2= FSO International Boundary DAMES MOORE A DAMES&MOORE GRO PCOMPA~W FIGURE 6-1 5.00m Vegetation Clearing 1.00 m 3.00m I 3.00m+ 1.50m 1.00m 3% 3% .'...... 2 3 Eatrthmoving Level 3 2 0.50 m 0.50 m NOTES 1. Laterite thickness variable from 10-30 cm. 2. Road widths reduced through villages as required. 3. Ditch size/slope variable and sized to accommodate water level. Not to Scale TYPICAL Chad Export Project ROADWAY CROSS SECTION S DAMES & MOORE FJ11 AD~AJM4&MOOREGICOMPANY FIGURE 6-2 Abutment Abutment Span I Q Span 2 Span 3 Span 4 22.00( m 32.000 m 32.000 m 22.000 m - Concrete Pier -----Gabions - Granitic Rock Foundation % MBERE RIVER Gabions Not to Scale Chad Export Project MBERE RIVER BRIDGE DAMES& MOORE K-11M A VAMES6&OREGROUP" AY FIGURE 6-3 Chad o ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MOUDNOU X X _.=, a ~~~~~~~~~~~ Location MapNigeria T S ~~~~~~~MBAIMBouXwtoot ( NGAOUNDERE DOMPTA 2 ~~~~~~ ~~~N'GAOUNDAMIGN SAROUA-BOUT.AICentral African Cameroon Republic 9f > ~~~~~~~NANGAEBOt AI N S T O R AGAT A R S r V Railroad Storage YBrai ardC CEEN GY h a d E x p o r t PBr E oR Tj O eU cAD tM ; 4 ~~~DOUALA a GufofOU DENGDD50 0G t0Klmtr Gune _AB LEGEND~~~~~~~~~~~~~E Xt ) EDEiAYOS _. YOUNE c FIGURE 6-4 : Gulf of 4 1 BIINDI A . Congo Guinea so o soKilometen LEGEND 4y Pipeline PentnanentStorage Yard ^/Railroad 13Temporry Storage Yard Chad Export Project MAIN STOPAGE YARDS Major Project Access Roads ° pCity/Town .,,,8' V4V OcanCsio°ntalAccEess Road FJSO s Intemational Boundary =,DAMES & MOORE '1A'OOR RD,-'GOU CR%AwFIGURi ' AiZhlEsb 6-4 Pipe Storage Area Berms Typical for All Storage Areas 6 m < 30m / . 6m 6m .F Cotrco'H -~~~~Fencej- 4 .. . . SECURE AREA Area PieSoae Pie toag L4 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Area*Area Limab Ofice 30-mr 3m 3Dm A A~ 0 X 9 Le w ceS Rouds > t~~~~~~~~~~~~~ip Sor oipeg Storage Beonrasctornstuedo 4-- LateriteSurfaced Roads -* 6m PLAN Berms constructed of suitable earth material, free of rock, vegetation, Storage Yard Road -_ or other objectionable matter 4,6.0m- 5.5 m 5mm 5 m-4.5 m,5.5 m 6.0 1 m "-5m,4-0~~~~~~4 YYA\N,~ SECTION A-A TYPICAL STORAGE YARD LAYOUT Nlote: Drainage to be installed, culverts to be provided so that pools of water are not trapped or forned in the storage yard. Not to Scale TYPICAL STORAGE YARD LAYOUT Chad Export Project DAMES & MOORE -. ADAMMSAWOREGROUPCOMFMAY FIGURE 6-5 Runway Approach! Approach/ Markers i See Detail "A" / Dcparture Departure Path Path ------''------i ------Ap on I in ClearedStripp OPERATION ZONE AroundArourd FiedField , 1k___4 ~ _ = = =__ _-=-_-_--=------=---,.-- =------.-=--=-_-_-_-----_ J 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~Windsock I7- Cleared Approach 160 in > 740 m 160 m Cleared Approach 1060in NEW AIRFIELD TYPICAL LAYOUT 42 m Access Road 4 m Widec Aircraft -- Tic-Downs DETAIL "A" Not to Scale Note: Total Land Required 46,500 m2 Access Roads not Included TYPICAL AIRFIELD Chad Export Project DAMES & MOORE ~~AUWAES&MO~EGR.UPCOMPA.NYFIGURE 6-6 15 to 20 meters X-X-X-X-X-X-X Fence X :4 Tower X X Communicat ions X X| Facilities 'X I - - - - . . SolarP anelss L-x-X X'X -Iv Access Road 4 meters wide NOTES: May be remote or located within pipeline right-of-way / adjacent to roadway. TYPICAL Chad Export Project TELECOMMUNICATIONS SITE E DAMES& MOORE . AjEADAMEa&MOOR-E-ROUPCOMPAN FIGURE 67 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 7.0 OPERATIONSPHASE This sectionprovides an overviewof theoperations activities for the project. 7.1 HIGHLIGHTSOF OPERATIONSSTRATEGY The strategicobjective is to effectivelyoperate all facilitieswhile maintaininghigh levels of safety, environmentalprotection, and technicalintegrity. This entails efficientstaffing and educatingthe new nationalworkforces in the applicationof provenpolicies and procedures.The followingfactors are to be consideredfor achievingthis objective: * Maintainhigh standards of safetyfor employees,contractors, and the public,and protectthe environmentand facilities that are criticalto systemoperation * Ensure productionand deliveryof crude oil to third-partytankers with high reliability standards * Providean FSOdesigned to achievea "zerodowntime" objective * Operatethe systemin a cost-effectivemanner * Safeguardthe integrityof the system * Balanceworkforce availability with operationalsafety and the abilityto train and assimilate qualifiedpersonnel * Optimizenear-term investments without compromising the long-term future of the project. "CoreValues" of theOperations organization are: * Highvalues for safety * "Economic/Efficient"systems * Easeof operabilitywith appropriate staffing * Simplified,low cost maintenance * Trainingprograms providing quality results * Prudenthealth/security/environmental values * StrongOperations Integrity Management System (OIMS) . Implementationand long-termoperations "targeted" for public and local community acceptance. To more fully communicatethe above Operationsobjectives and "Core Values," a comprehensiveOperations Philosophy has been developed for useon the ChadExport Project. The philosophyis consideredan "evergreendocument" and will be updatedto reflectcontinual PD English Text 04-28.doc 7-1 - Mlay 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT developmentof plans, strategies,and detail designs.The key componentsof this documentare the following: * OperationsMission, Vision, and Objectives * OperationsOrganization Principles * General OperationsStrategies * ProductionOperations and TransportationSystem Design Considerations. The generaldesign philosophyis to installfacilities that are simple to operate and maintain.The facilities will also be designedfor maximuminherent built-in security. The design will be based on conventional,well-proven technology and equipment. Standardizationof equipment and materialswill be maximized. 7.2 ORGANIZATIONALBASIC ASSUMPTIONS The operationalorganization will be composedof the followingcompanies: , EEPCI * COTCO , TOTCO. EEPCI headquartersin Houston will be establishedfor coordinationof activities. COTCO and TOTCOwill operate the TransportationSystem in Cameroonand Chad, respectively,and will have the same General Managerto ensure coordination. TOTCOwill have its headquartersin Chad near the CTF area and will share serviceswith the EEPCI functional organization. All critical company documentswill be printed in Frenchand Englishto ensure that their content is clearly understoodby all relevant parties. 7.3 ACTIVITYCATEGORIES Activities and staff positionsare being categorizedand evaluatedas "core" or "noncore". Core positionsare those consideredcritical requirementsfor mainstreambusiness and will be staffed by permanentpersonnel before startup.These positions include the following: * Staff management * Supervisory operations and maintenance positions (field operations and FSO Superintendent) * Productionengineering positions (artificial lift engineeringand field productionengineering) * Technicaloperation positions (field or facilityoperators) May 1999 7-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI * Planning(supervisory/management) * Administrative(supervisory/management) * Financial(supervisory/management) * Accounting(supervisory/management). Noncore positions are activities that are being considered for contractor staffing. These positionsinclude the following: * Contractoroperations and maintenancepersonnel; e.g., mechanical,instrument, electrical maintenance,road maintenance,and civil works and/orspecialized personnel in an activity that is not mainstream business (catering services, power plant operations, electric submersiblepump (ESP) maintenance,well servicing, pipeline maintenance,and all FSO operationsand maintenancepersonnel, except the FSO Superintendent) * Unskilledpositions (security guards, laborers, helpers, and drivers). 7.4 RECRUITMENT The number of permanent Operations employees will be only those needed to staff core positions, with contractorsfilling the noncore positions as defined above. The organizational needs will require a significantpopulation of expatriatesto effectivelyand safely start up the new operations. These expatriates will come from other Exxon organizations, affiliates, or contractorforces and will make a term commitmentto the project. Nevertheless,nationalization of the workforceis plannedto be as quick as feasiblewhile balancingthe workforceavailability with operationalsafety, training requirements,and overallefficiency. A significant challengefor training the workforce will be to educate new local workforces in applyingproven policiesand procedures. In the educationprocess, the traineeswill be required to demonstrateunderstanding of safety and environmentalpolicies and proceduresin addition to the technicalrequirements. An estimated 200 permanentpersonnel will be trained for operations during the life of the project. This estimateincludes EEPCI,COTCO, and TOTCO. Traineeswill be developedfor management,professional, technician, foreman, and operatorpositions. 7.5 CONTRACTING The operatingphilosophy is to use long-termemployees for operator/technicalcore positions and contractorsfor maintenancenoncore activities. These serviceswill be providedunder direct Operations supervision.Operations will provide limited support services to contractorswhere practical and cost-effective.Because of the absence of local companies able to supply the PD English Text 04-28.doc 7-3 MI\lay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT necessary operationsservices from the outset, it will be necessaryto encourageor establish contract service companies and local contractor resources beginning with the construction effort. At the start of operations,it is estimatedthat approximately450 contractorpersonnel will be requiredand that about 350 of these positionswill be staffed by nationals. Local labor requirements will be addressed in all service contracts. As a general rule, Operationswill not provide housing,catering, transport, or health servicesfor the contractorand subcontractoremployees. Nevertheless, Operations may recommendon a case-by-casebasis, that companyhousing, catering services,medical services, and facility utilities be used by some contractorforces as a cost controlapproach or wherewarranted by operationalefficiencies. 7.6 WORK SCHEDULEAND STAFFTRANSPORTATION The study of different work scheduleswas completedand the followingwas concluded: * Expatriatesin the field locationswill be on a "28 days on /28 days off' rotatingschedule * Expatriatepositions in Doualaand in N'Djamenawill be on non-rotatingfamily status * Nationalswill work a combinationof rotatingand non-rotatingschedules * OutsideAfrica employeeswill work a non-rotatingschedule. Operations will provide bus transportation,as required, to shuffle the local workforce from designated pickup points in the nearest villages according to the work schedule. This methodologywill be concentratedin the Miandoum,Bolobo, Kome productionfacilities and the OperationsCenter. Also, a similar systemmay be used along theTransportationSystem at PS No. 2 and PS No. 3. 7.7 COMMISSIONINGAND STARTUP It is anticipatedthat commissioningand startupwill utilize a combinationof resourcesincluding project management and construction contractor staff, equipment vendors, specialized commissioningand supportstaff, and Operationspersonnel. The overall startup processwill be the responsibilityof Operations. Key considerationsin developingthe detailedcommissioning and startup plans include: * Safe startup with no environmentalincidents * Maximize use of in-country project management team engineering, procurement, and constructionresources in conjunctionwith the permanentoperating staff * Early involvementof key operationsand maintenancepersonnel in commissioningand start- up planning May 1999 7-4 PD Englisi, Text 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCR,fPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 * Seamlesstransition from commissioningand startupactivities to normaloperations * Cost-effective startup with hydrocarbon resources brought on-stream as efficiently as possible. 7.8 LOGISTICSAND MATERIALSMANAGEMENT An "enterprise" contractor with major logistics "hubs" in Douala and Kome will provide the overall logistics and transportationfunctions during the operations phase. The construction phase logistics contractorwill be leveragedto maximizethe benefit to the system established for the operationalphase. Local and regionalsupply marketswill be surveyedand used, as well as logisticopportunities with alreadyestablished service companies. 7.9 OPERATIONSAND MAINTENANCE The Operationsand Maintenance(O&M) framework is being developedusing the following key philosophies: * Use contractors for noncore O&M positions working within an enterprise Materials ManagementSystem * If feasible, use a single source contractor from design to maintenance (for example: automation,power plant) * Leverage existing and construction phase contractors/resources/facilitiesfor the O&M phases. Negotiated contracts may be a viable solution; e.g., aviation, fuels, security, catering,logistics, power plant * Be prepared to use competitive bidding. Cost-plus incentives and contractor alliance conceptsshould be evaluatedas contractingmethodologies * Safety, nationalization, and local subcontractor utilization development plans are key elementsof each O&M contract. The O&M processwill have the objectiveof determiningthe O&M requirementsof the asset and ensuringthat its design/mechanicalcapacity continues for its intendedoperating function. The main thrustsof the processmust emphasize that: * Risks are managedby an establishedlifecycle cost-maintenance concept * All tasks are done in a qualityand professionalmanner to deal with failures that could affect significantassets * "Enterprise" maintenance principles are established and understood and are part of the Operations culture to avoid safety/environmental/qualityproblems and related risks and to ensure that maintenanceis done economicallyand efficiently. PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 7-5 - May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 8.0 DECOMMISSIONING This sectionprovides an overviewof the decommissioningactivities that will be undertakenafter construction and after each facility ceases operation. Decommissioning refers Ito the dismantling,decontamination and removal of process equipment and facility structures; the removal of surface installations;and recontouringthe land and planting vegetation to prevent soil erosion as appropriate. Assuming there is no other use for field facilities, all structures includingproduction, processing, treatment, storage, pumping, power, and related infrastructure facilities will be dismantled. Decommissioningis implementedafter each facility has ceased operationand pipingand equipmenthave been deactivated. 8.1 DECOMMISSIONINGPRINCIPLES All assets owned by the Consortium will become the property and responsibility of the appropriategovernment, without compensation, on the date of expiry,termination of convention or concession relinquishmentin accordancewith existing agreements. If the government chooses not to use the asset(s), the Consortiumwill remove abovegroundfacilities at the expense of the Consortium. Similarly, the Consortium will transfer ownership to the government,without compensation,all producing wells in good working order, except if the govemment requires their abandonment. Wells that cannot be used for production may be taken by the govemmentwithout cost and convertedby the govemmentto water wells. In the latter stages of the project's operations phase, a complete and comprehensive DecommissioningPlan will be prepared,specifying the activitiesthat will be undertakenduring the decommissioningand abandonmentphase of the project. In certain circumstances, equipment and/or buildings may be transferredto the Republic of Chad or the Republic of Cameroon,as appropriate. The DecommissioningPlan will comply with the provisionsof the Convention of Establishment signed between TOTCO and the Republic of Chad; the Conventionfor Exploration,Exploitation, and Transportationof Hydrocarbonsin Chad signed betweenthe Consortiumand the Republicof Chad; applicableRepublic of Chad legislation;the provisionsof the Conventionof Establishmentsigned between COTCO and the Republic of Cameroon;applicable Republic of Cameroonlegislation; and recognizedinternational staindards for the petroleumindustry. Future decommissioningprocedures will be in accordancewith internationalstandards in place at the time of decommissioningactivity. For example,if decommissioningwere to occur today, standards would be based on the Exploration and Production (E&P) Forum report titled "Decommissioning,Remediation, and ReclamationGuidelines for Onshore Exploration and ProductionSites, No. 2.70/242"dated October1996, and the E&P Forum report titled "Offshore PipelineDecommissioning" dated August 1997. PD EnglishText 04-28.doc 8-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPOR77NG DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT 8.2 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE During pipeline construction,temporary support infrastructureincluding access roads, bridges, storageyards, and camps will be located near or adjacentto the pipelineeasement. Duringthe constructionof each road, bridge, or facility,the site will be clearedand topsoil from the site will be stripped and stored for later use. As the infrastructure,logistics, and pipeline contractors move from areas where constructionhas been completed,the support facilities and roads will be decommissionedif no further use is warranted. Buildings, fencing,and other components will be demolishedand removed,or reusedat anotherlocation, as appropriate. 8.2.1 Site Reclamation Construction related sites to be decommissionedand reclaimed will be recontoured and restoredso that the pre-disturbancevegetation can re-establishitself in a short period of time. Reclamationwill be limited to disturbedareas of the site. To facilitate revegetation,mitigation measuresthat may apply includefertilizing and seeding,mulching, and surfacetexturing. Close attention will be paid to areas where erosion potential is high. Large plots of land such as storage yards, borrow pits, and main camp sites will be revegetatedand maintaineduntil plant growth is established. 8.2.2 Grading and SurfaceReclamation Disturbed areas where temporary construction facilities existed will be retumed to natural contourswhere possible. Areas of high erosion will be identified in the field and treated with special design measures that may include anti-erosionmats or mulching.Compaction of the subsoil will be relievedby scarificationin areas of disturbance. The topsoil stored during the clearing phase of constructionwill be returnedto the site, evenly spread and lightly packed to prevent depressionsand water pockets. In areas where topsoil was not stripped, the surface will be ripped or scarifiedto relieve compaction. Gradingand surface reclamationactivities will not take place when the topsoil is muddy or the subsoilis wet. 8.2.3 Revegetation If seeding and planting is needed, native seed mixtures or plant seedlings used will be compatiblewith local soil conditionsand climatic zones. Seed will be applied uniformly in a manner appropriatefor the type of seed used, and will be placed in a firm, moist seedbedat a suitable depth. Seedlingswill be plantedat a densityand in a mannerconducive to successful growth. In disturbed temporary construction site areas with little topsoil or naturally sparse vegetation,fertilization and mulchingmay be included in the site reclamationwork. Seeded or planted sites failing to show successfulgrowth after one growing season will be assessed to determinecauses for failure, and correctionswill be madeas appropriate. May 1999 8-2 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTnON CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 8.3 OPERATIONSPHASE 8.3.1 Oil Field DevelopmentArea 8.3.1.1 Wells,Wellheads and Pads Consistentwith industry standards,decommissioning activities will commencewhen wells are no longer necessaryfor the oil field operations. After productionceases, all wells associated with the Kome, Bolobo, and Miandoum Fields will be decommissionedin accordancewith appropriateChadian statutes and regulationsand recognizedintemational industry standards. The productivehorizon will be isolated with cement. The wellheadswill be removedand the structures dismantledfor recycling,sold for scrap, or disposedof properly. The wells will be permanently plugged with cement and abandoned in such a way to protect groundwater resources. Well casings will be cut off below grade, capped, and backfilled. In certain circumstances,at the requestof the govemment,a well may be convertedto a water well by the governmentfor use by the local population. Well pads will be removed and integrated into surroundingterrain or used to fill remainingborrow pits. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriatevegetation will be plantedto preventsoil erosion. 8.3.1.2 Flowlinesand GatheringStations Flowlineswill be drained, cleaned, filled with an inert substance,capped, and abandoinedin place. All flowlinesare buried to a depthto preventinterference with agricultureactivities. Any surface penetrationsof the flowlines will be removed for recycling or scrap. All gathering stations will be dismantled and scrapped, or disposed of in compliance with applicable regulations. Reusable components will be reconditioned or recycled for future usie with permission of the govemment. Buildings will be demolishedand disposed of properly or ownership will be transferred to the govemment. The land surface will be recontouredand appropriatevegetation will be plantedto preventsoil erosion. 8.3.1.3 OperationsCenter and AssociatedStructures The OperationsCenter and its related structureswill be transferredto the Republic of Chad or with proper authorization,they will be dismantled and removed. The land surface wNillbe recontouredand vegetationwill be plantedto preventsoil erosion. 8.3.2 OnshorePipeline and RelatedFacilities 8.3.2.1 Pipelineand Land Easement The undergroundexport pipelinewill be decommissionedin accordancewith applicablestatutes and regulations,and intemationalindustry standards. Residual hydrocarbonswill be cleaned from the pipeline and the pipeline will be filled with inert material,sealed, and abandonedin PD English Text 04-28.doc 8-3 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT place. All abovegroundfacilities such as valves, tubing, and gauges will be dismantled for recycling,sold for scrap, or disposedof properly. The actionstaken during abandonmentof the onshore pipelinewill ensure that it: * Does not becomea potentialsource of contaminationto surfacewater or groundwater * Will not act as a conduitfor surfacewater or groundwater * Will not become a hazard if exposed by subsequentstreambed scour and/or surface erosion. Natural vegetation growth will be encouraged along the pipeline land easement. Induced access management controls will be left in place along the pipeline land easement and ownershiptransferred to the govemment,as appropriate. 8.3.2.2 PumpStations / PressureReducing Station Equipmentfrom the pump stationsand the PRS will be dismantled,recycled, or disposed of in compliancewith applicableregulations. Reusablecomponents will be reconditionedor recycled for future use. The buildings will be demolished (the foundation will be broken up), and disposedof properly,or ownershipwill be transferredto the govemmentfor other potential uses. The land surfacewill be recontouredand appropriatevegetation will be plantedto prevent soil erosion. 8.3.3 MarineTerminal and OffshoreStructures 8.3.3.1 Subsea Pipelineand RiserFacilities The subsea pipeline from the shore crossing to the FSO will be cleaned to remove hydrocarbons. The pipeline on the sea floor will be filled with inert material, sealed, and abandoned in place. The actions taken during abandonmentwill ensure that the subsea pipeline is not a source of oil contamination. To the extent required by the Republic of Cameroon,the riserfacilities will be removedand soldfor scrap or reusedat another location. 8.3.3.2 FloatingStorage and OffloadingVessel The FSO vessel will be drained of cargo and the vapor spaces of the tanks will be blanketed with an inert gas under positive pressure. The vessel and related buoys and mooringswill be removed and sold for scrap or reused at another location. Pile foundationsfor the mooringswill be cut at the mudlineand the buriedportion will be abandonedin place. May 1999 8-4 PD EnglishText 04-28.doc PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 8.3.4 Infrastructure 8.3.4.1 Power Plant Two potential options are foreseen for the power plant and its associated facilities. One option is that ownership of the facility will be transferred to the Republic of Chad for ultimate integration into the national electric grid. The other option is that the plant will be completely dismantled and removed, and then sold for scrap, recycled, or disposed of properly. Components such as valves, pumps, motors, and instruments will be reconditioned and reused or sold wiith the approval from the Republic of Chad. If this option is exercised, the land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion 8.3.4.2 Airstrips and Associated Structures There are two options for the decommissioning of airstrips. The first will be a transfer of its ownership to the appropriate government. The second option is to remove the airstrip and its associated structures, which will involve recycling or reconditioning reusable components for future use with approval from the appropriate govemment. Remaining components will be properly disposed. If the airstrip and structures are to be removed, the land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.4.3 Telecommunications Sites and Permanent Storage Yards The telecommunications sites, permanent storage yards, and associated structures and fences will be transferred to the appropriate government, or they will be dismantled and rernoved. Reusable components will be recycled or reconditioned for future use. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.4.4 Road and Railroad Access In most cases, roads and railroads utilized by the project are part of the existing infrastructure of the respective countries and no action will be taken. Where a new road adds little or no value to the existing infrastructure, the road will be abandoned and reclaimed. 8.4 DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED MATERIALS AND RESIDUES Eaghsite with the pgtential fgr hydr9oarbWn contaminatign will De identified, characterized, and assessed for contamination. Contaminated soils will be removed and replaced with clean fill, or remediated in place in accordance with applicable regulations and standard industry practices in place at the time of actual decommissioning. Remediation and/or treatment methods will be selected based on proven and effective technologies that will minimize or eliminate the potential for further contamination of the environment. PD English Text 04-28.doc 8-5 - May 1999 PROJECTDESCRIPTION SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORTPROJECT Containerssuch as empty drums,portable tanks, and storagebins will be retumedto vendors; cleanedand recycled; cleanedand crushedfor scrap; or landfilled. Fluids and/orsludge from processvessels, storage tanks, and the pipelinewill be recoveredand properlydisposed. Any hazardousmaterials will be packaged,labeled, and taken to the project's hazardouswaste facility for disposal. Projectsolid waste landfillswill complywith a final closureplan, 8.5 RESPONSIBILITYAND MONITORING 8.5.1 Chad Decommissioningactivities and facilitatingthe funding of those activitieswill be the obligation and responsibilityof TOTCO for the pipeline and pump station and EEPCI for the field productionfacilities. Decommissioning work itself will be performedby one or more contractors working under the direct supervisionof EEPCI/TOTCO.EEPCI/TOTCO will be responsiblefor monitoringthe environmentaland socioeconomicaspects of the decommissioningeffort. The monitoring will occur throughout the project's decommissioningphase. EEPCI/TOTCO environmentalspecialists and/or independent consultants may be calledin periodicallyto audit the nvironmentalcomponents of the decommissioningeffort. Appropriateofficials from the Republicof Chad will be responsiblefor monitoringthe project's decommissioningwork to verify its compliancewith applicableregulatory requirements and the terms and conditionscontained in the project'slegal documents. 8.5.2 Cameroon Decommissioningactivities and facilitatingthe fundingof those activitieswill be the obligation and rTpno blity of COTCO.Decommissioning work Itself will be performedby one or more contractorsworking under the direct supervisionof COTCO. COTCOwill be responsiblefor monitoringthe environmentaland socioeconomicaspects of the decommissioningeffort. The monitoringwill occur throughoutthe project'sdecommissioning phase. COTCO environmental specialists and/or independent consultants may be called in periodically to audit the environmentalcomponents of the decommissioningeffort. Appropriateofficials from the Republic of Cameroonwill be responsiblefor monitoringthe project'sdecommissioning work to verify its compliancewith applicableregulatory requirements and the terms and conditionscontained in the project'slegal documents. May 1999 8-6 PD English Text 04-28.doc SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS VOLUME 1 LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS MAY 1999 LUSTOF STUDIES/REPORTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI LISTOF STUDIESIREPORTS The following list of Studies/Reportsis the majority of the documents used as reference documentsduring the preparationof the environmentaldocumentation package for the Chad Export Project. Additionalreferences may be found in individualvolumes of the environmental documentationpackage. The list of Studies/Reportsis presented in alphabetical order by author. Pleasenote that documentsin the list of Studies/Reportsare presentedin the language in which they were written and this list will not be translated. The followingdocuments are includedas part of the list of Studies/Reports,and representthose documentsthat were releasedfor public review and commentassociated with the Chad Export Projectbetween October, 1997 and September,1998. Dames& Moore, 1997c. EnvironmentalAssessment: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. Dames & Moore, 1997d. EnvironmentalAssessment: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. EPR (Exxon Production ResearchCompany), 1998a. CameroonCompensation Plan, Chad Export Project,June 1998. EPR (Exxon ProductionResearch Company), 1998b. Chad Compensationand Resettlement Plan, Chad Export Project,February 1998. EPR (Exxon Production Research Company), 1998c. Environmental Management Plan: CameroonPortion, Chad Export Project,February 1998. EPR (Exxon ProductionResearch Company),1997. EnvironmentalManagement Plan: Chad Portion,Chad ExportProject, November1997. STUDIES4a.DOC i May1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 "A Survey of Blood Pressure Distribution in Pygmy and Bantu Populations in Cameroon," Hypertension, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 108-113, January 1996. A/Rahman, S.H., et al, "Gender Aspects and Women's Participation in the Control and Management of Malaria in Central Sudan," Soc. Sci. Med., Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1433- 1446,1995. Abane, S., Delfini, L., Carte 6pidemiologique du Paludisme de la Republique Federale du Cameroun," Document service d'eradication du paludisme, OMS: project Cameroun, 28, Yaounde, 1969. "Actualisation des Donnees Epidemiologiques sur la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine Au Cameroun," Programme national de lutte contre /a Trypanosomiase, bull liais doc - OCEAC, Vol 29, N°. 3, pp. 37-40, 1996. Adler, A., Tardits, C., Princes et serviteurs du royaume: cinq 6tudes de monarchies africaines, Paris: Soci6t6 d'ethnographie, 1987. Adoum, M., Resultats de l'enquete demographique sur les villages "Gestion de Terroir," Bebedjia, 1993. Aebischer, M.L., Martorona, M.C., Costa, F., et al, "Evaluation of the sensitivity of microfilter paper assay in an anthropological study: results of samples from Cameroon and Tanzania," AnthropologischerAnzeiger,Vol. 48, pp. 15-23, 1990. "Africa's AIDS Experts Turn to Antibiotics to Slow the Epidemic," The Wall Street Joumal, Vol. 135, No. 126, Friday, December27, 1996. "African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)," UNDPNVorld BankMVHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). 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May 1999 64 - STUDIES4a.DOC SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS VOLUME I LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS MAY 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI TABLEOF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 2.0 HUMANENVIRONMENT ...... 1 ELLENBROWN ...... 1 MUNEERASALEM-MURDOCK ...... 2 ROBERTMOTT ...... 3 PANDORASNETHKAMP ...... 3 GEORGEKOPPERT (GEPFE) ...... 4 ALAIN FROMENT(GEPFE) ...... 4 SERGEBAHUCHET (GEPFE) ...... 5 JEAN-FELIXLOUNG ...... 5 GODEFROYNGIMA-MAWOUNG (GEPFE) ...... 6 PHILIPBURNHAM (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON) ...... 6 3.0 BIOLOGICALRESOURCES ...... 7 DUNCANTHOMAS ...... 8 RONALDBERGER ...... 8 TOM OLSON...... 9 TOMMYSMITH ...... 9 PETERVAUX ...... 10 MARYGARTSHORE ...... 10 DWIGHTLAWSON ...... 10 JEAN PAUL LEDANT...... 11 BASILESAA ...... 11 GASTONACHOUNDONG ...... 12 INNOCENTFORBIN ...... 12 OUGABETROMBON ...... 12 HONIMADJIHOINATHY ...... 12 JEAN PAUL GHOGUE...... 13 CHRISTOPHERWANZIE ...... 13 PAUL MEIZILI...... 13 JEAN JACQUESFAURE ...... 13 4.0 HYDROLOGY,HYDROGRAPHY, HYDROGEOLOGY, WATER QUALITY ...... 14 ANTEA INTERNATIONAL...... 14 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC i May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORTPROJECT BUREAUDE L'EAU - TCHAD...... 14 5.0 TERRAINANALYSIS, PHOTO AND SATELLITEINTERPRETATION ...... 14 ROY GODWIN...... 15 6.0 ENVIRONMENTALECONOMICS ...... 15 SCOTT FARROW...... 15 7.0 PUBLIC HEALTH...... 16 BARNETTCLINE ...... 16 CARL KENDALL...... 16 8.0 MARINEENVIRONMENT ...... 17 GARDLINESURVEYS ...... 17 9.0 ENVIRONMENTALFOUNDATION ...... 18 STEPHEN COBB...... 18 AMARINAMDAR ...... 18 10.0 OIL SPILL RESPONSE...... 18 ED OWENS (POLARIS)...... 19 ELLIOTTTAYLOR (POLARIS) ...... 19 11.0 CHAD REGIONALDEVELOPMENT PLAN ...... 19 ANDREWWATSON ...... 19 MASRATAMTANGAR NGOIDI ...... 20 12.0 PUBLICCONSULTATION ...... 20 WINNER & ASSOCIATES...... 20 May 1999 ii SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I 1.0 INTRODUCTION A large numberof environmentalspecialists, many who have had specificand relevant previous experiencein Chad and/or Cameroon,were retainedto assist the ProjectSponsors and Dames & Moorein the developmentof the environmentaldocumentation for the Chad Export Project.A brief descriptionof the role and responsibilityof many of the specialistswho had significant involvementin this project is presented below. A brief summary of their involvementis also presented. 2.0 HUMANENVIRONMENT The human environmentactivities included an extensive review of the project study area, includingcharacteristics and attributesof the populace,administrative structure, demographics, and land uses. In addition to an in-depth review of the literature and databases,the existing human environmentof the project area has been assessedthrough field programsconducted by anthropologistswith experiencein Chad and Cameroon. Humanenvironment teams in both Chad and Cameroonutilized the projectGIS-based mapping system, including terrain unit, land use and vegetationmapping at 1:200,000scale based on satellite imagery,and land use and vegetation mapping at 1:30,000 scale based on aerial photographyflown specificallyfor the project. A large portion of the researchon the human environmentwas completedearly in the projectand duringdevelopment of the 1997 EAs.Additional research on the potentialimpacts of induced migration,impacts on Pygmypopulations, and data gatheringfor fixed facility locations, resettlementand compensationhas also been completedfrom late 1997 throughearly 1999. ELLENBROWN Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology),University of Cambridge. Speaksfluent English,French and severallocal languagesof Chad. Expertise: Development anthropologistconducting field research and consulting on practicalproblems of the ThirdWorld and underdevelopedpeoples. Project Role: Dr. Ellen Brown, with the help of two sociologically trained assistants, conducted a Human EnvironmentSurvey in Chad in 1995. A scientific randomsample of villagesin these administrativeareas and a smaller random sample of villages in administrative cantons adjacent to the oil field developmentarea were studied. In all, 13 person-monthsof study were spent gathering qualitative and quantitative data for the 1997 EA. The village surveys also providedthe frameworkfor in-depth public consultationwith the populationslikely to be affected. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC I May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT In 1997 Dr. Brown acted as the senior consultantand advisor on the Chad Compensationand ResettlementPlan. She preparedmany sections of the Planand participatedin discussionsconcerning the Planwith the CTNSC. Beginningin the early winter of 1997 to the present,Dr. Brown has lived over 13 monthsin the oil field developmentarea on behalf of the Project. During this time period she has been deeply involved in the ongoing village consultationeffort. She has been identifyingindividuals and families eligible for resettlement, providing support and assistance to these families as decisions were made conceming resettlement and relocation options, arrangingfor specializedtraining for those who requestedit, and leading in the developmentof the successfulin-kind compensationcampaign. The latter included development of a list of items preferred by local populations, identifyingvendors for these resources,and preparation of a catalogue for familiesto reviewand selecttheir in-kindcompensation. Dr. Browncontinues to live in the oil field developmentarea assisting in the resettlementand relocationefforts. MUNEERASALEM-MURDOCK Qualifications: Ph.D.(Anthropology), State Universityof New York, Binghamton,NY. Formerly Senior Research Associate and Program Director, Institute for DevelopmentAnthropology, Binghamton, NY. (Nowwith USAID) Expertise: * Conceptualization, design, and direction of large research and developmentprojects * Naturalresources management * Age and genderrelations and ideologies * Projectand programdesign, monitoring, evaluation * Local productionsystems, labor dynamics,and migration. Project Role: Dr. Muneera Salem-Murdock(Institute for DevelopmentAnthropology), in collaboration with the University of Yaounde and several government ministries in Cameroon,conducted a Human EnvironmentSurvey in 1995. This programidentified and surveyedareas in the vicinity of Touboro in North Province,Meiganga in AdamaouaProvince, Nanga Ebokoin Center Province, and Kribi in South Province,in additionto a number of "urban areas" around Yaounde. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques were employed, and 68 sites (villages, camps, and neighborhoods)and 185 householdswere covered. Dr. Muneera Salem- May 1999 2 SPECIAL eng 05-010.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 Murdockand other professionalstaff of the surveyteam spent more than 200 person-daysin the field. ROBERTMOTT Qualifications: M.A. (Economics),University of California,Berkeley, 1963 Expertise: * Regionalsocioeconomic impact analysis * Resourceeconomics evaluation * Economicfeasibility analysis ProjectRole: Advised on the structureand contentof the EA sectionsrelated to the human environment; participatedin the scoping of field data collection programs conducted by Dr. Ellen Brown and Dr. Muneera Salem-Murdock;consulted and coordinatedwith Scott Farrowon the interfaceof environmentaleconomic issues and assessmentof the project's impacts on the human environment; coordinatedwith biologistson EA production;and wrote the draft sections of the 1997 EA on the basisof the data analysesprepared by the team. PANDORASNETHKAMP Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton,NY, 1981 M.A. (Anthropology), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton,NY, 1976 B.A. (Anthropology),State Universityof New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 1974 Expertise: * Environmentalimpact studies * Culturalresource management Project Role: Dr. Snethkamp has worked on the Chad Export Project for over two years during which time she has had project responsibilitieswhich included the followingtasks: * Environmental Management Plan: prepared sections related to socioeconomicactions * Chad Compensationand ResettlementPlan: participated in discussions with the Republic of Chad, preparedportions of the plan, and acted as overall editor SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 3 May 1999 LISTOF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT * Cameroon Compensation Plan: participated in discussions with the Republic of Cameroon, prepared the plan, and acted as overall editor * Indigenous Peoples Plan: assisted GEPFE with preparation of the plan, and acted as overall editor * Socioeconomic Survey Reports of Fixed Facility Sites in Cameroon: prepared scopes of work, and worked with socioeconomic experts to implement the studies * Management Plan for Cultural Properties: prepared management plan for cultural resources for the Republic of Chad and the Republic of Cameroon GEORGE KOPPERT (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology) Over 20 years experience in Cameroon Expertise: * Anthropology * Nutrition * Pygmy studies Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southem Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northem Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Koppert led or participated in all of the surveys listed above. ALAINFROMENT (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Medicine) Ph.D. (Biological Anthropology) Research Director, Institute for Research Development (formerly ORSTOM) Expertise: * Anthropology * Tropical medicine May 1999 4 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI * Ecology Project Role: Grouped'Etude des PopulationsForestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locationsand populationsizes of Pygmysettlements in southemCameroon. Subsequentsurveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) Consultation(January - March1999). Dr. Froment participatedin the Initial Pygmy Survey, the Pipeline Centerline SurveyConsultation, and the IPP Consultation. He has also been responsible for the developmentof the IndigenousPeoples Plan. SERGEBAHUCHET (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D.(Cultural Anthropology) Expertise: * Pygmiesof CentralAfrica 0 Pygmy-Banturelationships Project Role: Grouped'Etude des PopulationsForestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conducta surveyto identify locationsand populationsizes of Pygmysettlements in southernCameroon. Subsequentsurveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September1998), Northem Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Bahuchetparticipated in the Initial Pygmy Survey,the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation,and the IPP Consultation. JEAN-FELIXLOUNG Qualifications: Ph.D. (Geographyand Rural Development) ProfessorEmeritus of geography,University of Yaounde FormerDean of the Facultyof Lettersof the Universityof Yaounde Formerhead of the CameroonInstitute of HumanSciences in Yaounde SPECIAL eng 05-01.00C 5 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT Former directorof the Pygmologyresearch group of the Instituteof Human Sciences Expertise: Pygmy Studies Project Role: Grouped'Etude des PopulationsForestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conducta survey to identifylocations and populationsizes of Pygmy settlementsin southernCameroon. Subsequentsurveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998),Chad Market Survey (September1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Loung participated in the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation,the Storage Yard Surveys, the Northem Pygmies Survey and the IPP Consultation. GODEFROYNGIMA-MAWOUNG (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Sociology),Sorbonne University, Paris Expertise: * Pygmystudies Sociology ProjectRole: Grouped'Etude des PopulationsForestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conducta surveyto identify locationsand populationsizes of Pygmy settlementsin southemCameroon. Subsequentsurveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Mawoungparticipated in the Initial Pygmy Survey, the CameroonMarket Survey, the Pipeline CenterlineSurvey Consultation,the Northern Pygmies Survey,and the IPP Consultation. PHILIPBURNHAM (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology) May 1999 6 SPECIALeng 05-01.DOC LISTOF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI Professorand former Head of Departmentof Anthropology,University College London Continuing field research and consultancyinvolvement in Cameroon since 1968 Expertise: * Ethnographyof Cameroonianpeoples * Socioeconomic systems of agricultural and pastoral populations of northernand eastem Cameroon * The culturalcontext of rainforestconservation in Cameroon Project Role: Dr. Burnhamwas originallyretained in April 1998 to carry out social impact assessmentsof storage yard and pump station sites in northem Cameroon. His subsequentwork for the project has included:Social ImpactAssessment of Road Construction Activities in northem Cameroon (June-July 1998); Facilitation of Liaison with Local NGOs (August 1998); Advice on CompensationIssues (July-October1998); Advice (in conjunction with the Environmentand DevelopmentGroup, Oxford) on the establishmentof the Foundation for Environmentand Development (FEDEC) (February-March 1999). 3.0 BIOLOGICALRESOURCES The biologicalresources of the projectarea were evaluatedas part of the overall environmental documentation process for this project. In addition to an extensive literature review, field surveys utilizing the project GIS-based mappingsystem, includingterrain unit, land use and vegetationmapping at 1:200,000scale, and vegetationand land use mappingof the biological field survey areas at 1:30,000 scale, were undertaken in both Chad and Cameroon. A comprehensivemarine resources survey was also conducted in the vicinity of the subsea pipelineand FSO location. Initial biologicalfield work in Chad includeda reconnaissancelevel survey of the project area, utilizing aerial overflights and ground surveys, and a botanical survey of the oil field developmentarea. The field teams for these surveys included a wildlife biologist, a botanist, and a representativeof the Chad Ministryof Environmentand Tourism. Biologicalfield work in Camerooncommenced with an overflightof the pipeline route to confirm the selectionof ground survey areas made on the basis of mappingdata. The team consisted of two botanists with extensive experience in Cameroon, and a number of government representatives. Faunal aspectswere addressedby two wildlife biologistswho consultedwith governmentrepresentatives and conductedsurveys among the local population. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DoC 7 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMETS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT Botanicaland wildlife surveyefforts were focusedin three regionsof the pipeline route that were determinedto have moderateto high naturalhabitat values. These areasincluded the: * Wooded savannaof the MbereRift Valley * Semideciduousforest in the vicinity of Deng Deng * Atlantic Littoral Evergreenforest betweenKribi and Lolodorf. Biology field studies were again initiated in late 1997 with the commencement of the SupplementalField Surveyalong the pipelineroute. The overall objectiveof the supplemental field survey was to collect additionalinformation for use in providing a focused and effective approach for overall environmental management of the project during construction, and operation. The 1997-1998field studiesinvolved over 800 man-daysof in-country survey time that requiredsubstantial planning and logisticalsupport. Marine and coastal biological resourceswere also investigatedas part of a comprehensive marine investigationof the offshore project area. Biological resources investigation primarily focused on coastal fish and benthic resources. In addition, physical oceanographicsediment quality and surfaceand subsurfacegeological conditions were also investigated. DUNCANTHOMAS Qualifications: Ph.D. (Botany),University College of NorthWales, Bangor B.S. (Botany),University College of NorthWales, Bangor Expertise: * Botany * Biodiversity,ecology, and managementof Africanforests since 1977 * Interdisciplinaryprojects aimed at managingtropical forest resources Project Role: Dr. Thomas was the in-country botanical and wildlife field team leader and coordinator for supplementalfield surveys in Cameroon and Chad. Dr. Thomas was responsiblefor conductingsurveys on vegetation and natural habitat values in Chad and Cameroonin both 1995 and in 1997-1998. He was also the editor and principal author of the SupplementalField Surveys Summary Report for Cameroon (see Volume 5 of the "Supporting Documents"). RONALDBERGER Qualifications: MS and DEA (Dipl6me d'Etudes Approfondies, or first year of Ph.D.) in NaturalSciences, University P.S. Toulouse, 1982 May 1999 8 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI Expertise: * Environmental impact assessment * Environmental economy planning * Environmental development and tourism Project Role: Mr. Berger was the senior biologist for wildlife studies in Cameroon in 1995. He carried out field surveys of mammals and other wildlife and conducted interviews with local residents to obtain information on habitats and species exploited, the methods used and income generated from these activities. TOM OLSON Qualifications: M.S. (Wildlife Biology), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 1980 B.S. (Natural Resources Management), California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 1977 Expertise: * Terrestrial ecology * Environmental impact assessment * Pipeline surveys and monitoring * Mitigation planning * Endangered species consultation Project Role: Mr. Olson was a senior wildlife biologist for supplemental field surveys and data collection in Chad and in the Mbere Rift Valley in Cameroon. He produced the Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental Mitigation Actions for both Chad and Cameroon, and participated in the development of the Environmental Alignment Sheets and oil field development area Management Sheets. Mr. Olson was the principal author and editor of the Chad Biological Studies (see Volume 5 of the "Supporting Documents"). TOMMY SMITH Qualifications: Ph.D. (Zoology), University of California at Berkeley, 1988 M.S. (Wildlife Biology), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1981 B.S. (Natural Sciences), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978 Expertise: * Integrative biology and vertebrate zoology * Wildlife ecology SPECIALeng 05-01 .DOC 9 May1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT Project Role: Dr. Smith was a senior wildlife biologist for supplemental data collection in Chad and Cameroon. He collected and analyzed data from over ten thousand observations on mammals transects in Cameroon, and conducted village wildlife interviews and small mammal trapping in Chad. PETER VAUX Qualifications: Ph.D. (Ecology) B.S., honors (Zoology), University of London, 1974 Expertise: * Fisheries * Ecology * Limnology * Environmental resources Project Role: Dr. Vaux was the senior fisheries biologist for supplemental data collection efforts in Chad and Cameroon. He collected information on fish populations and fisheries at many of the major pipeline river crossings. MARY GARTSHORE Qualifications: B.S., honors (Zoology), University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1973 Expertise: * Avifauna * Faunal and ecological surveys * Faunal research * Ecological restoration * Native plant propagation Project Role: Ms. Gartshore served as an omithologist and general ecologist/naturalist for the project. She conducted bird census surveys and collected general wildlife distributional data in Cameroon. DWIGHT LAWSON Qualifications: Ph.D. (Quantitative Biology), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (in progress) MS (Biology), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 1992 May 1999 10 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI Expertise: * Herpetology * Amphibiansand reptilesof Cameroon * Wildlifeconservation in westernAfrca ProjectRole: Mr. Lawsonwas the senior biologistfor herpetologystudies and marine turtle observations in Cameroon and was responsible for the preparation of herpetologyportions of the SupplementalField Survey Report. JEAN PAUL LEDANT Qualifications: Engineering Degree in Agronomy (Forestry), Faculte des Sciences Agronomiquesde l'Etat in Gembloux,1974 Expertise: * Conservationand sustainablerural development * Biodiversityof protectedareas * Endangeredspecies and birdlife * Studyof naturalforests both in tropicaland temperateclimates ProjectRole: Mr. Ledant participated in wildlife studies with the following activities: reviewedand commentedon data sheets and approachto surveys; identified wildlife occurrence;reviewed the PipelineCenterline Survey relative to habitat quality, apparent amount of human disturbance, aerial sign, direct observationsof animals by sight and sound; conductedinterviews with local hunters and villagers to evaluate the occurrence of wildlife species; and assistedin developingenvironmental management requirements. BASILESAA Qualifications: Wildlife,Forestry and FisheriesManagement Engineer, University of Dschang, Cameroon(1991-1996) Expertise: * Naturalresource management * Managementof protectedareas * Environmental/Wildlife-relatedimpact studies ProjectRole: Mr. Saa was the technicianresponsible for conductingwildlife transect studiesin Cameroon,and he participatedin village interviewsin the Atlantic Littoral Forest area. SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 11 May 1999 UST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT GASTONACHOUNDONG Qualifications: 3emecycle thesis (M.S. Equivalent) Director,Cameroon National Herbarium Expertise: * Forestecology Botany Project Role: Mr. Achoundongconducted field surveys of forest and savannavegetation in Cameroonin 1995 and 1998;and supervisedpreparation and identificationof plant collectionsfrom field surveys. INNOCENTFORBIN Qualifications: M.S. (Fisheriesand Aquaculture),Aubum University,Alabama B.S.,honors (Zoology),University of NigeriaNaakka Director,National Herbarium, Cameroon Expertise: Fisheries Project Role: Mr. Forbinassisted Dr. Vaux in the fishery survey data collection,preparation and identificationof specimenscollected during surveys; and assisted Ms. Gartshorein the field duringbird censussurveys. OUGABET ROMBON Qualifications: Ministryof Environmentand Tourism, Republicof Chad Expertise: Tropicalforestry Project Role: Mr. Rombon participatedin the collectionof vegetationtransect data in Chad in 1996 and 1998 and was responsiblefor tree and other plant species identification. HONIMADJIHOINATHY Qualifications: ForestryEngineer, University from 1963- 1967 in the Ivory Coast Advancedtraining certificate in Tropical Forestry Expertise: * Tropicalforestry VWildlife May 1999 12 SPECIALeng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 Project Role: Mr. Hoinathy participatedin wildlife surveys in Chad in 1998, and played a leadingrole as interviewerand translatorin various villageinterviews. JEAN PAUL GHOGUE Qualifications: Botanistat NationalHerbarium, Cameroon Expertise: Botany ProjectRole: Mr. Ghogue assisted in botanical field studies in Cameroon; prepared specimens for identification that were collected during the surveys; and enteredsurvey data into the project'sdatabase at the NationalHerbarium. CHRISTOPHERWANZIE Qualifications: Ph.D.,Wildlife Biology TechnicalAdvisor, Ministry of Scientificand Technical Research, Cameroon Expertise: Wildlife Biology Project Role: Dr. Wanzie is a wildlife biologist with more than 20 years experience specializing in the large mammals of Cameroon. He studied kob for his doctorate and has conductedseveral studies of elephantsand other large mammals in Westem Africa. He participatedin the village interviews, the bushmeatsurvey andthe Deng Deng large mammaltransect survey. PAUL MEIZILI Qualifications: Botanistat NationalHerbarium, Cameroon Expertise: * Forest botany Tree identifications Project Role: Identifiedtree speciesin the field in the Deng Deng regionof Cameroon. JEAN JACQUES FAURE Project Role: Mr. Faure has a long history of forestry experience in Cameroon, he conducted logging operations studies; mapped forestry concessions; and collectedhistorical and currentdata about logging operationsin the vicinity of the pipelinealignment. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 13 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EPORT PROJECT 4.0 HYDROLOGY,HYDROGRAPHY, HYDROGEOLOGY, WATER QUALITY The hydrology, hydrography,hydrogeology, and water quality of the project area has been assessed in Chad and Cameroonby ANTEA Intemational. Additional field work in Chad was performed with the participationof the Bureau de l'Eau of the Republic of Chad, and the Universityof N'Djamena. ANTEA INTERNATIONAL ProjectRole: ANTEA was retainedto perform a hydrologicalcharacterization of the project area near Doba, Chad. The purposeof the hydrologicalstudy performed by ANTEAwas to: * Identify,access, and catalogthe existing hydrologicaldata for the area * Review the existing data and provide an overall characterizationof the hydrologyfor the project area; provide specific data on key hydrological parameters such as seasonal variations in flow rates in the drainages, streams,and riversof the project area; peak and minimumflows; locations and particularsof gaugingstations; historical flood levels;etc. * Identify key data gaps, and if considered necessary recommend correspondingactions to fill those gaps. ANTEA collected additional recent hydrological and meteorological data obtainedmore informationon the geomorphologyhydrological characteristics of the Nya and Loule catchment basins, and when possible, water quality data. BUREAUDE L'EAU- TCHAD ProjectRole: Performeda hydrogeologicalstudy of the Doba,Chad area in 1995. 5.0 TERRAIN ANALYSIS, PHOTO AND SATELLITE INTERPRETATION A detailedterrain analysis of the project area was conducted based on an analysis of aerial photographand satellite imagery interpretation.The results of this analysiswas used as input into the project GIS system and used in various engineering and environmentalanalyses conductedfor the project. May 1999 14 SPECIAL eng 05-O1.DOC LISTOF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 ROY GODWIN Qualifications: Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), Defense Mapping School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Cartography, Instructor Training, Surveying) U.S. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Photogrammetry, Systems Engineering, Terrain Analysis) DMA, Aerospace Center, St. Louis, Missouri Expertise: * Cartography * Photo interpretation * Terrain analysis Project Role: Mr. Godwin conducted aerial photographed satellite imagery interpretations, and was responsible for environmental terrain analysis mapping and associated field verification in the vicinity of pipeline alignment. He developed vegetation and land use classification systems for input to the project GIS system, and provided assistance in the production of environmental alignment sheets covering the oil field development area and the pipeline route. He also conducted environmental sensitivity index (ESI) mapping of Cameroon's coastline (Wouri Estuary to Ntem River) though the synthesis of aerial photo analyses and collateral mapping information. He also coordinated the acquisition of LANDSAT thematic mapper (TM) and SPOT imagery for project environmental analysis. 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Environmental economics provides a method to integrate the various positive and negative impacts identified for the project. An environmental economic impact analysis has been completed for the project to determine, to the extent feasible, whether the project will have a positive overall impact on the countries of Chad and Cameroon. SCOTT FARROW Qualifications: Ph.D. (Economics), Washington State University, 1983 M.A. (Economics), Washington State University, 1981 Expertise: * Environmental economics * Benefit cost analyses * Socioeconomic impacts of natural resource development SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 15 May1999 LISTOF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI CHADEXPORT PROJECT ProjectRole: Dr. Farrowcarried out and coordinatedresearch on the environmentaleconomic impacts of the project as summarizedin a technical reportfor each country. He participatedin multi-disciplinaryteam meetings during the development of the environmentalassessment and interactedwith various field researchersbefore and aftertheir work. 7.0 PUBLICHEALTH The assessmentof the existing public health status of Chad and Cameroonwas analyzedby examining overall health morbidity and mortalitystatistics within the countries. The data on which this assessment is based have been collected from an extensive literature review, availableMinistry of Health (MOH)data, and discussionswith specialistsin the areasof interest to the project in terms of both geographicareas and public health issues. BARNETT CLINE Qualifications: M.D., BaylorCollege of Medicine,Houston, 1962 Ph.D.(Epidemiology), University of Califomia,Berkeley, 1973 M.P.H.,Johns HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore, 1967 Principal Investigatorof a major, 10 year research and training project in Cameroon,ending in 1995. Expertise: * Tropical medicine Infectiousdiseases in Centraland WestAfrica Project Role: Dr. Cline's role as consultant for the Chad Export Project consisted of acquisitionof key health-relateddocuments from published and unpublished sources, review of all health-relatedproject documents for scientificaccuracy, and participationin the ongoing deliberationswith the World Bank appointed team of public health expertsassisting Chad. He also participatedin selected meetingswith host-countryrepresentatives, and with supportingorganizations such as the Centersfor DiseaseControl and Prevention. CARLKENDALL Qualifications: Former director of the Center for Intemational Community-basedHealth Research at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health. May1999 16 SPECIALeng 05-01.DOC LISTOF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI Expertise: Author of four books and monographics on HIVWAIDSin the areas of design, implementation, and evaluation of behavioral interventions; and in the area of sexuality and AIDS control. Project Role: Dr. Kendall conducted a HIV/AIDS rapid assessment protocol (RAP) for the Pipeline Centerline Survey; conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) health/HIV KAP Survey; developed an intervention strategy; and planned a community outreach program. 8.0 MARINEENVIRONMENT A comprehensive marine environmental program was undertaken near Kribi, Cameroon in the area of the proposed offshore loading facilities. The marine investigation was undertaken to better define and characterize existing conditions related to surface and subsurface geology, physical oceanography, water quality, sediment chemistry, and marine biology associated with the offshore environment near Kribi. In addition to an extensive review of existing literature and databases, the marine environment of the project study area has been assessed through an environmental survey program conducted in concert with various oceanographic, geophysical and meteorological studies for engineering purposes. GARDLINE SURVEYS Project Role: Gardline Surveys was responsible for conducting an offshore geophysical, marine biological and oceanographic survey for the Chad Export Project. The objective of the survey program was to provide data that could be integrated into the design engineering for the offshore components of the intended export terminal construction. This included investigation of the environmental variables along the proposed subsea pipeline corridor and the surrounding area to: * Broadly define the baseline seabed communities and sediment chemistry in the survey area immediately adjacent to the proposed pipeline landfall location. * Obtain sufficient water column samples to verify water quality and column structuring in the shallow waters of the survey area. * Provide back-up samples for biological and chemical determination, should a repeat survey of sediments be required in the future. This will provide comparative data for monitoring of the seadbed biological and chemical impacts as a result of operations. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 17 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 CHADEXPORTPROJECT The results associated with the geophysical, oceanographic, and marine biological surveys are documented in reports prepared by Gardline Surveys. 9.0 ENVIRONMENTALFOUNDATION The Environment and Development Group (EDG) was retained to develop the Environmental Foundation Plan for the Chad Export Project (see Volume 4, Part 1, of the Cameroon EMP). STEPHEN COBB Qualifications: Ph.D. Oxford Director of the Environment and Development Group (EDG) Has lived in West Afrca for four years and knows Cameroon Expertise: * Involvement in African conservation matters for thirty years Hands-on experience of Trust Fund matters from Mongolia and Uganda Project Role: Dr. Cobb provided overall supervision and quality control associated with the development of the Environmental Foundation Plan (see Volume 4, Part I of the Cameroon EMP). AMAR INAMDAR Qualifications: Ph.D. Cambridge Expertise: Strategic management consultant Project Role: Dr. Inamdar led the EDG team for the development of the Environmental Foundation Plan. He is in charge of EDG's work in conservation finance, and in the development of new initiatives for involving the private sector in conservation. He joined EDG last year, having collaborated with EDG for seven years previously (see Volume 4, Part I of the Cameroon EMP). 10.0 OIL SPILL RESPONSE Polaris has been retained to develop a General Oil Spill Response Plan for the Chad Export Project. The plan is expected to be completed by the end of 1999, and fully operational prior to the beginning of oil production. May 1999 18 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LISTOF CONSULTANATSEXPERTS CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME1 ED OWENS(POLARIS) Qualifications: Ph.D.(Geology), University of South Carolina,1975 M.Sc.(Physical Geography), McMaster University, 1969 B.Sc. (PhysicalGeography), University College of Wales, Aberystwyth,1967 Expertise: * Oil spill responseoperations and planning * Oil spill training ProjectRole: Dr. Owens is providing overall supervision and quality control for the preparation of the General Oil Spill Response Plan for the Chad Export Project ELLIOTTTAYLOR (POLARIS) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Oceanography),Texas A&M University,College Station,1984 GraduateStudies, University of California,San Diego, 1977-1979 B.S. (Oceanography),Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico, 1977 Expertise: * Environmentalscience * Marinescience * Oil spill contingencyplans Project Role: Preparationof Oil Spill ResponsePlan for the Chad Export Project. 11.0 CHADREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ANDREWWATSON Qualifications: Ph.D.,Wolfson College, Oxford University, UK, 1982 B.A. honors,M.A. (Oxon),Hartford College, Oxford University, UK Expertise: * Environmentalprocess studies * Environmentalimpact assessments * Terrainanalysis * Resourceinventories for economicplanning SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 19 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS- VOLUMEI CHADEXPORTPROJECT ProjectRole: Dr. Watson collaboratedwith the Republic of Chad to develop the Regional DevelopmentPlan for the Chad Export Project (see Volume 4 of the Chad EMP). MASRATAMTANGAR NGOIDI Qualifications: Dipl6med'Etudes Superieures in RegionalPlanning and Development Dipl6me d'Etudes Aprofondiesin Economics,minor in DevelopmentSocio- Economics Expertise: * Developmentsocioeconomics * Transportationsocioeconomics * Regionalplanning and development e Projectplanning and management * Environmentaleconomics * Businessadministration * Rural extension ProjectRole: Collaboratedas a nationalconsultant with Dames& Moorefor the preparation of the Appendix on potential indirect impacts of human migrationsto the oil field developmentarea in southemChad. Collaborated as a national consultant with Andrew Watson (intemational consultant) on the development of the Regional DevelopmentPlan in the Chad Export Projectarea. 12.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION WINNER& ASSOCIATES Qualifications: Winner & Associateshas 25 years of experiencein public communications, communityoutreach and technicalwriting. Expertise: The firm specializes in the developmentof mechanismsand programs to facilitate citizen input into public policy issues as well as the presentationof complex or highly technical issues in a form that is understandableby broad audiences. May 1999 20 SPECIALeng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUMEI ProjectRole: Winner & Associates has assisted the project in developing its public consultation program and in producing materials that help stakeholders understandthe project'stechnical complexities. In Europeand NorthAmerica, the firm built a networkof local facilitatorswho have helped to ensure a flow of accurate information to NGOs and governmentsin France, Belgium,Germany, Netherlands,United States and other countries. This information flow has been an important part of maintainingthe informeddialogue necessary for effectivepublic consultation. Winner & Associateshas written and producedmany of the project's public communicationsmaterials, including the project website, fact sheets, slide presentationsand videos. The firm collaboratedwith Dames& Moore in the development of the EnvironmentalAssessment Executive Summary and Update which summarizesfor broad audiences the 18 volumes of technical informationcontained in the project'senvironmental documentation package. SPECIALeng 05-01 .DOC 21 May1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK