Lutte Contre Les Pucerons De La Chicorée Biologique Essai Bande Fleurie Sur Chicorée Porte Graine Et Plan D’Aménagement D’Une Haie Composite

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Lutte Contre Les Pucerons De La Chicorée Biologique Essai Bande Fleurie Sur Chicorée Porte Graine Et Plan D’Aménagement D’Une Haie Composite LAURE NESPOULOUS Lutte contre les pucerons de la chicorée biologique Essai bande fleurie sur chicorée porte graine et plan d’aménagement d’une haie composite 2010/2011 Responsable du site et maitre de stage : M Joël Garaud BEJO SUD - S I T E G R I F F E T - 11 400 - S A I N T M A R T I N L ALANDE Remerciements Avant tout, je tiens à remercier M. Joël GARAUD, Responsable du site de BEJO Sud à Saint Martin Lalande, de m’avoir permis de faire ce stage de 16 semaines au seins de l’équipe de production. Je remercie également les employés de BEJO Sud : M. Dominique BAIN, M. Pascal MALACLET, M. Renaud SOUILHET, M. Christophe CLEMENT, ainsi que les secrétaires, Mme. Jennifer VIDAL, Mme Charline DECAUNES et le technicien responsable du secteur sud Guillaume CASTELLE. Je remercie l’équipe enseignante : M. Boris FUMANAL tuteur de stage, Mlle Florence CABANEL coordinatrice de la licence, M. Christophe POUGET enseignant au lycée agricole de Tulle-Naves et M. Laurent BOULET enseignant au lycée agricole de Bonnefon pour leur implication dans la licence et leur aide apportée dans la réalisation de mon rapport de stage. Je remercie toutes les personnes qui ont répondu à mes questions, notamment M. Bruno JALOUX (Agro campus Ouest Angers), et M. Alain ARRUFAT (CIVAM 66) sans qui je n’aurais pas pu réaliser cette expérimentation. Je remercie enfin ma famille qui m’a permis de financer et de réaliser cette licence. Tables des matières I. Introduction _____________________________________________________ 1 II. Présentation de l’entreprise _________________________________________ 3 III. Synthèse bibliographique ___________________________________________ 3 1. La production de chicorée _____________________________________________ 4 2. Les pucerons de la chicorée ____________________________________________ 4 a. L’alimentation _____________________________________________________________ 4 b. Le cycle de vie _____________________________________________________________ 5 c. Nasonovia ribisnigri _________________________________________________________ 5 d. Mysus persicae ____________________________________________________________ 6 e. Uroleucon Sonchi __________________________________________________________ 6 f. Hyperomyzus lactucae ______________________________________________________ 6 3. Moyens de lutte contre les pucerons ____________________________________ 7 a. La lutte biologique __________________________________________________________ 7 b. Les traitements possibles en AB et NOP _________________________________________ 9 4. Les bandes fleuries __________________________________________________ 10 a. Le travail de la FREDON Nord Pas-de-Calais _____________________________________ 10 b. La SERAIL ________________________________________________________________ 12 c. Le FIBL __________________________________________________________________ 13 5. Les haies composites ________________________________________________ 13 a. Structure de la haie ________________________________________________________ 13 b. Le choix des plantes________________________________________________________ 15 c. La plantation _____________________________________________________________ 16 d. Etude de Johanna Villenave _________________________________________________ 17 e. Investissement ____________________________________________________________ 18 IV. Méthodologie ___________________________________________________ 18 1. Essai bande fleurie __________________________________________________ 18 a. Le choix du dispositif _______________________________________________________ 18 b. Le choix des plantes________________________________________________________ 19 c. Le choix des observations ___________________________________________________ 19 d. Protocole ________________________________________________________________ 20 2. Haie composite _____________________________________________________ 22 a. Emplacement de la haie ____________________________________________________ 22 b. La structure de la haie ______________________________________________________ 22 c. Les plantes sélectionnées ___________________________________________________ 22 d. L’implantation ____________________________________________________________ 22 e. Financement _____________________________________________________________ 23 V. Résultats _______________________________________________________ 24 1. Bande fleurie _______________________________________________________ 24 a. Itinéraire technique de la chicorée ____________________________________________ 24 b. Evolution de la bande fleurie ________________________________________________ 24 c. Résultats de l’essai ________________________________________________________ 24 2. Haie composite _____________________________________________________ 25 VI. Analyse ________________________________________________________ 25 1. Traitements des résultats _____________________________________________ 25 2. Difficultés rencontrés ________________________________________________ 26 3. Les améliorations ___________________________________________________ 27 VII. Conclusion ____________________________________________________ 29 Références bibliographiques ___________________________________________________ 30 Glossaire ___________________________________________________________________ 32 Annexes ____________________________________________________________________ 33 Résumé ____________________________________________________________________ 47 I. Introduction Dans le cadre de ma formation en Licence Professionnelle Agriculture Biologique Conseil et Développement, j’ai effectué 16 semaines de stage au sein de l’entreprise BEJO SUD. Elle se situe dans le département de l’Aude à St Martin Lalande proche de Castelnaudary. Lors du stage j’ai été suivie par Joël Garaud qui est le responsable du site. C’est une entreprise productrice de semences potagères en système conventionnel et certifiée en agriculture biologique. Les semences sont vendues au niveau mondial. C’est pourquoi, la société doit avoir deux types de certifications. Une certification agriculture biologique pour la filière européenne et une certification NOP (National Organic Program), pour la commercialisation aux pays Nord Américains et les autres pays du monde. De ce fait l’entreprise à une double contrainte à respecter. Les produits phytopharmaceutiques sont soumis à une procédure très dure pour qu’ils soient autorisés à la mise sur le marché (AMM) en Union Européenne. En effet, il faut que la spécialité commerciale soit d’un côté, efficace et ait un intérêt pour la culture, d’un autre côté elle doit subir des tests pour un classement toxicologique (humain et environnemental). Elle doit être inscrite à la suite de ces tests sur la liste positive communautaire. Ensuite chaque Etat de l’ Union européenne prend l’initiative de l’homologuer dans son pays en fonction des études menées. En agriculture biologique peu de produits existent et sont autorisés. En effet, après des suppressions de matières actives, il ne reste à notre disposition que le pyrèthre naturel. Cette matière active n’a pas la même efficacité que les anciennes matières. Lors de fortes attaques de ravageurs le produit n’en vient pas à bout. En ce qui concerne les produits autorisés en NOP ils sont plus nombreux. Se sont essentiellement des produits à base de champignons, bactéries et virus, qui attaqueraient les ravageurs. L’entreprise rencontre le problème des pucerons qui sont très invasifs. Ce ravageur peut provoquer d’énormes pertes de rendement. C’est notamment sur les cultures de choux et de chicorée que la pression est la plus importante. J’ai donc basé ma problématique sur le thème de la gestion des pucerons sur la culture de chicorée. Je me suis demandée comment lutter contre les pucerons de la chicorée sous tunnel en agriculture biologique ? Après avoir effectué des recherches sur le sujet, je me suis penchée sur les bandes fleuries et les haies composites (ou fonctionnelles). Ces deux éléments se rapportent à l’apport de biodiversité pour créer un équilibre entre l’environnement de la culture et la culture. Cela permet d’amener plus d’auxiliaires des cultures et donc réduire les attaques de pucerons. En effet, l’environnement de la culture est plutôt hostile à l’accueil d’auxiliaires. L’entreprise se situe dans une région céréalière ou les milieux de biodiversités se font de plus en plus rares, en partie à cause de l’agrandissement des parcelles (suppression de haies). L’enceinte de l’établissement est entourée d’une haie de Layland qui ne comporte pas une biodiversité développée. Je me suis donc donnée comme travail de réaliser le plan d’aménagement d’une haie composite pouvant accueillir une plus grande biodiversité que celle actuellement présente. Sachant que l’implantation d’une telle haie peut être coûteuse, je me suis intéressée en même temps aux bandes fleuries. Les bandes fleuries sont principalement utilisées en culture de plein champs, mais aussi pour des cultures sous tunnels. Le principe est d’amener une flore diversifiée, très florifère, pouvant attirer un maximum d’auxiliaire au plus proche de la culture. Il faut une floraison la plus étalée possible, pour avoir une persistance d’action sur les auxiliaires qui se nourrissent à l’état adulte du pollen et du nectar. Pour vérifier l’effet de ces bandes fleuries j’ai effectué un essai Page | 1 comportant trois tunnels de chicorée : un témoin, un avec bande fleurie densité 100 % et un autre bande fleurie densité 50 %. Les plantes sont semées en plaque
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