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Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program: Literature Survey

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The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of off-shore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of off-shore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS decision making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BL14 has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program. The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The analysis addresses the differing effects among various geographic units: the State of Alaska as a whole, the several regions within which oil and gas development is likely to take place, and within these regions, the local communities. The overall research method is multidisciplinary in nature and is based on the preparation of three research components. In the first research component, the internal nature. structure, and essential processes of these various geographic units and interactions among them are documented. In the second research component, alternative sets of assumptions regard- ing the location, nature, and timing of future OCS petroleum development events and related activities are prepared. In the third research com- ponent, future oil and gas development events are translated into quan- tities and forces actinci on the various geographic units. The predicted consequences of these e~ents are evaluated {n relation to present goals, values, and expectations. In general, program products are sequentially arranged in accordance with BLM’s ~ro~osed OCS lease sa” e schedule, so that information is timely to decis on making. In afdition to making reports available through the Nat” onal Technical Information Service, the BLM is provid- ing an informat on service through the Alaska OCS Office. Inquiries for information should be directed to: Program Director, Socioeconomic Studies Program Alaska OCS Office, P. O. Box 1159, Anchorage, Alaska 99510. TECHNICAL REPORT No. 2 CONTRACT NO. AA550-CT6-61 ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM LITERATURE SURVEY PREPARED FOR BUREAUOFLAND MANA(3EMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE April 1977 DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 5285 PORT ROYAL ROAD SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM LITERATURE SURVEY Prepared by PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL&CO., URSA,CCC/HOK and DAMES&MOORE April 1977 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAG[ Report No. r 2. 3. Recipient’s Accession I@. rechn-ical Report 2 Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date \laska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program 6. rask Report: Literature Survey Author(s) 8. Mrforming Organization Report No. Performing Organization Name ● nd Address IO. Project/Taak/Uork Unit No. ‘eat, MarWick, Mitchel & Co., URSA, CCC/HOK md Dames ii Moore i 11. Contract or Grant No. ;01 W, 5th Street AA550-CT6-61 \nchorage, Alaska 99510 13. Type of Report Sponsoring Organization Name and Addrea8 \laska Outer Continental Shelf Office ‘. O. Box 1159 inchorage, Alaska 99510 14. Supplementary Nctes kbstract “he Literature Survey is the second of six reports comprising the first year of the ~laska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program, and establishes the basic information con- ;ext for the project’s other components. The literature reviewed has a broad rele- ?ance to OCS development in Alaska and four petroleum development regions: The ~eaufort Sea Region; Bering Sea Region; Southwest Region; and the Gulf of Alaska !egion. Sixteen chapters discuss the most relevant literature, current research and Iata gaps in the following categories: Economy - Cultural Patterns Oil and Gas Resources - Subsistence Population - Land Use and Land Status Revenue and Taxation - Transportation, Communications and Utilities Government - Housing Education - Archeological/Historical and Health Recreational/Scenic Resources Social Services - Natural Constraints to Development Public Safety ach subject chapter includes a bibliography listing cited literature. A master ibliography of the 1200 items surveyed, and an index to that bibliography by subject, ey word, and OCS region is also included. riginator’s Key Words 18. Availability Statement laska, OCS Development, Socioeconomic Data, National Technical Information iterature Survey, Bibliography Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 S. Security Claseif. of the Report 20. U. S. Security Clasnif. of ‘lhin page 21. No. of Pagea ~ 22. Price nclassified Unclassified 476 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION . iii Focus and Objectives of the Literature Survey . iii Methodology of the Survey . iv Types of Information in the Survey. v Organization of the Report . v Figure 1: Map of Regions and Potential Lease Sale Areas . vii Figure2: Beaufort Sea Region . ~iii Figure3: Bering Sea Region . lx Figure4: Southwest Region . x Figure5: Gulf of Alaska Region . xi II. SUBJECT CHAPTERS . 1 1. Economy . 3 2. Oil and Gas Resources . ~ 3. Population . 4. Revenue and Taxation . 47 5. Governance . 56 6. Education . 72 7. Heal th . 84 8. Social Services . 101 9. Public Safety . 113 10. Cultural Patterns . 127 11. Subsistence . 151 12. Land Use and Land Status . 166 13. Transportation, Communication and Utilities . 189 14. Housing . 213 15. Archaeological/Historical and Recreational/Scenic Resources . 225 16. Natural Development Constraints . 288 11. MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY . 309 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS.. 424 PERIODICAL INDICES . 425 IV. INDEX TO MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY.. ..427 Key Words . 427 Statewide Literature . 432 Beau-for tSeaRegio nLiterature. 445 Bering Sea Region Literature . 453 Southwest Region Literature. 461 Gulf of Alaska Region Literature . 468 Comparative Study Areas . 477 I. INTRODUCTION Alaska is a vast and sparsely settled state, yet it has been the subject of numerous and diverse studies. A significant body of research has been compiled on the state by federal, State and municipal government agencies, universities, public and private planning and research organizations, companies doing business in Alaska, and individual researchers. Much of the information gathered as part of these research efforts has relevance to the assessment of socioeconomic impacts of OCS petroleum development in the state. Studies range in coverage from individual communities to regions, and to the state as a whole. Data has also been compiled on petroleum development and associated impacts in areas outside of Alaska which provide comparative information for the Alaska experience. The literature survey has been undertaken to determine the availability and applicability of this information for the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program. Focus and Objectives of the Literature Survey The primary objective of the literature survey has been the development of an information base for future baseline studies, impact assessment and information management tasks of the Socioeconomic Studies Program. The survey has consisted of a review of existing published and unpublished literature in subject and geographic areas relevant to the studies program; identification of current research that could potentially add to the data base in a particular subject or geographic area; and identification of data gaps in available literature. Data gaps include those related to a lack of geographic coverage, out-of-date studies, and the non-congruent methodologies and assumptions of studies undertaken by different researchers at different times. The literature survey has primarily focused on documents related to the state as a whole and to four petroleum development regions identified in Task 2 of the program: the Beaufort Sea Region, the Bering Sea Region, the Southwest Region, and the Gulf of Alaska Region. These regions provide a framework for data gathering and investigation of socioeconomic impacts of each potential OCS lease sale (Cf. Figures 1-5). The focus on regional information has been related to three principal reasons. First, the development of baseline information and impact assessment re- quires data with geographic specificity. Second, a major objective of the literature survey has been the early identification of deficiencies in information required for the Alaska OCS program. Third, additional research on comparative study areas is being undertaken as part of the Comparative Study Analysis. Although a comprehensive review of both published and unpublished documents was attempted, the review was constrained by difficulties in obtaining access to unpublished materials. In some cases, as for example in the case of land use planning, the most current data is maintained
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