九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository
Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia
Nugrahadi, M. Saleh Department of Earth System Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University
Yanagi, Tetsuo Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University
https://doi.org/10.15017/16684
出版情報：九州大学大学院総合理工学報告. 25 (1), pp.7-15, 2003-06. Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University バージョン： 権利関係： En(grf' {lti'e,rfin,g,S,ci,e,nlsfts,R,e,psr,til,K,y,u.sRu,UHtiKveori?V'y Jte thIl Jit \ Jk \ wa me ft ge r\ cu fk ng 25g ag IZ 7-15 H rpnt 15 ff 6n VoL 25, No. 1pp. 7-15 JUNE. 2003
Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia
M. Saleh NUGRAHADI" ' , Tetsuo YANAGI* 2 E-mailofcorrespondingauthor:saleh riam. shu-u.ac.'
(Received Jan IS', 2003)
Observations on water quality based on physical, chemical and biological properties of sea surface water were conducted on 13-14 September 2000 and on 14-15 May 2001 in Madura Strait, Indonesia. Particular emphasis has been placed on Surabaya and Porong estuaries and its surrounding coastal water, where rivers carry contaminated load from land and debouch. The observation showed that Madura Strait received a lot ofpollutant from the rivers.
Key words: water guality, Madura Strait, Porong river, Surabaya river, estuary
1. Introduction Wrigley and Widjanarko (1999) reported that there were many domestic and industrial sources of Madura Strait lies between East Java, Madura pollution in the Brantas river catchment. A total Island, and Bali Strait (Fig. 1). It is connected to the 13.72 million people or 429o of East Java population Java Sea through the narrow, shallow channel around presently live in the basin. Additionally, there are 20 km long, less than 15 km. wide and four meter numerous industries in the Brantas river basin, and deep, and Surabaya Harbor is situated at the center of many of them are potential polluters of the river. this channel. Surabaya is the second biggest city in Due to the pressure from industry, agriculture and Indonesia and the main harbor in the eastern part of urbanization, the Brantas River becomes heavily Indonesia. In the southern part there is an electric s J va Sea ss.f ,,.,(( itslii Madura !sland , 7"sirk&llEl.l x-t - ,c... ",. I '"t" s."E:,' i" t -7. }iiiiiil (it//k2;ff;..., asPZ .= . ,' iNDQII.)illll\,.,.,,,..Sll'!Agfi, '`" r ------..----.----
Ig bl3 ,i- "- : lliixll East Java t: ss.,,i,,,llll.gMliilli}li;iillit. ' E': Okm 10km20 km "ft' -7. m Etectrtc. Fig. 1 Situation site of Madura Strait 112.4 112.6 112.8 113 113.2 113.4 E Fig. 2 Study area and bottom topography. Numbers show depth m meter. power plant. Madura Strait is a shallow water area with depth ranging between 1-60 m. The water depth near land is 1-5 meters, and deepens toward eastward. The steep area exists between Madura and Kambing islands (Fig. 2 ). 2ee This strait has been used for fishing, sea -Surabayariver transportation, and shrimp cultivation.' Madura Strait 7 .N lsc --mi,-- Porongriver is located at the downstream area of the Brantas river s & i 2 that diverges into the Surabaya river which passes 81ee through the heart bf city of Surabaya and the Porong b- , river which is built as flood control c.anal. The se freshwater discharge of these two rivers varies seasonally. The Surabaya river input in 1997 (Fig. 3) e was 19.4 m3!s during the dry season (average from J F M A M J- J A S O N D April to September) and 45.9 m31s during the wet Month season (average from October to April). Meanwhile, Fig. 3 Discharge of Surabaya river and Porong river in 1997. the Porong river input was 15.4 m31s during the dry season and 106.0 m'ls during the wet season. *1 Student, Department ofEarth System Science polluted, threatened by flood and draught. Afterward, the water that fiows into the estuary and Technoloby causes pollution of heavy metal (esp. mercury). However, Rochyatun (1999) showed that the "2 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics -8- Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia environmental quality of the Porong estuary became spectrophotometric method (Parson et al., 1984). better based on 3 years (1992-1994) investigation. Chromium (Cr) was .measured . by atomic absorption During those years, DO increased but COD spectrophotometer method (Ernest. and Billings, decreased. On the other hand, there are several fish 1967). and shrimp ponds along the coast between the Surabaya estuary and the Porong estuary. At the moment those ponds were abandoned due to fish 3. Result disease called "white spot disease ". In this work the impact of river discharge on the estuary area and its adjacent waters is investigated. 3.1 Water temperature and salinity Sea surface water temperature (SST) 2. Method ofResearch distributions in both periods (Fig. 4) show relatiyely high SST in offshore area and low SST in near shore Field observations were carried out on 13-14, area. This is obviousl' y due to the effect of freshwater September 2000, and on 14-15, May 2001 in the discharge from both rivers. SST in September 2000 Madura Strait, East Java Indonesia. The sampling that was ranging between 27 and 310C, was higher period represented the transition period between wet than that in May 2001 that was ranging between 26 and dry season (May) and the end of dry season and 300C. In September 2000, salinity was (September). Eleven points were selected around the between 10 and 35 psu and that in May 2001 was two estuaries of Surabaya and Porong rivers and its between 5 and 27 psu. Temperature and.salinity surrounding coastal water for collecting sea surface distributions affected density distribution. Water water (Fig. 1). Those samples were analyzed in the density in September 2000 was higher than that in field or laboratory. Water temperature was measured May 2001. In September 2000, density was between directly in the field by thermometer, salinity by 4 and 20 and that in May 2001 was between 14 and salinometer and. density was calculated from 17. In Indonesia, September is the end of dry season temperature and salinity by using the program based or transition season between dry to wet monsoon. on UNESCO Sea Water Properties Standard. The daily average air temperature in Surabaya is Chemical and biological parameters were measured between 280C-330C in September. In contrast, May is in the laboratory. Total suspended solid (TSS) was the end of wet season hence the air temperature was measured by gravimetric method. Nitrate (N03), lower than that in September. This situation also silicate (Si) and phosphate (P04) were measured by happened to SST in the Madura Strait. In addition, me. , ,,. 11'1 ":t,I.:.11[1:1[.11.[,-. '""',,,.:,[.ll/ Zl zt ri ,i,i¥,,28RkAMIsLAND 1O kra¥J¥ .2eulgrimlstaND 7. 7.2 v' ljx---- ¥5> v 7. ¥k '' 7.3 g io Sk xz ¥7 S 7,4 Surabaya river S 7.4 Surabaya river z8 .N EAST 3AVA "¥ EAS'l- JAVA 7. 7. . di26b porongLvllye Poroypa"rko? e s- 7. z / Temperature eC} Temperature eC} Surtace water Surtace water ' 13-14 September 2oeo 14-15 May 2001 7.7 7.7 112.6 "2.7 112.8 "2.9 113 112.6 "2,7 l 1 2.8 " 2.9 X3 E E Fig.4 Temperature of surface water rpnt15ff JL thH Jk ML"4 Jk 47 sc meapar\Wk ag 25 g ag lg -9- 7.1 Zl . okm'' le'km 2e k,m O kin URA ISIAND VRA ISI.AND 7, 7. . eg:i. r x} IT. -e zliiir 7.3 ttR$ 7.3 3,V,,S.,.. -!' ¥l S 7.4 Surabaya river S 7.4 Surabaya river in v rvL. EAST JAVA EAST jAVA e . 7. .tskx. 7. Poreng riv Porong riv e 7. 7. $alinlty (PSV) Satinity (P$U) Surface water Surtace watef 13-l4September 2ooO 14-15May 2001 7.7 77 "2.6 "2,7 "2,8 "2.9 113 t12,6 M2.7 "2S "2,9 113 E E Fig. 5 Salinity of surface water 7, "l 7,1 ma"'ri'M "i' "" i"d' km Okm lekra 20kra UliUX ISI.AND .-i ., '' V RA ISI-AN D 7v 7. e ,$"1' /e "" 7,3 M x "" 7,3 -pt- ¥ ,4 Z lq- el e Surabaya river Nt'}> Surabaya river S 7.4 1 $ 7.4 twtti ee EAST i JAVA EAST 3AVA . 7. 7. Porong rjv . Porong riv . 7, 7. Density Fig. 6 Density (6t ) of surface water -10- Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia 7,1¥ Zl -- ::/:i:1[:IIIIIII:1,l -''u. :.1.I.1.I:1[:lill-.m"v, ' ok. Aokm 2we,isill,l.lsmND ekrn lekm 2ekm URA! I$IANP Z2 tt Z2 ex,)iS"S ' t"va>e 7.3 7.3 e" in" ie sx< ¥in" Surabaya river iie Surabaya river k9 S 7.4 ts S 7.4 1' ig" EAST jAVA ` EASTJAVA 3.w" Z5 ¥-¥ 3' 75 tw" ' Porong riv Poreng riv . 7. 7, TSS (mgll) TSS Fig. 7 Total suspended solid (mg/1) of surface water 7.1 Zl llllllllMl Ii:r.Ililill:Iil::III:l MI'L'::I']ll'1111"'l¥ okra le' km 2okm Okrti IOkrn 2Qkm VlUit !SLAND URA I$l,.AND 7. 7. x{.tX¥¥ . . "e x(" 7. 7,3 s N,.. - . ti .di1 Surabeya river Surabaya river .s . S 7,4 S 7.4 de gf/9.g,X tw "¥ tRY. EAS"r 3AVA EAST jAVA . 7. 7. "e Porong riv Poreng riv 7. 7. Cr (mg/l) Cr Fig. 8 Chromium (mgll) of surface water rpnt15ff JL thIS JSc 7.1 7,l -il L'Il'lll'lllll' " L'11111:' llS ll1'l] nv- za i/¥ lekm 20km ,OkM 20 km ipt, RA ISLAND m" ¥¥ ii URA !Sl.AND 7, 7. . njggEk$ss{g3t/. . . 7,3 e" 4e< 7.3 kww l l e e' ¥l Suralxaya river S 7,`4: Surabaya river S 7.4 i$,its(. se l.. leS {. EAS'r 3AVA l-' EASI' 3AVA 7. ` . 'N.k z S,I , Porong riv i ¥ Porong riv 7. 7. NO, (it M} NO, (xt M) Surtace watef $wiaÅëe water 13-14 September 20CO 14-15May 20Cl 7.7 7.7 112-6 "l 'l 2e7 1 "I 2¥8 "l 12i9 "3 112,6 "2.7 "2.8 "2.9 "3 E E Fig. 9 Nitrate (p M) of surface water -12- Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia 7.1 , lllMMINMIIIilli""':ll,'.."il'lll:''lilj l zt :-"" ve . ;wwN-wn; .20¥lk,M, ," okrri sekrri 2 /L,lgllll¥-,xsg,A,,'Np : tiR, )icg'i.IS'tA' ND¥ 7.¥ 7., e . . eN' ¥e e 7',3 7.3¥ ,l,s ¥g fi- e . Surabaya river Surabaya river S 7,4 R S 7.4 ino 8k( v g R EAST jAVA usjAVA b 7, z - L Porong riV e Poren' g 'riv 7. 7, '" Si (Lt M) Si 7.1 mme-'riv. ""3 Zl M' 1111N'''' :.r:r:.wuww:,,, o kfh :' se¥km 20 km e kin 1 o k" iii"""2b' ¥km UIUX ISLAND URA ISI-AND 7. 17. .,.Sd2gdig -.y e e,ltS Z' . 7.3 7,3 't' " ! cS es l to"le- S 7,4 Surabaya rlver $ 7,4 Surabaya river r.e." `8 l' .v i<11.g¥-¥¥-. EAST 3AVA Z EAS'T' 3AVA a 7. z gx. Porong riv Perong riv . 7. 7. PO" y. M) PO, ( sc M) Surtace water Surface water 13-14 September 2000 14-15 May 2001 Z7 7.7 112.6 M2.7 ll2.8 "2.9 X3 M2.6 "2,7 X2.8 "l 1'2.9 113 E E Fig. 11 Phospate (pM) of surface water spntlsff JL "N Jk 42 Jk e2 eekapaX\WfS eg 25g ag 1? -13- 7.1 zt m/1LilIIII..:.)l.)1]u.l.il.1),:t¥.} ekm lekrn 2ekm ekm to km 2e km URA ISI.AND URA I$LAND 7, 7. 7pai.be pt. Q ¥--¥-¥¥ e- b- 7.3 -g "e z x ' 1."vit, N . S 7,4 Surabaya river S 7.4 Su.r.abaya rlver' rt Fp "¥ .M,7 ys Yk"%i, gti EASTJAVA ¥ EAS'r jAVA z z 7. . Perong riv Porong rlv p . 7, N:F Ratie z N:P Ratip $urtace water $Urtaee water 13-14 Sapteraber 200e t4-15May 2eOl '7,7 7,7 ll2s6 1 ¥4 2.7 "2.8 1't2S "3 11 2s6 " 2.7 -l 1 2.8 " 2.9 "3 E E Fig. 12 N:P ratio 7,1 7.l M[1111111111111¥¥¥¥¥-s¥¥""" O'km 1Okm 2ekm Okm 10'km 20km VRA ISLAND URA IS}.AND 7. 7. 1 iii;' g" ;N':¥tb! ./ `-.-.--"-pt 7, 7.3 l t,P,K,t ( fi' " S 7,4 Surabaya river S 7.4 Surabaya river .t' 1fi .s,, gÅë s ti .ci K s i M as. l EAST jAVA . EAS"r jAVA ". z 6 <99 7. ss$ " e PoroBg riv PerongL!.!!iyv 7. 7. N:Si Ratio N:Si Ratie Surtace water Surtace water 13-14Septemtset 2000 14-l5May 2eOl 7.7 7.7 llZ6 "2.7 112,8 112.9 113 1 1 2,6 'l 1 2.7 l12.8 1 -l 2,9 113 E E Fig. 13 N:Si ratio -14- Water Quality in Madura Strait, Indonesia stated that sources of nutrient in the rivers of act as a limiting nutrient for primary production in East Java were from untreated or septic sewage. The the Madura Strait. NISi ratio in May ranged between other source of phosphate is the phosphorus attached O.1 and 1.5 and in September ranged between O.1 and to the soil particles or river sediments. Nutrients O.8 (Fig. 14). NISi ratio in September showed value distributions revealed significant differences in, both lower than the Redfield ratio of 1.01, but in May periods (Fig. 9,10,11). In September 2000 nutrients showed value higher than the Redfield ratiO in small distribution varied in 10-28 pM for nitrate (Fig.9), area, This indicates that nitrate may act as a limiting 20-100 ,pM for silicate (Fig. 10) and 40-140 pM for nutrient for primary production of diatom too in large phosphate (Fig. 11). Nutrients distributions in May areas of the western part of the Madura Strait. 2001 showed variation in 30-80 pM for nitrate (Fig.9) and 50-200 pM for silicate (Fig. 10) and 50- 5. Conclusion 250 pM for phosphate (Fig. 11). Nutrient concentration in May was higher than that in Some conclusions can be drawn from the September. The river discharge into the Madura combined measurement results and previous Strait brings more organic waste in May than in publications on the same sites. In general, water September and nutrient concentration in May was quality distribution in the Madura Strait, especially higher than that in September. Only the phosphate near the Surabaya river and the Porong river estuaries concentration in May shows higher concentration in is highly affected by the load from the river. offshore but the reason is not clear. i. Madura Strait clearly show an example that coastal environment is affected by the fiow of 4. Discussion freshwater, sediment and nutrient contaminant from the river. As a result of the presence of If we notice Figs. 4-12, it is clearly visible that monsoon, the distribution pattern and load vary the distribution pattern of water quality changes between two observation periods. seasonally. Monsoon wind generates a seasonal flow 11.--- High precipitation and river discharge at the end pattern arounds the island of Java and Madura of the wet season (May) cause salinity and (Hoekstra et al., 1989). During the dry season, density levels lower than those in the dry season southeasterly wind is dominant and drives the (September). They also caused TSS, N03, P04, westward flow. In the contrary, during the wet Si, and Cr concentrations higher than those in season, northwesterly wind is dominant and drives the dry season as well. iii' the eastward flow. The southeastern or eastern In the dry season, Porong river discharge is monsoon (May-Septembe!) creates a western drift almost zero, hence Surabaya River transports with residual flow. However, the observation data sediments and nutrients through the city of that we have here did not represent the both Surabaya (Fig.3). Therefore, the contaminant monsoons. Therefore, the distribution patterns spread was concentrated at the Surabaya estuary and eastward, and the alteration between May and Surabaya channel in the dry season. September patterns depended only on freshwater iv. N!P ratio in the western part of the Madura discharge from the Surabaya and Porong rivers. Strait coastal water is lower than 16, hence, Considering river discharge in 1997, during both nitrate may act as the limiting factor for the measurement periods, the river discharges are primary production within this region. expected to be lower than 30 m31s (Fig. 2). Discharges of the Surabaya river from May to September are always higher than that of the Porong river. Therefore, high concentrations near to the Acknowledgments. strait of Surabaya and the Surabaya estuary are believed to the result of the local source, namely the The authors thank to Mr. Seno Adi of Agency city of Surabaya. On the other hand, the influence of for the Assessment and Application of Technology,, the Porong river remains in the western part of Jakarta, Indonesia for the field observation data used Madura Strait and restricted to the coastal zone. in this work. In the ocean, the mean concentrations of phosphate, silicate, nitrate and carbon in Refferences phytoplankton generally correspond with the 1. Ernest, E.A and K.B. Billings (1967): Atomic Absorption Redfield molar ratio C:N:P:Si and it is 106:16:1:15 Spectrometry in Geology, Elsevier, Arnsterdam, 144p. (Redfield et al, 1963). NIP ratio in May that was 2. Hoekstra, P,, R.F. Nolting, H. Hutagalung, and HA Van ranging within O.4 and 3.8 is higher than that in Der Sloot (1989): Supply and dispersion of water and September that was ranging within O.1 and O.6(Fig. suspended matter of the rivers Solo and Brantas into the coastal waters of east Java, indonesia Sea Research, 23(4), 13). The reason of high NIP ratio in September is that 501- 515. much nitrogen is loaded by river discharge. N/P ratio 3. Hoekstra, P. (1989): River Outflow, Depositional Processes in both periods showed value much lower than the and Coastal Morphodynamics in a Monsoon-dominated Redfield ratio of 16. This indicates that nitrate may Deltaic Environment, East Java indonesia.Netherland Geographic Studies, 209p. rprk15ff J)Pt, thll iJlc !n:iS;L JSc \ ve me A mp X \ ea 2IliL ag 25 g aglvP -15- 4, Parsons, T.R., Y. Maita and C.M. Lalli (1984) : A Manual of 6. Rochyatun, E. (1999): Perkembangan kondisi linglrungan chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. perairan muara Kali Porong antara tahun 1992-1994 ditinjau Pergamon Press, 179p. dari DO dan COD. Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan 5. Redfield, A.G., Ketchum, B.H., Richards, F,A. (1963): The Oseanologi LIPI, 9-14. influence of organism on the composition of sea-water, 7. Wrigley, T. and D.A. Wijanarko (1999): Surface water ln:Hill, M.N. (ed), The Sea, Vol. 2, lnter science, New quality issues in gast Java. Bapedal and East Java Pollution York, 26-77. Control Implementation (PCD Project, Surabaya, 28p.