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Issue Full File VOLUME III ISSUE I June 2020 ISSN 2667-4432 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/juhis JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY STUDIES JUHIS indexed by: Google Scholar, İndex Copernicus, Cite Factor, Directory of Research Journals Indexing, Academic Resource Index, Scientific Indexing Services, Journal Factor, Cosmos, Eurasian Scientific Journal Index, Rootindexing, International Instıtute of Organized Research, General Impact Factor, ROAD, Kaynakça.info, Academic Journal Index, ASOS Index, World Catalogue of Science Journals, İSAM, Crossref, Scilit, International Scientific Indexing. JUHIS is an international, peer-reviewed journal and published every six months and two issues per year (June and December) e-mail: [email protected] Düzce-2020 i Editor in Chief Dr. Sabit DOKUYAN/Düzce University Advisory Board Dr. Bünyamin KOCAOĞLU/ Ondokuz Mayıs University Dr. Dilara USLU/ Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Dr. Enis ŞAHİN/ Sakarya University Dr. Jamshid ROOSTA/ Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Dr. Mustafa KESKİN/ Erciyes University (Emeritus) Dr. Remzi KILIÇ/ Erciyes University Editorial Board Dr. Anar RAHİMOV/ Khazar University Dr. Claudia IOV/ Universitatea Babeş Bolyai Dr. Emzar MAKARADZE/ Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Dr. Erhan YOSKA/ Erciyes University Dr. Ersin MÜEZZİNOĞLU/ Karabük University Dr. Haluk SELVİ/ Sakarya University Dr. Haşim ERDOĞAN/ Hacı Bektaş Veli University Dr. Hava SELÇUK/ Erciyes University Dr. Hussein KASASBEH/ Mutah University Dr. Ivelin Argirov IVANOV/ University of Veliko Tarnovo ii Dr. Jie LYU/ Renmin University Dr. Kaya Tuncer ÇAĞLAYAN/ Ondokuz Mayıs University Dr. Mansour AMİNİ/ UCSI University Dr. Mehmet OKUR/ Karadeniz Technical University Dr. Mikail ACIPINAR/ İzmir Katip Çelebi University Dr. Mohammad Saleh BANI ISSA/ Middle East University Dr. Mohammed Ibrahim ABU EL-HAIJA/ Middle East University Dr. Mohsen MORSALPOUR/ Sistan and Baluchestan University Dr. Muhidin MULALİC/ International University of Sarajevo Dr. Murat KARATAŞ/ Abdullah Gül University Dr. Mustafa Serhan YÜCEL/ Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Dr. Nazim MUSTAFA/ Presidential Library, Azerbaijan Dr. Neslihan ALTUNCUOĞLU/ Erciyes University Dr. Nurperi AYENGİN/ Düzce University Dr. Osman KÖSE/ Police Academy, Turkey Dr. Ökkeş NARİNÇ/ Namık Kemal University Dr. Önder DUMAN/ Ondokuz Mayıs University Dr. Reza Ekhtiari AMİRİ/ University of Mazandaran Dr. Selma GÖKTÜRK ÇETİNKAYA/ Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Dd. Serap FİSO/ International University of Sarajevo Dr. Sevilay ÖZER/ Mehmet Akif Ersoy University iii Dr. Stefano TAGLİA/ The Oriental Institute of Prague, The Czech Republic Dr. Stipica Grgic/ University Of Zagreb Dr. Süleyman ÖZBEK/ Hacı Bayram Veli University Dr. Yakup KAYA/ Necmettin Erbakan University Dr. Yuliya BİLETSKA/ Karabük University Dd. Wameedh Sarhan AL-RUBAYE/ Irak Middle Technical University Dr. Zugravu NELU/ Universitatea Alexandru Ion Cuza din Iaşi Layout Editor Dd. Ahmet Coşkun TEKİN/ Teacher Foreign Language Advisor Dr. Ayşe MUHTAROĞULLARI/ Girne American University Mehmet GÜZEL/ Teacher Muhammed ÇABUK/ Teacher Dr. Musa RAHİMİ/ Allameh Tabataba’i University Editorial Secretariat Dd. Ahmet Coşkun TEKİN/ Teacher Issue Referees Dd. Abdullah ERDOĞAN/ Erciyes University Dr. Abdullah Kutalmış YALÇIN/ Düzce University Dr. Ahmet ALTUNGÖK/ Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Dr. Ali GÜVELOĞLU/Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University iv Billy AGWANDA/ İstanbul Commerce University Dd. Farzad ABEDİ/ Unıversıty of Tehran Dr. Gülseren KAN ŞAHİN/ Sinop University Dr. Hatice Sezgi SARAÇ DURGUN/Akdeniz University Dr. Nagehan ELEMANA/Mersin University Dd. Onur Sadık KARAKUŞ/Düzce University Pınar PINARCIK/Düzce University Dr. Sabit DOKUYAN/ Düzce University Dr. Saltanat KYDYRALİEVA/ İstanbul University Dr. Samet ALIÇ/ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Dd. Tuğçe KAYA/ University of Vienna Dr. Yavuz BOLAT/Mustafa Kemal University v CONTENTS Research Articles 1 Acrimony in Colonial Liberia Sömürülen Liberya’da Çekişmeler Akpojevbe Omasanjuwa-Junisa Phebean (1-38) 2 Jan Ámos Komenský’nin Eğitim Sisteminin Özellikleri Üzerine: Bir Eğitim Tarihi Çalışması On the Features of the Jan Ámos Komenský’s Systems of Education: A Study of Education History Adnan Çırak (39-52) 3 The Sixth Zone: Historical Roots of African Diaspora and Pan-Africanism in African Development Altinci Bölge: Afrika’nın Gelişiminde Pan-Afrikanizm ve Afrika Diasporasının Tarihsel Kökleri Billy Agwanda-Başak Özoral (53-72) 4 XII. ve XIII. Yüzyıllarda Anadolu’da İpek Yolu The Silk Road in Anatolia in the 12th and 13th Centuries Esra Yılmaz (73-84) 5 Tiberius’ Germania Strategy Tiberius’un Germanya Stratejisi Gökhan Tekir (85-100) vi 6 Geç On Dokuzuncu ve Erken Yirminci Yüzyıl Amerikan Stereograf Kartlarındaki Osmanlı İmgesi The Ottoman Image in late Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century American Stereograph Cards Bahar Gürsel (101-114) 7 Bir Tekstil Ürünü ve İkonografik Obje Olarak Mappa Kullanımı The Use of Mappa as a Textile Product and Iconographic Object Durmuş Ersun (115-125) 8 Türk Siyasal Hayatında Çok Partili Hayata Geçiş Süreci: İç ve Dış Siyasette Yaşanan Gelişmelerin Genel Değerlendirmesi Transition Process to the Multiparty System in Turkish Political Life: General Evaluation of the Developments in Internal and Foreign Policy Ferhat İlgen (126-147) vii Editörden Kıymetli Okuyucular Journal of Universal History Studies(JUHIS) Haziran sayısıyla karşınızdayız. Yeni sayımızda çeşitli konularda ve farklı dönemlere ait 8 bilimsel çalışmayı sizlere sunuyoruz. Bu çalışmaların içerisinde; Osmanlı, Cumhuriyet, Selçuklu dönemine, dünya tarihi ve eğitim tarihine ışık tutan makalelerin yanı sıra, daha eski tarihler hakkında bizleri aydınlatan makaleler de yer almaktadır. Dergimizin dördüncü sayısının hazırlık aşamasında hem çalışmalarını dergimize yollayan yazarlarımıza hem de hakemlik yaparak derginin daha üst seviyelere çıkması için katkı sağlayan değerli hakemlerimize çok teşekkür ediyoruz. Dergi olarak en büyük amacımız; her yeni sayıda kendimizi geliştirerek bilim dünyasına katkı sağlayacak çalışmaları sizlere ulaştırmaktır. Diğer sayımız Ekim ayında yayınlanacaktır. Kıymetli tarihçiler ve araştırmacıların çalışmalarını bekliyoruz. Diğer sayımızda görüşmek üzere, sağlıklı ve ilim dolu günler diliyorum… Doç. Dr. Sabit DOKUYAN Şef Editör Haziran 2020/Düzce viii From Editor Dear Readers, We are here with the June issue of our journal, Journal of Universal History Studies(JUHIS). In our new issue, we present 8 scientific studies on various subjects and from different periods. In these studies, in additon to the articles that shed light on Ottoman, Republic of Turkey, Seljuk periods, world history and education history, there are also articles that enlighten us about the ancient history. We would like to thank both the authors who sent their works to the journal turing the preperation of the fourth issue of our journal and our valuable referees who contributed to the higher levels of the journal by refeering. Our biggest goal as a journal; to develop ourselves in every new issue to contribute to the world of science. The next issue will be published in October. We expect the work of esteemed historians and researchers. I wish you healthy and scientific days to see in our other issue… Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabit DOKUYAN Editor in Chief June 2020/Düzce ix ISSN: 2667-4432 Journal of Universal History Studies (JUHIS)• 3(1 ) • June • 2020 • pp. 1 – 38 Acrimony in Colonial Liberia 1 Akpojevbe Omasanjuwa 2 University of The Gambia, Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences, Gambia Junisa Phebean3 University of The Gambia, Development Studies Unit., Gambia Received-Accepted: 15.02.2020-08.05.2020 Research Article Abstract This article addresses the development of the acrimonious relationships between freed Black American slaves who settled in Liberia, and their African hosts. The superiority complex of the former made them have derogatory views about their hosts, while the latter, who initially welcomed the repatriates, loathed them for being arrogant descendants of slaves. The sequential transgressions committed against the indigenous people, by the settler class, degenerated to an apartheid situation. Principally, their agonizing experiences revolved around land ownership and inequity. Despite the desolation, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) ignored human rights abuses that were identical with what it denounced in other parts of colonial Africa. However, despite the tragedies they had grappled with, enough precautionary measures are not in place to nip other potentially volatile situations in the bud. In conclusion, the write-up, through qualitative verification of facts, highlighted how problems of finance, education, superiority complex, greed and avarice and duplicity of African politicians complicated the Liberian situation. Keywords: Contract Labour, Discrimination, Liberia, Settler Colonialism Sömürülen Liberya’da Çekişmeler Öz Bu makale Liberya’ya yerleşen özgür siyahi Amerikalı köleler ile Afrikalı ev sahipleri arasındaki acımasız ilişkilerin gelişimini incelemektedir. Siyahi kölelerin üstünlük kompleksi, onların ev sahipleri hakkında aşağılayıcı görüşlere sahip olmasına yol açarken, başlangıçta geri dönenleri memnuniyetle karşılayan ev sahipleri, kölelerin küstah torunları oldukları için onlardan nefret ediyordu. Yerli halk tarafından, yerleşimci sınıfa peş peşe yapılan kural çiğnemeler, ayrışmacı bir duruma yol açmıştı. Esasen, acı veren deneyimleri arazi mülkiyeti ve eşitsizliği etrafında dönüyordu. Terk edilmişliğe rağmen, Afrika Birliği Örgütü, sömürge Afrika’nın
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