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Diverzita Parazitických Korýšů U Cichlid Jezera Tanganika

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Diverzita Parazitických Korýšů U Cichlid Jezera Tanganika MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE DIVERZITA PARAZITICKÝCH KORÝŠŮ U CICHLID JEZERA TANGANIKA Diplomová práce Bc. Robert Míč Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Mária Seifertová, Ph.D. Brno 2020 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Robert Míč Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Diverzita parazitických korýšů u cichlid jezera Název práce: Tanganika Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Mária Seifertová, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2019/2020 Počet stran: 110 Klíčová slova: parazitičtí korýši; Afrika; Tanganika; cichlidy; diverzita Bibliographic Entry Author Bc. Robert Míč Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Diversity of parasitic crustaceans of cichlid fishes from Title of Thesis: the Lake Tanganyika Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Mária Seifertová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019/2020 Number of Pages: 110 Keywords: parasitic crustaceans; Africa; Tanganyika; cichlids; diversity Abstrakt Parazitičtí korýši napadají rybí společenstva prakticky po celém světě. Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na africké jezero Tanganika a cichlidovité ryby jako hostitele. První část představuje základní informace o jezeře a cichlidách, následují dostupné poznatky o parazitických korýších z tříd Copepoda, Branchiura a řádu Isopoda. Vše je doplněné o přehledné seznamy jejich hostitelů a referencí. Praktická část vyhodnocuje diverzitu parazitických korýšů, kteří byli nasbírání na cichlidách v rámci expedice oddělení Parazitologie (Masarykova univerzita, Brno) k jezeru Tanganika, na území Burundi v roce 2013. Vyšetřeno bylo 170 cichlid, jež náleží do 23 různých druhů a 11 tribů, a které se liší v několika dalších faktorech (potravní chování, habitat, lokalita výskytu atd.). Nalezeno bylo celkově 1265 parazitů čeledi Ergasilidae, kteří byli determinováni pomocí morfologicko-molekulárních metod do čtyř různých druhů. Práce je doplněna o autorské kresby všech nalezených druhů. Diskutován je dosavadní přístup k výzkumu parazitických korýšů a možné návrhy na potřebnou revizi v blízké budoucnosti, zejména s využitím molekulárních metod. Abstract Parasitic crustaceans infect fish communities practically all around the world. This diploma thesis focuses on the African lake Tanganyika and cichlid fishes as hosts. The first part presents basic information about the lake and cichlids, followed by available knowledge about parasitic crustaceans from classes Copepoda, Branchiura and order Isopoda. Everything is supplemented with tabular lists of their hosts and references. The practical part evaluates the diversity of parasitic crustaceans collected during an expedition of the Parasitology department (Masaryk University, Brno) to the Lake Tanganyika, in Burundi in 2013. There were 170 cichlids examined, belonging to 23 different species and 11 tribes and differing in some other aspects (feeding behavior, habitat, localities etc.). There were 1265 parasites of family Ergasilidae found overal, they were determined into four different species, using morphological-molecular methods. The thesis is supplemented with the author’s drawings of all species found. The approach taken by researchers in the past is discussed and possible suggestions on the much needed revision of this taxa in the near future, mainly with the use of molecular methods, is provided. Poděkování Rád bych na tomto místě poděkoval vedoucí mé diplomové práce Mgr. Márii Seifertové, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, poskytnutí cenných rad, článků, publikací a za její trpělivý a ochotný přístup. Velký dík patří také RNDr. Martině Dávidové, Ph.D. za pomoc při hledání tématu diplomové práce a poskytnutí rad při prvotní determinaci. V neposlední řadě také děkuji RNDr. Radimu Blažkovi za poskytnutí informací ohledně sběru materiálu, lokalitách a poskytnutí fotografií, Mgr. Michalu Janáčovi Ph.D za pomoc se statistikami a analýzou vlivu různých faktorů. Děkuji také za podporu mé rodině a manželce Shivaun. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 31. března 2020 ……………………………… Jméno Příjmení OBSAH ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1. LITERÁRNÍ PŘEHLED ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Jezero Tanganika ........................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Čeleď Cichlidae .......................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Obecná charakteristika ryb čeledi Cichlidae ....................................................... 13 1.2.2. Ryby čeledi Cichlidae v jezeře Tanganika .......................................................... 16 1.3. Endemismus ................................................................................................................ 20 1.4. Parazitičtí korýši ryb čeledi Cichlidae v jezeře Tanganika ......................................... 21 1.4.1. Přehled dosud popsaných druhů parazitických korýšů v jezeře Tanganika .......... 22 1.4.2. Klanonožci (Copepoda) .......................................................................................... 23 1.4.2.1. Ergasilidae von Nordmann, 1832 .................................................................... 23 1.4.2.2. Lernaeidae Cobbold, 1879 .............................................................................. 28 1.4.3. Branchiura (kapřivci) .............................................................................................. 32 1.4.4. Isopoda .................................................................................................................... 36 2. MATERIÁL A METODY .................................................................................................. 39 2.1. Lokality a sběr materiálu ............................................................................................. 39 2.2. Morfologická determinace .......................................................................................... 42 2.3. Epidemiologické charakteristiky a analýza vlivu faktorů ........................................... 43 2.4. Molekulární analýza .................................................................................................... 47 3. VÝSLEDKY ....................................................................................................................... 50 3.1. Morfologicko – taxonomické zhodnocení................................................................... 52 3.1.1. Ergasilus megacheir ............................................................................................ 53 3.1.2. Ergasilus sp.1 ...................................................................................................... 55 3.1.3. Ergasilus sp.2 ...................................................................................................... 57 3.1.4. Ergasilus sp.3 ...................................................................................................... 59 3.2. Epidemiologické charakteristiky a vliv různých faktorů na infekci ............................ 61 4. DISKUSE ............................................................................................................................ 76 ZÁVĚR ....................................................................................................................................... 83 SEZNAM LITERATURY .......................................................................................................... 84 PŘÍLOHY ................................................................................................................................. 108 7 ÚVOD Parazitičtí korýši jsou velmi diverzifikovanou, leč v mnoha oblastech světa poslední dobou opomíjenou skupinou organismů. Nejinak je tomu v Tanganice, nejhlubším a druhém největším jezeře v Africe. Od svého objevu v roce 1858 se těší značné pozornosti badatelů, stále však skrývá mnohá tajemství a nezodpovězené otázky. Již několik desetiletí uplynulo od vydání poslední práce, která se problematikou alespoň některých parazitů podkmenu Crustacea v dané oblasti zabývala a je načase tyto informace aktualizovat. Dá se předpokládat, že diverzita parazitických korýšů v Tanganice je zejména v čeledi Ergasilidae daleko větší, než je doposud známo (zatím 4 popsané druhy). Několik druhů je známo pouze ze svých původních popisů a od té doby již nebyli znovu nalezeni. Jezero samotné je se svou obecně bohatou diverzitou fauny i dnes velkým lákadlem pro vědce z různých oborů. Mezi ty patří i pracovní skupina oddělení Parazitologie (Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita), jejichž členové se věnují zejména studiu parazitů ze třídy Monogenea. V rámci expedice do Burundi byl v roce 2013 nasbírán i materiál pro studium parazitických korýšů, který od té doby čekal na zpracování a vyhodnocení. Hostiteli bylo široké spektrum ryb z čeledi Cichlidae, které tvoří nejvýznamnější složku rybích společenstev v jezeře Tanganika. Jejich rapidní evoluční vývoj v procesech adaptivní radiace a speciace, vysoká úroveň endemismu, druhová i ekologická diverzita, to vše je předurčuje k tomu stát se vítaným objektem i pro výzkum
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