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s t ud of alt er natives 01 6 837 249 y NOV 28 1989

C LEMSON

a t monu ment

ANASAZI NATIONAL MONUMENT C OL ORADO

FEBERAL

study of alternativ es

september 1989

ANASAZI NATIONAL MONUMENT 0 COL ORADO

UNITED STATE S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ACK NOWL EDGEMENT

The National Park Service gratefull y acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of the B ureau of L M a m n he r S r c he a l ra and the u l in rr n out an an t US . t a d ge e t, Fo est e vi e , st te of Co o do , p b ic c yi g A r ati for An n M n n this Study of lte n ves an asazi Natio al o ume t . CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY BACK GROUND AND LIMITATIONS 1 STUDY PROCEDURES 2 A rcheological Resource Eval uation and Statement of Significance Sites Ev aluated 2 Evaluation Cri teria 2 Statement of Significance 4 Study of Alternatives 6

STUDY AREA OVERVIEW 7 THE ANASAZI CULTURE 7 Cultural Phases 7 A rcheological Sites 8 LANDOWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 14 ECONOMIC CHARAC TERISTICS 1 5

DESCRIPTION AND A NALYSIS OF THE ALTE RNATIVES 1 6 CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW 1 6 Management Considerations 1 6 Required A ctions 17 ALTERNATIVE A : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI NATIONAL PARK AREA A S AN EXTE NSION OF MESA VERDE NATIONA L PARK 1 7 General Descri ption 1 7 Resource Protecti on and Management 1 7 Vi sitor Use 21 Pl anning and Operations 21 Anal ysis 21 ALTERNATIVE B : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI CULTURAL RESERVE 22 General Description 22 Resource Protecti on and Management 22 Vi sitor Use 22 Pl anning and Operations 22 A nal ysis 25 ALTERN ATIVE C : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI CONSERVATION AREA 25 General Description 25 Resource Protection and Management 26 Vi sitor Use 26 Planning and Operations 26 Anal ysis 29 ALTE RNATIVE D: DEVELOP AN ANASAZI CULTURAL HERITAGE PARTNERSHIP 29 General Descri pti on 29 Resource Protection and Management 29 Vl sitor Use 31 Pl anning and Operations 31 Anal ysis 31 ALTERNATIVE E: FOSTER A SOUTHWESTERN TOURISM MARK ETING PA RTNERSHIP 32 General Description 32 Resource Protecti on and Management 32 Vi sitor Use 32 Planning and Ope rations 32 A nal ysis 33

PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION 36

APPENDIX A: SITE - SPECIFIC EVALUATION 37 O L T O MP O M T AND N OM THE T D R 47 APPENDIX B : P PU A I N , E L Y EN , I C E IN S U Y A EA APPENDIX C: VISITATION PROJECTIONS A ND COST ESTIMATES F OR STUDY ALTERNATIVES 5 1 APPEND IX D : AREAS AFFILIATED WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM 56 APPEND IX E : THE CHACO ARCHEOLOGICAL PROTECTION SITE SYSTE M 57 ’ APPENDIX F: AMERICA S INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE PROJEC T 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY 60

STUDY CONSULTANTS 67

iv Study A rea 3 B ranches of the Anasazi Cul ture 9 Alternative A Northern Anasazi National Park 19 Altemative B Northern Anasazi Cul tural Reserve 23 Al ternative C Northern Anasazi Conservation Ar ea 27 Alternative D Anasazi Cul tural Heri tage Partnership 30

TABLES

r Site Evaluation by Nationall y Significant Cri teria 4 p General Period of Occupati on of Eval uated Sites 1 3 w Site Ownership 14 e Sites Potentiall y Included in a Northern Anasazi National Park Area 1 8 w ELM and USPS Sites Included in a Northern Anasazi Conservation A rea 26 a Compari son of Al temative A ctions 34 s Comparison of Al ternative Impacts 35

INTRODUCTION

n u l a r nl in u h rn l ra The Anasazi the A ncient O es b i t Fi st , o y sites so t weste Co o do n Ana a i in h r complex civilization in the southwestern Uni ted were co sidered . s zi s tes ot e A ar a the ur m r r n ma D 1 00. t A . 3 States from about 200 B C . to e s of Fo Co e s egio y n h r ul ur ar h ec uil r u r u ur u n n on the the ze ith of t ei c t e , c it ts b t eq i e f t e st dy, depe di g ff multi storied elaborately designed stone cities outcome of this initial e ort. nn r arm r that were rnterco ected by oads . F e s l rri n r ca aer S c n r als in the Hovenw ee tilled terraced fie ds , i gated by i t i te w t e o d , p opos p n m ra m n ma fine a nal M num n D ra t General manageme t syste s . C fts e de pots N tio o e t f ri kin m And Mana ement P lan and D evelo ment that they decorated with st g otifs . g p pri ests conducted ceremonies in underground Concept Plan (Decembe r 1 987) were not k h n in the la 12005 r a in ar au ral the chambers called ivas . T e te e ssessed , p t bec se seve of ’ r n d m num n un are in ah u the the Anasazi began to desert thei tow s an o e t s its Ut , o tside l z n ri u r a H r ha ra l an l a n lu th r ati u a . cities , e vi g c es to ei civi i o b ed st dy e oweve , t t d ft p did h n n r mm n ara ns ra n for in t e abando ed rui s . eco e d sep te co ide tio n P in h ch r n z as Goodma o t, w i is ecog i ed ru ns in southw estem l ra r n m r m lar the l ar u l in Today, i Co o do p ovide bei g o e si i to ge p eb os an exceptional opportunity to undertake a Montezuma Vall ey than the rest of the m h n th r h rn San uan Ho enw ee c m l h r r G dman v . co pre e sive study of e No t e J p o p ex T e efo e , oo M V r ranch the Anasa w ho l P n nclu in h St o ( esa e de) b of zi , ived oi t is i ded t is udy f R r S r r nti n A t r ati ve n e uan . n ort h of th San J ive ites ep ese g l e s . the full conti nuum of occupation from ask mak r H hr u h u l are r n h r a ull ran mana m n and B et e t o g P eb o III p ese t T i d , f ge of ge e t in M r n m l m n h ar a. a V o e the altema ives r amn t is e es e de is of ost deve op e t t we e ex i ed , spectacul ar and best- known of the Northern San but no preferred alternative has been uan Ana a ar a but ar h l i now kn l J s zi e s , c eo og sts ow se ected . h m n rn Ana z n t at ost of the orthe sa i popul atio , ma at l l in urt h the An H r n r h h esti ted to peop e , ived Fo , asazi e itage Ce te , w ic the M n uma Vall the n rth L rall h n o tez ey to o . ite y is wit i the study area and is operated by h u an hr u h u hi ar a the ur au L an Mana m n BL M t o s ds of sites exist t o g o t t s e , B e of d ge e t ( ) , allowing us to learn not onl y about the minor will conti nue to be operated by that a l r a l but al the a n In 1 987 e ur a det i s of eve yd y ife , so ge cy. th b e u and the development of the cul ture over hundreds of National Park Service cooperated in a ar and the al l al n m and u r m ye s soci , po itic , eco o ic , st dy to eview the anagement of the " ceremoni al dynamics that energized the entire center to ensure that the Depart ment is l za n civi i tio . managing this Cultural Center in the most " f fi n m n r The n u ef ective , ef cie t a ne . joi t st dy anal yzed several management al ternatives STUDY BACK GROUND and recommended continued BLM AND MI O mana m n the n r h hn LI TATI NS ge e t of ce te , wit tec ical a an r m the a nal ark S ssist ce f o N tio P ervice . In 1 988 Congress directed the National Park This Study of Alternatives explores possible Serv ice to eval uate proposal s for establishing an relationships between the ELM facility and A nasazi National Monument in southw estem other potential interpretive activities in the l ra H u nf r n R r accom a r Co o do ( o se Co e e ce epo t p study a ea. nying Public L aw 1 00 In directing the ark S r the u n r not nall r ur n n P e vice to do st dy, Co g ess did Fi y, eso ces o ative Ameri can lands ul a a m l n a but the ai nal r lu r m h stip te co p etio d te , N t o we e exc ded f o t e study. Park Service has schedul ed completion by S t m r 1989 Th ep e be . e study w as completed with the foll owing l imitations: STUDY PROCEDURES never been surveyed and for which there is h l n rm i n Al h u h little or no arc eo ogical i fo at o . t o g n a h r are rum r r a i c A study area for this project w as defi ed b sed t e e o s of g e t sites , spec fi n r n s the kn n n n rma n n for a m r h ns on the study co st ai t , ow exte t of i fo tio eeded co p e e ive a n in l ra and the aluat n la kin ha nf rmai n a ou major A nasazi occup tio Co o do , ev io is c g (t t is , i o t o b t l r i n as n e ri h al n i n n en and southw estem Co o ado study reg o site i t g ty, p ysic co dit o , i t sity orado P re istoric m a s r n n a and described in the Southw est Col h types of i p ct , p otectio eeds , ccess , i E an and ck n The c all un ar . Context ( ddy, K e , Ni e s espe i y bo d es) study area is bounded by the Colorado state n the M un an Ute and For h r a ns the ar h l al r ur l ine o the west , Ute o t i t ese e so , c eo ogic eso ce r n on he u h and the al ua n not a n anal all Southern Ute eservatio s t so t , ev tio is defi itive ysis of r in S r l e San Juan Mountains on the north and east (see resou ces the study area. ites we e se ect d l Th and alua as r . e Study A rea map) . ev ted desc ibed be ow ese sit s may require additi onal assessment before further h h h n n n This Study of A lternatives w ic as bee actio is take . undertaken with assistance fromthe US . Forest

i FS h ur au L an S te E aluated . ur ar a r Serv ce (US ) , t e B e of d i s v Fo types of e s we e M m n the a l ra and the n all alua 1 and ri l anage e t, st te of Co o do , i iti y ev ted ( ) sites dist cts isted in on he a nal R er H r la 2 n rri out t . publi c has bee ca ed two s eps t N tio egist of isto ic P ces , ( ) Fir the man Ana a ar h l ical r ur ar a ha cau h r m r an are st, y s zi c eo og eso ces e s t t be se of t ei i po t ce within the study area were assessed to already being protected by vari ous federal rmn h h r h m the r ri a for a n 3 ha are n the dete i e w et e t ey eet c ite ge cies , ( ) sites t t ow ed by national signi ficance as defined by the NPS A rchaeological Conservancy and that were M Policies hu mak n h m l for ur ha the n n r r an anagement , t s i g t e se ected p c se by o p ofit o g i n l m num n z on r 4 l i l f r na n as a na a . ati au h n an and e ig b e o desig tio tio o e t bec se of t ei sig ific ce , ( ) n r a ran of al rna i ra n r n n r in nsur n Seco d , a b o d ge te t ve st tegies sites ow ed by pe so s i te ested e i g i r r r lu r n h n r h r . w as al a r a i r for manag ng Anasazi esou ces we e eva ated . t ei p otectio It so g eed t t o de r mm z l a r r ael r r n h r rn The two steps a e su ari ed be ow. to pp op i t y ep ese t t e No the San uan Ana az i r n n n J s i , s tes eprese ti g the e ti re years of Formative peri od occupation in A rche l al Re our e E aluat n southw estem l ra h ul o ogic s c v io Co o do s o d be studied . and Statement of Significance Numerous professional archeologists w ho are An archeological resource evaluation and a most famili ar with the area full y cooperated statement of significance were prepared to with the study and made many sound sugges alua he n r ran in ns h r w as a n n u am n h ev te t e ti e ge of sites tio . T e e co se s s o g t ese southwestern Colorado against established NPS individual s about the areas that shoul d be ri ri a for n an u a li and lua l m i if a e . rth an un u s n c te sig ific ce , s it bi ty, ev t d Neve e ess , y iq e , g a i l A rmna n w as al ma as ican r no al u for h fe s bi ity. dete i tio so de to t sites we e t ev ated t e reasons h h r he n canc h r ur n w et e t sig ifi e of t e eso ces oted above . warrants their preservation on the national level NP S An r n h rm na n E alua n r r A n ( , de so T is dete i tio is v tio C ite ia. atural , cultural , or cum n in the aem n n an r r a n r ur ns r do e ted st t e t of sig ific ce . ec e tio eso ce is co ide ed to be nationall y significant if it meets all of the Several problems had to be addressed duri ng following criteri a: th ur h r ur al a n r w as e co se of t e eso ce ev u tio . Fi st n r M r han Ana az an u an n am l ular the umbe of sites . o e t s i It is o tst di g ex p e of a part ic are r r in M n zuma unt al n ur sites eco ded o te Co y o e , type of reso ce . making the magnitude of the study r h lm n S n w as the m r nal al u or ual in ove w e i g . eco d co p essed It possesses exceptio v e q ity u h ul hi h r u r much the ll u tra n or n r re in the na ural or st dy sc ed e , w c eq i ed of i s ti g i te p t g t ’ l r n ri n n r h r h m r n ri u . w as cul ural u n h a fie dwo k to be do e d g wi te T i d t t e es of o atio s e t ge . the vast federal and pri vate acreage that has E DS C / S PT 8 9 / ANAS / 4 0 , 0 0 0 It offe rs superl ative opportunities for sites present a fai rl y complete picture of r cr a i n u l c use and n m n or A na azi li n rth the San uan R r as e e t o , p b i , e joy e t s fe o of J ive , r n ll as un u a c r h r l ha fo scie tific study. we iq e spe ts of p e isto ic ife t t are not represented elsewhere in the national m It retains a high degree of integrity as a park syste . ru a ura and r l a l un il t e , cc te , e tive y spo ed m a ur M a V r a i nal Park and Hovenw ee exa ple of reso ce . es e de N t o p National Monument depict facets of the Table 1 shows how the archeological sites that Northern San Juan Anasazi that are not r m h cri ria The e r r r n in the i e alua for h u we e evaluated eet t e te . sit s we e ep ese ted s t s ev ted t is st dy, also surv eyed to determine thei r physical particul arly the spectacul ar cliff dwell ings in c n i i n as w ell as r c i n and r r a n M a V r and the u r and i i n o d t o , p ote t o p ese v tio es e de s pe b d st ctive A H nw - l nhe d r hi r n n ove ee can o a a u . eeds (see appe dix ) . p sty e of y c tect e With the exception of the cl iff- sheltered L ost m n f n fi nc ll l th 21 an n A rch l ical Di ric all the i State e t o Sig i ca e. Co ective y, e C yo eo og st t , s te site complexes evaluated for this Study of complexes ev al uated are in the open on ridge A r v mak a ni an n ri uti n or al n an n l arl n ai n lte nati es e sig fic t co t b o to tops o g c yo edges , c e y i dic t g the cultural distinctiveness of the northem S an that the northern San Juan A nasazi preferred n M V r ti n n li in l ll n a Al h a a al ot to . Juan are . o g wit es e de N o ve c iff dwe i gs P rk n Hov nw ee a nal M num n h a a d e pN tio o e t , t ese

Table 1 : Site Evaluation by Nationally Significant Cr iter ia

Outstanding Exceptional Public Oppor High Resource Inter pretive t unities/Sci Degr ee of Example Value entific Study Integ riyt

A lbert Porter Ruin A nasazi Archeological District Ansel Hall Ruin Cannonball Ruin Chimney Rock Archeological Distri ct Durango Rock-Shelters Easter Ruin Escalante Complex Goodman Point Complex Lakeview Complex Lancaster Ruin Lost Canyon Archeological District Lowry Complex McL ean Basin Towers Complex Mitchell Springs Ruin* Mud Springs Ruin Reservoir Complex Sand/East Rock Canyons Sand Canyon Spring Creek Archeological District Yellowjacket Complex Yucca House

0 M ts ua n rit ria ee eval tio c e . In ffi r n i nf rm n f r i n su c e t o ati o o s te evaluati o . n The al ua are n ru n nl Other national park system areas o the ev ted sites exte sive i s , o y Colorado Pl ateau preserve prehistori c remains three of whi ch have been part iall y excavated n a an n and a l z and h r a rar or un that reflect the disti ctive Ch co C yo st bi i ed , t ey offe e opp t ity r n h h a n a ranch and the Vi r n for rs h ca a and b a c , t e K ye t b , gi visito to see bot ex v ted E n h a ual rn r ch ach h inh r n un ca a A na az ns . t e River or Weste b an , e wit its e e t , ex v ted s i tow ve to c s l r n ar ularl in r the mul r na ur m r m easil y identifiab e diffe e ces , p tic y visito , tisto y t e of so e oo ill l u l ck c ur ar k a and h r a ur hi mat ri al cul ur and a a . arc tecture , e t e , v ge yo t b o s , o ty ds , iv s , ot e fe t es is readily apparent under the piles of buil ding An l n ru ns a ar r r n nl one Beyond the unique San Juan asazi rubb e . Ni e i ppe to ep ese t o y 1 m l m ri of u a n h ch r an characteri stics of the 2 site co p exes ti e pe od occ p tio , w i p ovides l m e m r n and m r an n ra n in n n n r r eva uated , so e of th o e disti ctive i po t t co side tio desig i g i te p etive unusual aspects focus on the sociopolitical and research programs because habitation of the A n z r n m k m r n u l z n n f h rn San uan a a a a ot a r a . organizatio o t e Northe J s i , e is s ed by o e ece t ti i tio and these aspects are not completel y represented elsewhere in the existing nati onal Another distinctive aspect of at least seven of m The n i ns and u r the 2 1 c m l the ar hi ctural park syste . exte s ve tow s ppo t site o p exes is c te m f r m l G man n n r ra n of a ur and c ns ruc n l syste s ( o exa p e ood Poi t, i co po tio fe t es o t tio sty es ll c and L an a r are the lar ra nall a a h the ha ran h Ye owj a ket, c ste ) gest t ditio y ssoci ted wit C co b c , l r h r c n a r a h e E calan ruin himn R ck known examp es of p e isto i tow gg eg suc as at th s te , C ey o , n l n rr l h ml n h L r m l hi r un u ns h u a a a d t e . a tio . T ese i c de i te e ted ets , ow y co p ex T s p ovides iq e

m r r - all ru ur a ri ul ural l r un a r the rl un r i p essive t i w st ct es , g c t fie ds , oppo t ity to dd ess poo y de stood r r k n ra r a a in r c n n r h eservoirs , g eat ivas , i t site o dw ys , te a tio betwee these two b anc es . hri n l urc and h r u rt aur s es , c ay so es , ot e s ppo fe t es r n l h r A n th r r inc n e 21 on a scale not rep ese ted e sew e e . o e a ea of dist tive ess within th site complexes is the documented and The mere presence north of the San Juan River well - accepted presence of astronomical features man r a k a and tri - all ru ur at ll a k and h mn R k S mlar of y g e t iv s w st ct es , Ye owj c et C i ey oc . i i hi h are n rr r m ni a in na ur a ur ar m n H n n w c i fe ed to be ce e o l t e , fe t es e docu e ted at ove w eepNatio al suggests a high degree of social integrati on Monument and are more tentativel y known at m n the A na az l n h r F i ri - a . t all e n n o g s i ivi g e e ve w sit s withi Chaco Canyo . structures and at least seven great exist h n 21 m l Th l In m the . e n um ar h r l m l wit i site co p exes o y s y, t e e are i ited examp es in the excavated tri - wall structure w as dug by Gordon national park system of the major regional Vi an in 1 953 at A z a nal M num n n r ns a r m n m n m vi tec N tio o e t, ce te s , exte ive w te a age e t syste s , and h r a tri - all at Pu l del A rr in r a a and h r ll r h t e e is w eb o oyo o dw ys , ot e vi ages and featu es t at Chaco Canyon and a similar structure at a represent the culmination of Anasazi life north mall ru n n ar u l n M a . the San uan R r Wi h u m h s i e P eb o Pi t do , New exico of J ive . t o t so e of t e The A ztec and Chaco tri - wall s are the onl y Nort hern San Juan Anasazi sites that contain uch ru ur hin the na nal ark m Chacoan l m n no l s st ct es wit tio p syste , e e e ts , it is t possib e to study and at A ztec the structure is associ ated with the and interpret the social dynamics associated l ate use of the site by the Northem San Juan with the extensive trade network devel oped by A nasazi as they withdrew from the Montezuma the A nasazi or the possible popul ation Vall the n rt h The r l r ey to o . o e these st uctures migration that cul minated in the 1 1 th century " la in Ana a l rl un rs h p yed s zi ife is poo y de tood . C aco intrusion into what is now u h rn l ra The na n so t weste Co o do . tio al park The r a k a ml arl Ana a m g e t iv s , si i y tied to s zi syste is als o lacking sites that represent the r m n al m are ar h t urall r r n n rnm ce e o i is , c i ect y ve y diffe e t orthe ost extension of Anasazi li fe during n the ha and rt h rn San uan all ti m ri art ul arl r m l betwee C co No e J e pe ods , p ic y f o the ear y ran h and r a k a are unkn n r mthe a k mak r and arl u l a b c es , g e t iv s ow f o B s et e e y P eb o st ges . a n a and rn ran h r a k K ye t Weste b c es . No g e t iva of the Northem San Juan Anas azi has been a a exc v ted . Study of A lter natives Alternat ive B: Es tablish a Northern A nasazi Cultural Reserve A cooperative The purpose of this Study of A lternatives is to management system involving both public r n and anal z ari u r ur r n and ri a n ul a l he in p ese t y e v o s eso ce p otectio , p v te e tities wo d be est b is d m n d r us n r r r c r ina e r rva n manage e t, an visito e optio s that can o de to p ovide oo d t d p ese tio , l m n h n h d r . r n r . be conside ed by Co g ess T is is a co ceptual rese arc , an deve op e t effo ts n l um no a an. anal ari u doc e t , t p It yzes v o s approaches to meeting the project goals for Alternati ve C : Designate a Norther n Anasazi resource protection and visitor use; it does not Cons ervation A rea Multiple resource n n c n or r c mm n a n The mana m n and use ul n nu co tai de isio s e o e d tio s . ge e t wo d be co ti ed , m iv s r l in rati n h h he r t S r and the ur au alte at e we e deve oped coope o wit wit t US . Fo es e vice B e r u L Mana m n the U L an Mana m n ak n the l a in the Bu ea of and ge e t, S . of d ge e t t i g e d r S r the a l ra and the l n n mni rin d mana n Fo est e vice , st te of Co o do , p an i g , ad i ste g , an gi g the " l r in h n ul n an n r pub ic as desc ibed t e Co s tatio d conservatio a ea. " n The l in th Coordination sectio . fol ow g is e range of alternati ves considered : Alternat ive D : Develop an A nasazi Cultural Heritage P artnership A cooperative public/ Alternative A : Create a Northern Anasazi ri a artn rsh ul a l h and p v te p e ip wo d be est b is ed , National Park As an Extension of Mesa a commission woul d promote the preservation Verde National Park h al rna ul of r urce n ura la n m T is te tive wo d eso s , e co ge re ted eco o ic r a a new un the nai nal ar m l m n and n u l c e te it of t o p k syste deve op e t , coordi ate p b ic and ha ul un r the mana m n r a ac i t t wo d be de ge e t of p iv te tiv ties . ; significant sites owned by other federal agencies coul d be Alternative E : F oster a Southw es tern affiliated with the national park or transferr ed Colorado Tourism Marketing P artnership h P A r h l to t e National ark Service . c eo ogical resources woul d continue under urr n m n m n r ri c e t a age e t , but app op ate ori entation and interpretation services would r inat nc ura r n ri m be coo d ed to e o ge egio al tou s . STUDY AREA OVERVIE W

M m l d Cult ural hase A rm a a n . . a e In 1 859 US . y C pt i J N co b P s the first topographical survey through l M ha he saw Duri n the m the Ana a cu southwestern Co orado . oved by w t , g ti e s zi oc pied " h r car l a m r au ul u h rn l ra h l fiom a he wrote , T e e is s ce y o e be tif so t weste Co o do , t ey evo ved l A r h l h m ra r a n ar a . pl ace on the face of t e earth. ig to y to sede t y ifew y c eo ogists have gi ven descri ptive names to the different l m n h h r l d l al as . a e Southwestern Colorado contains more than deve op e t p es T ey iste be ow, h ri A i ul ur the al n h r n ral ara t . n h r. ar sce ery, oweve v ety of c t es o g wit ve y ge e c c e stics An a the t the Northern San Juan as zi , U es , S an h ri r n h ra r Basketmaker 11 a k tmak r H a l Navajos , p is p ests , F e c t ppe s , B s e e is pp ied l An n u h nm n u la h m r arm r the ar a a arm r . mountai e , o t ws , o esteade s , f e s , to e iest s zi f i g g o ps T ey n r r ha all l h r m ti a rn and ua h us the a l a l cowboys , a d p ospecto s ve eft t ei do es c ted co sq s , ed t t n mllin n and ma in a d i g sto e , de dist ctive d a k ru ural n sandal s an b s ets . Two st ct desig s

T l n - a an n cli ll n and are a a h hi r : a l a -l n oday, o g b do ed ff dwe i gs ssoci ted wit t s pe iod s b i ed h m r A na u for ra and uri al and a puebl os are proof that t e yste ious sazi cist sed sto ge b s , n l h r h l narr - au railr a c r ul ar ru ur h a au r- ha r o ce ived e e , w i e ow g ge o d i c st ct e wit s ce s ped floo n h r n f r h n lin m at the u o a a . tracks that c g to steep ountai sides , g ost isi g edges sed bit tio n in ll and he r mans towns hidde va eys , t e i of gol d and sil ver mines in the hill s attest to more Basketmaker Il l People of this peri od used n The old mn n n ha man the am ar a s as a k mak r II recent reside ts . i i g tow s ve y of s e tif ct B s et e n r l n umm r and n r r r l h the n r ha w as bee evita ized i to s e wi te eso ts ; peop e , wit additio of potte y t t n n n r cr a n r a re h r l n or h d l ack- ou- ra c ra atio al forests a d e e tio a e s a eit e p ai a b g y de o tion. ’ m n la r un and n hi h a h ul a rn ans ua h nd sports e s p yg o ds; sce ic g w ys , T ey c tiv ted co , be , and sq s , a r s al n aks and all ul ll h n ru t u rran an or m dese t , pi e pe , deep v eys f fi t ey co st c ed s bte e se i ’ f r h n h am . rr r sig tsee rs dre s subte anean pit structu es o abitatio .

P ueblo l The Pueblo I peri od w as the THE R nn n ll a l A n ANASAZI CULTU E begi i g of vi ge ife . bovegrou d ru r u l h st ctu es were b i t, with s ared wall s and The r the u h t rn A na a ul ur n n r m a l co e of so t wes e s zi c t e adjoi i g oo s . Kiv s were deve oped and w as the ur m r ar a h r l ra u as h n r ll m Fo Co e s e , w e e Co o do , sed t e ce te of vi age and cere onial ah M and A r z na m l r w l n l Ut , New exico , i o eet . It ife . Potte y as deve oped and i c uded a n lu hi h m un an u h as the L a la a n k- an ra ar red - on- ran l i c des g o t i s s c P t s ec b ded g y w e , o ge bow s , and Sl n M un an in l ra the L a and effi ies The h eepi g Ute o t i Co o do; g . bow and arr ow ad Sal and Aba os in ah and the arr z r la h n s j Ut ; C i o , ep ced t e atl atl as the pri cipal hunting L ka huka and a a m un a n in A ri n u z a. a n the nn n u l im c i , N v jo o t i s o we po by begi i g of P eb o I t es . It is dominated by hundreds of well - defined m a u t h r- all an n and P ueblo 11 Th rl l es s , b t es , deep s ee w ed c yo s , e ea y Pueb o II pe ri od w as ri r all the l ra San uan mark i ve v eys of Co o do , J , ed by d spersed sites and small set D l r L a Pl a a A n ma and Man am n tlements l m n r o o es , t , i s , cos , o g ; sett e e t patterns g aduall y others . became more clustered in l ate Pueblo II im r ul n in lar r ll Vi ll t es , es ti g ge vi ages . ages The Anasazi occupied this area from about 200 generall y had a central and work pl aza BC A 1 h 300. r . D . na and h u r m 1 0 4 l to T ey we e desig ted o sed f o to 0 peop e , with three " A na az ar h l Alfr d V r in m r . 20 r R a and r s i by c eo ogist e Kidde to oo s pe site . o ds wate he 1 08 Th r m t 93 . e r the a a n r l r r n ru an r wo d is f o N v jo co t o p ojects we e co st cted , d the e l an ua and has n c n ru m an the nc a ll - r ani z n g ge bee o st ed to e is evide e of we o g ed , exte sive " " old n r he an n n o t . ra n m ram n lu o es cie t o es t di g syste . Ce ics i c ded pots decorated with black- on- white designs and in l The bow and The r h rn San uan ranch l corrugated cook g vesse s . No t e J b deve oped m in in use but - n t h l ar l on the r a m as and all arrow re a ed , side o c ed ge y b o d es v eys of

- n h u ern l ra and uth as rn ah points replaced the comer otc ed types that so thwest Co o do so e te Ut , l I ri but it al n as far u h as an n characterized the Pueb o pe od . so exte ded so t C yo de rn A ri z n h ul ural Chelly in northeaste o a. T is c t 11 Th n ar l ar r ll ranch w as ri inall nam and n a P ueblo 1 e tre d tow d ge , we b o g y ed defi ed b sed l ann a ra ill a c n nu uri n on the i un on the M a V r p ed , el bo te v ges o ti ed d g types of s tes fo d es e de , l ri ulm na in in the n lu n the ll - n n l ru ns in the the Pueb o III pe od , c i t g i c di g we k ow c iff i n The nam has n chan impressive cl iff dwellings of Mesa Verde and canyo s . e bee ged to Canyon de Chell y and the multi story Northern S an Juan A nasazi in recent years h r cau ar h l i now kn ha m and great ki vas of Chaco Canyon. Ot e be se c eo og sts ow t t ost of characteri sti cs include extremel y well the people lived in the Montezuma Vall ey north executed ceramics and other crafts ; a of Mesa Verde and on the mesa l ands west to

- n r M in hi n h rn A na a r a ll r an z a d a a n l ar a ah. r widesp e d , we o g i ed , pp e t y Ced es Ut T s o t e s zi " " very formalized system of trading and branch may have been a great bread basket n A n r h r m n S m ar h l communi cation between differe t asazi fo t e Fou Co ers regio . o e c eo ogists centers; and well - functioning ini gation and theorize that the Chaco trade system may have r m m n em l in r r to har m the wate anage e t syst s . deve oped o de s e so e of u h an ml ar prod ce of t is d si i areas . The transition from one peri od to the next w as r ns u n l m i hibi g adual ; co eq e t y, so e s tes ex t characteri stics of one peri od while other A r cheological Sites contemporary regional sites may show examples h r The a mak r 11 r T n - one m l r l for of t e next pe iod . B sket e pe iod we ty site co p exes we e se ected A 4 Th h h l i l ur l r m 1 0 C D 00. e u on t e a the arc ca r asted f o about 0 B . to . st dy b sis of eo og eso ce k r l ri m m n m n n n B as etmake III Pueb o I pe ods (so eti es evaluatio and the state e t of sig ifica ce . referred to as Modified B asketmaker) l asted These are among the most outstanding r m D 4 9 0 h l l n m An n in a u A . 00 0 t e u am the ort he a a ra f o bo t to , P eb o II ex p es of s zi t ditio D l m n l r m D rn l In n n h u h ra . un ti peri od ( eve op e tal Pueb o) f o about A . so t weste Co o do co j c o with t e 900 1 050 and the l a u l u l III r h ri r ma n at M a V r a nal to , te P eb o II P eb o p e isto c e i s es e de N tio ri Gr u l ri r m ar un 1 050 P rk H n M n n nd pe od ( eat P eb o pe od) f o o d a , Yucca ouse Natio al o ume t , a 1 Th al f r n n i to a u 300. e ua o hi Hove w e nal M n bo t sites ev ted t s e p Natio o ume t, these s tes n lu exarn l s r m all h ri r r n m the a r ima l ar study i c de pe f o t ese pe ods . ep ese t ost of pp ox te y ye s Ana az c u ai n in h r i n of s i o c p t o t is eg o . i nn n ri n h P l r r n Beg i g du g t e ueb o II pe iod , egio al variations among the Four Comers A nasazi This peri od saw the evolution of local peoples ar h ari a n ha led a r m a m ra r hun n - and- a h ri n li a began to appe . T ese v tio s ve to f o ig to y ti g g t e g few y cl assification by archeologists of different to a sedentary lifeway characteri zed by highl y r r h h ma r r h n l l r h ll A an u ral and r k . t the cul tu al b anc es . T ese jo b c es i c de deve oped a c itectu a tistic s i s the Chaco Anasazi in northweste rn New height of this culture a network of interrelated M c the a n a Ana az in n r h a rn n ll a and haml a ur m l exi o , K ye t s i o t e ste tow s , vi ges , ets fe t ed co p ex , A ri ona the Northem San uan Ana az in mul r n r ur r m n l z , J s i tisto y, dressed sto e st uct es , ce e o ia u h rn l ra and ar s southeastem m l an hrin n l a ron m so t weste Co o do p t of co p exes d s es , a d possib e st o ah and the Vi r n River Western A na a cal a ur A ri ul ural l r rra Ut , gi / s zi i fe t es . g c t fie ds we e te ced , n r h the Gran an n in A ri z na and and n ri r- mana m n m o t of d C yo o i t cate wate ge e t syste s , southem ah The ran h are r n z n i n h k am and r r r r Ut . b c es ecog i ed by co sist g of c ec d s ese voi s , we e ml ari in ram and th r r n n r r r Mural si i ties ce ics o e at ifact e gi ee ed to conserve p ecious wate . s r main as ll as in ar hi ural rm a in k a and all a n n al n h e s , we c tect fo s (b sic iv s w p i ti gs , o g wit ma nr e hn l r m z ll a confi ill ull c ra e and n l ma r so y t c o ogy, oo si e , vi ge g sk f y de o t d fi e y de potte y, n l Th r h m n i hi hl l i uratio s and a . e anc a ca a ar i c ns . , kiv sty es) b es y i d te g y deve oped t st se e al r r nc in ri ual a r cul ural so eflect diffe e es t s , g i t hn l rh l and a an ua . tec o ogies , pe ps g ges

A n n r f in rr l ari a n l m n l a u llu rai n i teg ated study o these te e ated site v tio , site sett e e t yo t , i st t o of m l m inf rma n m ra hic r n and en al for u n co p exes woul d provide i portant o tio de og p t e ds , pot ti st dyi g for un r an in the al ol al and ur an l m n r an za i n and r n de st d g soci , p itic , b sett e e t o g i t o espo ses to lim S ral l ar u l e ceremonial dynamics of the Northem San Juan c atic stress . eve ge P eb o I sit s exist z To ae h r has n no nh or in h ri h h unu ual in h r n Anasa i . d t t e e bee sy t esis t is dist ct , w ic is s t is po tio comprehensive study and interpretation of these of the study area (such sites are known farther h n l r mains The lar m l n a n a and ar r . a ae e u extens ive e . ge co p exes co t i e st f t e west) U exc v t d sit s wo d n rma n h a h n m in h a a l k l c n a n in rmai n m r an i fo tio t t , w e co b ed wit d t i e y o t i fo t o i po t t to l n h n m l r r ll h c n n er r t e a u . from the smalle sites , wi e p s ie tists i t p eti g e ig tic P eb o I pe iod understand the regional cul tural dynamics of ri l n h th n uan R r A nsel Hall Ruin A u l Il - arl u l prehisto c ife ort of e Sa J ive . P eb o e y P eb o ill i h an unu ual l a u III v age s te wit s yo t , Each site or complex has unique features that consisting of a series of discrete units with in r in c n ual at l one mul r D woul d be useful add ess g specifi aspects i divid kivas , east tisto y n rn Ana z l h l al n ri u i n ha ru ur an n rme a - k a and of orthe sa i ife w i e so co t b t g s ped st ct e , i te di te sized iv , l r r r i nal ul ural n m ns h u h ha to the arge pictu e of eg o c t exte sive idde . It is t o g t to ve i r r i - e ifi c nf rma n h r h trem l dynamcs that equi es s te sp c i o tio Chacoan c aracte istics . T is site is ex e y as well as information about the interrel ation important for research because evidence of the m i Pu l II ccu a n has no b n c m r m e ships a ong s tes . eb o o p tio t ee o p o is d l r ns by ate occupatio . The 21 sites are descri bed below and are n ri l rna m Cannonball Ruin h ru n on ann n all shown o the va ous a te tive aps . T is i is C o b A i n nf rma n a u the n n nd M a rl kin ll a an n dd tio al i o tio bo t co ditio a es , ove oo g Ye owj cket C yo . It is n ri the ruin urr n m a and uall m r and ns h i teg ty of s , c e t i p cts , vis y i p essive co ists of bot r c n and r r ai n n are nclu an n mul r r m and ni l m un p ote tio p ese v t o eeds i ded st di g tisto y oo s bb e o ds , i n i A i r n r i l r n . S r in the al a r and a r a a appe d x tes ep ese t g seve k v s , towe s , p ob b e w te k r ri r not ll r r n m m n m n an au B as etmake II pe od a e we ep ese ted anage e t syste . It is sig ific t bec se it in h u h due in ar the u an en r nti al m l a l t is st dy. T is is p t to st dy is ext sive eside co p ex of sty e l m n r r u l in n n l h a ha u ot u r . i it tio s t t we e p evio s y disc ssed , fo d e sew e e part to an inadequate understanding of this ri ar h l and rha in ar Ch mn Rock A r h o D h pe od by c eo ogists , pe ps p t to i ey c e logical istri ct T is the limited number of known sites from this archeological district contains at least 91 high m ri a l 2 h the n ral r al u ain m l H l ti e pe od . T b e s ows ge e pe iods tit de sites d t g fro Pueb o and Pueb o a e r c u III im h r a 36 l ar k and l th t th sites we e o c pied . t es . T e e re ge ivas possib e n m l nm n The h mn R k astro o ical a ig e ts . C i ey oc A lbert P orter Ruin A conti nuously occupied Pueblo is built in a Chacoan style and is ll a r m a mak r III hr u h u l c n r one h u i vi ge f o B sket e t o g P eb o III o side ed to be of the C aco o tl ers . (Pueblo I occupation has not yet been This site may have been established because l n The u l lf h r n f r h n adequate y docume ted) . p eb o itse as timbe s that were eeded o C aco Canyo 30— 35 r m 21 ki a hr r and a 100 ml the u r al a l oo s , v s , t ee towe s , pit i es to so th we e av i b e . ru ur lu r ns and n st ct e , p s dep essio exte sive m h ul a to u in D n R k- h r - l iddens . T is wo d be good site st dy ura go oc S elte s The rock she ters are terms of vill age pl an and architecture because one of the earliest known B asketmaker II sites the a ar n han hr h m in in In h l a 1 s a n m r of pp e t c ge t oug ti e the study area. t e te 930 u be ha a n ru ur arran m n k l n d mumm n a r bit tio st ct e ge e t . of s e eto s an ies were fou d th t a e considered to be the best preserved prehistoric A nasazi A rcheological Distri ct A distri ct human remains ever recovered in the United n a n n r n Al 500 ha are r a S at . un ual an al co t i i g sites t t ep ese t tive of t es so fo d were good q ity s d s , the a k mak r hr u h u l eri h r art l l h n a k a a B s et e III t o g P eb o I p ods ot e ic es of c ot i g, b s ets , be ds , and ha ar a he h h at rl n n r k r The t t e bove t ig w e i e of twi ed bag , and scattered oc a t. site is M Ph R r The ri l t on the n an for i n n al and c ee eservoi . dist ct is is ed sig ific t ts scie tific pote ti its National Register of Historic Pl aces and is previous contri bution to the understanding of ni an for u l ar h ural the ask mak r r A na a sig fic t its P eb o I c itect B et e pe iod s zi .

1 0 Easter Ruin This Pueblo II - Pueblo III Lancaster Ruin The L ancaster ruin is an agricultural vill age is perched at the very ri m extensive town dating from the l ate Puebl o II

n A ri h k hr u h the l a u l ri . of Yell owjacket Ca yon. se es of c ec t o g te P eb o III pe ods It is " " dams and a wall on one side of the ruin estimated to cover at least 40 acres and has a probabl y served as a water management system unique detached room block that is not full y to both protect the habitation structures from understood and a l inear room block that may ’ n n The sheetwash and to channel this runoff to the be the most extens ive o e know . site s The m r an for ur h r c ll n r r a n and man nc check dams . site is i po t t f t e ex e e t p ese v tio y disti tive n m n m a ur mak n an for r ar h investi gation of the water ma age e t syste . fe t es e it sig ific t its ese c n al pote ti . Escalante Complex This vill age cluster of related Pueblo II and Pueblo HI peri od sites L ost Canyon A rcheolog ical Distri ct This h i ric li on the a i nal i r H ri n r. surrounds the A nasazi e tage Ce te T ese d st t, sted N t o Reg ste of r l n ah r H r l ac n a ns 24 r ck- h l r are the pueblos p obab y oted by F t e s isto ic P es , co t i sites , o s e te s in Th i urs ma nr n i h ma nr 1 6. e h c Dominguez and Escal ante 77 w t o ed so y, ope s tes wit so y, m l d e R rv r m l r k art and k a a n the la u l Escal ante co p ex an th ese oi co p ex oc , iv s d ti g to te P eb o II rnm l r The are at an l a n (discussed below) are among the northe ost Pueb o III pe iods . sites e ev tio r n and h ma and are u the Pueblo 11 sites in the egio , t ey y of feet o tside expected l a n ran of the a ri cul urall r n e San uan represent the l ast stage of Pueb o I occup tio . ge g t y o ie t d J f r n n in A na z ha a n The L an n are The sites are signi ficant o u dersta d g sa i bit tio . ost C yo sites popul ation movements and pal eoenvironmental significant because of their potenti al to support in n r ar h n how the Ana a u the n r n conditions the regio . ese c i to s zi sed e vi o m n he r u n rae e t, t dive sity of s bsiste ce st t gies , n m man P n ul ural n ra i n m m ra h Goodman P oi t Co plex Good oi t is c t i te ct o syste s , de og p ic m l n m r n r nal nm n l n a r u and a an . among the argest rui co p exes d ti g f o dist ib tio , egio b do e t the late 1 1 00s and is considered one of the prehistori c regional centers for the Montezuma L ow ry Complex The L owry site complex a on ram n the w as n at l as 40 um n a n Vall ey. B sed ce ic evide ce , site co sists of e t doc e ted sites d ti g m k mak r III hr u h u l r m the u l - u l ri w as occupied fro Bas et e t o g P eb o f o P eb o II P eb o III pe ods . It n u on the l a er ri one h lar M n zum V ll n but u a . t e a a III , occ p tio foc sed tt pe od of gest o te ey tow s , m m l ck l n c r n 1 u ml h r 1 ki h r are ul r r a as a 5 ar . are 08 a T e e tisto y oo b o s , p z , ove i g sq e i es T e e v s , m 1 00 k as and r a k a and 24 ha ai n h an ma m esti ated iv two g e t iv s , bit t o s wit esti ted roo s , m l r m m n a u The hr r h r r m n r ul a ana r . a tip e w te ge e t fe t es t ee p e isto ic o d seg e ts , towe s , a m l m r an for l n r mmuni r r r and t rra l co p ex is i po t t its o g pe iod of co ty ese voi e ced fie ds , a u n for r l a n San an n all uni and hri n One the i h occ patio , its e tio to d C yo w ed t , s es . of s tes t e u l a h r an to the u h L r ru n a 50- r m mul t r u l P eb o s o t dist ce so t west ow y i is oo , tis o y p eb o , n in i a a l r a a and h a r a k a and Chacoan h r ri (evide ce d c tes possib e o dw y) , wit g e t iv c a acte stics . for understanding the nonmaterial aspects of It w as designated a national historic landmark r h ri Ana az l The w as a in 1964 and has n li z p e isto c s i ife . site set side bee stabi ed; it is for r t n in 1 889 and in 195 1 the n r r the u l h r p o ectio , i te p eted to p b ic by t e Bu eau of L and P n l am M m n The c m l Goodman oi t Pueb o bec e part of anage e t . o p ex is significant H n n M n n cau ncl n r ove w eep Natio al o ume t . be se it i udes docume ted emains of a ran r h ri c ac i wide ge of p e isto tiv ties . Lakeview Complex This complex overlooks T n R r z M L n B n T r the otte eservoi just east of Corte , and it c ea asi ow e s Complex These two n a n a num er a k mak r III u l an n r r n f r co t i s b of B s et e , P eb o st di g towe s a e oted o their disti nctive l l l I ll M the and ra an in and r and a . h a a i II , Pueb o vi ges ost of sites deco tive b d g , t ey e ssoc ated

n a n n i Chacoan chara ri c and h a u l - u l illa h r co t i disti ct ve cte sti s , wit P eb o II P eb o III v ge . T e e is a h ma ha n a hac u l i r l uni u at r mana m n m n t is y ve bee C o o t e , ike q e w e ge e t syste that co sists h mn R k h r n ha ma a lar h dam h a ll C i ey oc . T e e is evide ce of w t y of ge c eck wit spi way and a ha n a r a a but the ma r ll a hann l l the ll a ha l ve bee o dw y, jo vi ges c e be ow spi w y t t eads to a n l m l l r ll n a n d ar h n ha a m . r ua an dam ve bee ost co p ete y dest oyed vi t y i t ct sto e e t e .

1 1 l l l n h l of ari u a r h k am Mitchell Spri ng s Ruin This Pueb o I tow amets v o s ges , towe s , c ec d s , h ki z The ra r m and arm ad in hall r is located on t e outs rts of Corte . sto ge oo s , f ste s s ow ock h l archeological remains consist of a central kiva s e ters . r n m nin h u m un sur ou ded by roo s , e o se o ds , i n m l a u l - all r S ri n Creek A rcheolo ical Distri ct h res de tial co p exes , do b e w ed towe , p g g T is ri - an m r an ar h l al r l on the ati nal and a rare t wall structure . It is i po t t c eo ogic dist ict is isted N o f ri l 2 Elm r k r o H c a . c n 5 site on Mc o C ee . Registe isto P ces It o sists of i n ll i mai nl k mak r H s g ificant vi age s tes , y B as et e n R n M d S ri n min nd a mak r ha n a n ot n al Mud Spri g s ui u p gs is an a B sket e III , t t co t i good p e ti i l III n n n of an for r n hr n l ical al eoenvironmental extens ve Pueb o tow co sisti g p ovidi g c o o og , p , estimated individual rooms in 1 7 and pal eohuman ecological information helpful or 1 8 room blocks (some of whi ch were in understanding the earliest development of the i r m f h rn u n An a i m i r 86 a a ns o c c am r h San a a . ul t sto y) , k v s , e i e k d s No t e J s z

m n a r ri - ll and a deep i poundme t , and ra e t wa ruc ur The m l r 50 acr and Yellow acket Com lex The ll a k st t e . co p ex cove s es is j p Ye owj c et considered among the most extensive in the complex is considered by archeologi sts familiar One ru l m un r a l th the M n zuma Vall the Monte zuma Vall ey. bb e o d p ob b y wi o te ey sites to be m the Pu l 11 r but l ar and r a l the m im rtan dates fro eb o pe iod , it is gest p ob b y ost po t l r a n ruin l m n in h r i n ns h t e . covered by ate occup tio s . sett e e t eg o It co ists of eig t um n lu a lar num r doc e ted sites , p s ge be of R s r voir Com lex Th u r of i e unr r u in a al 25 - 30 e e p is cl ste s t s is eco ded sites , s ggest g tot of east of the Anasazi Heri tage Center and may vill ages associ ated with the larger Yell owj acket f h E cal an c m l n Th n i h i n n a n o . e as an mae be a co ti u tio t e s te o p ex Of tow site . tow s te est t d tw o ma r one a a ma r r m 1 28 k a a r a k a 27 the jo sites , is B sket ke III oo s , iv s , g e t iv , Pu l H mul m n n lla th tw o r a r a r a r ll n and eb o tico po e t vi ge wi towe s , g e t towe , w te co ectio r m l k k a l a r a ki a and mana m n c hri n m n al oo b oc s , iv s , possib y g e t v , ge e t devi es , s es , cere o i caves , an n m n the h r is a Pu l I l a a l an n r m l cks and ha exte sive idde ; ot e eb o p z s , es betwee oo b o , w t u l 111 ha n lu a l ar un u tri are n r m a r n m al P eb o site t t i c des ge , iq e co side ed by so e to be st o o ic m l r l m un r m l k all a u ru aur . a um ha the w as w , tisto y bb e o d oo b oc , fe t es It is ss ed t t site an ki The are m r an au u r m the a k mak r ri d vas . sites i po t t bec se of occ pied f o B s et e III pe od h r la a a n th the D l r ra na hr u h the l r The ll a t ei te ssoci tio wi o o es d i ge t o g Pueb o III pe iod . Ye owj cket and their northern position duri ng Pueblo II complex is significant because of its potential im l r m l im r an n rmai n a u t es . to yie d ext e e y po t t i fo t o bo t he l li l n m m n t socia , po tica , eco o ic , ce re o ial , and Sand E ast Rock Can ons h tw o a r n m c a c s the n r h rn Ana a as y T ese st o o i al spe t of o t e s zi , adj acent tri butary canyons to the McElmo well as providing an understanding of the drainage are distinctive for the region and are organization and structure of a l arge regional r mn c n the can onl ands un r ar h r en r e i is e t of y co t y f t e c te . A t l a 89 ran in r m west . e st sites g g f o B asketmaker III to Pueblo 111 have been Yucca House Yucca House ruin became a um n n lu in the n an San na nal m num n in 191 9 nd w l n doc e ted , i c d g sig ific t d tio o e t a as isted o an n u l hi ch w as one the ma r the a nal R r H ri la in C yo P eb o , w of jo N tio egiste of isto c P ces ulat n n r n r h R r 1 m h r l r m pop io ce te s o th of t e San Juan ive 966. It is a co pact site wit seve a oo and i l a r i nal r m nial n r Th m l r r i k a . e c a u ruc u h poss b y eg o ce e o ce te blo ks , tisto y st t e w t iv s " u bl a i nc i all m l ith r an z ar un a s rin l aza ar a and a p e o is d sti t ve w ed co p ex , w o g i ed o d p g/p e , 1 5 r ar h tural uni l a a 90 k a u h rn m l k n l r k disc ete c itec ts , p z s , iv s , so t e roo b oc that i c udes a g eat iva

nd a D- ha r r ha ma - ll r l rm l n rn o an a . ai at the u h a s ped st uctu e t t y be a tri wa . d ce p tfo Its oc t o so t e The u l is a n l c m n n a n n ran M n zuma Vall l p eb o si g e o po e t site d ti g e t ce to o te ey, possib e

r m A 1 2 - 12 0 a on 1 r - ri n ha h r ri t rh a a D . 30 8 37 C coan a a t and a a r f o , b sed t ee g c c e s ics , pe ps o dw y a It is am n the m im r an i in to th u h u ha h i ma be one d tes . o g ost po t t s tes e so t s ggest t t t e s te y of the Montezuma Vall ey for understanding some the keys to understanding the rel ationship of the integrative aspects of the A nasazi between the Montezuma Valley and the Chaco l r Th r n m ll n r n h A n e h a a c th a a the u . cu tu e . ot e sites co sist of s Ope b of e s zi to so th

1 2 Table 2: General Per iod of Occupation of Evaluated Sites

Site Complex Archaic BMII BMIII Histori c 1300 100 BC .

A lbert Porter Ruin

A nasazi Archeological District

Ansel Hall Ruin

Cannonbal l Ruin

Chimney Rock A rcheological Distri ct

Durango Rock- Shelters

Easter Ruin

Escalante Complex

Goodman Point Complex

Lakeview Complex

Lancaster Ruin

Lost Canyon Archeologi cal District

Mitchell Springs Ruin

Mud Springs Ruin

Reservoir Complex

E c an n Sand/ . Ro k C yo s

Sand Canyon Pueblo

Spring Creek Archeologi cal Distri ct

Yellowjacket Complex

Yucca House

Heaviest Oc cupation Time periods (based on available information):

Low level of occupati on

Poss ible oc cupation r t S r and the ur au LANDOWNERSHIP A ND MANAGEMENT The US . Fo es e vice B e of L and Management administer the remainder of m h rall n i and h r mana m n Many archeological re ains throug out the the fede y ow ed s tes , t ei ge e t ar a lie on ra rall n lan ra all for mul l - r ur use study e t cts of fede y ow ed d , st tegies c tip e eso ce , generall y under the jurisdiction of the National including the protection of important visual and

h r l ral r ur . P r US . r S r c o the u u a k Service , t e Fo est e vi e , c t eso ces B ureau of L and Management (see table The Forest Service provides an interpretive M V r i nal Par h a na nal and l a and u alk in the umm r at the esa e de Nat o k , wit tio disp y g ided w s s e international visitation of people per excavated and stabilized Chimney Rock Pueblo h n P in mn R k A r h l D m ati al ar S r the h o al ri . ar ana t e . ye , is ged by N o k e vice C i ey oc c e ogic ist ct Many A nasazi cliff dwell ings and subsurface r r Hovenw ee The ur au of L an Mana m n r ruins are stabili zed and inte p eted . p B e d ge e t p ovides i n M n m n i h a i a i n of in n at the L r ruin an ca Nat o al o u e t, w t vis t t o terpretatio ow y , ex vated l er ar ra l the Colorado Utah and a li z Ana a t ha w as i it peop e p ye , st dd es / st bi ed s zi si e t t v s ed by r r c a ul ar Ana az r l in 1988 an n E border and p ese ves spe t c s i ove peop e , d at Sa d/ ast an onhead m l hi h n rall n lu R ck can ns San an n u l h r the c y co p exes , w c ge e y i c de o yo ( d C yo P eb o) , w e e m nr r u a H u ati nal r an n A r ha l al n r cur aso y towe s . Y cc o se N o C ow C yo c eo ogic Ce te is M n n u u h r ez a l ar l rentl n a ai n and r ar h and o ume t, j st so t of Co t , is ge y y doi g exc v t o ese c unexcavated site that is open to the public but answering questions for over visitors per n ear is not i terpreted . y

Table 3: Site Ow ner ship

' Ow nersmp A rchaeological Pr ivate USES BLM NPS Conser vancy

Albert Porter Ruin Anasazi Archeological District A nsel Hall Ruin Cannonball Ruin Chimney Rock Archeological Distri ct Durango Rock- Shelters Easter Ruin Escalante Complex Goodman Point Complex Lakeview Complex Lancaster Ruin Lost Canyon Ar cheologi cal Distri ct Low ry Complex McL ean Basin Towers Complex Mitc hell Springs Ruin Mud Spri ngs Ruin Reservoir Complex Sand/East Rock Canyons (including Sand Canyon Pueblo) Spring Creek Archeological District Yellow jacket Complex Yucca House*

’ Ruins associated with Yucca House are not entirely encompassed within the monument s present b un ar o d y. The ELM - operated Anasazi Heri tage Center ECONOMIC CHARACTERIS TICS near Dolores is both a museum and federal r tha h ar h l al ar i a The u ar a n n ar l reposito y t ex ibits c eo ogic t f cts st dy e co sists of ope , sp se y r h l r ulae lan ha m tl un r r excavated th oug out southw estem Co o ado . pop t d d t t is os y de fede al Th mu um n in ul 1988 and mana m n and t h small h r e se ope ed J y , ge e t is dot ed wit , isto ic n 1 P l a n and m l m n n n r c i 989 ns . u a visitors we e expe ted . tow op tio e p oy e t re co ee trated in r z Duran and urr n Co te , go , s oundi g P r R l n The m m r n m The Dolores roject is a Bu eau of ec amatio areas . ost i po tant eco o ic sectors are ir w a er r n r c ha r ul in rv r a l n rnm n h c r reservo / t dive sio p oje t t t es ted se ices , et i , a d gove e t . T ese se to s ns n McPhee R r r and he c n n r in h the co tructio of ese voi t o ti ue to g ow, part due to t e import ance H ri n r Th i m A r Ana a a t . e ns ur ul tur and r r no l n r s zi e t ge Ce e exte ive of to s . g ic e fo est y o ge ar h l al r urc l ca in the l a a ma r r l in n m The m n n c eo ogic eso es o ted flood p y jo o e the eco o y. i i g pool of McPhee Reservoir were excavated and sector has fluctuated in importance duri ng the h u in h n r l the ar a are t e . n See a . tif cts o sed ce te ast decade . ( ppe dix B )

1 5 DESCRIPTION A ND ANALY SIS OF THE ALTERNATIVES

This section descri bes five alternative strategies greater understanding of the Northern San Juan r in h r h z r for commemo at g t e No t ern S an Juan Anasa i cul tu e . Anasazi in southwestern Colorado by protecting archeological resources and encouraging public n The en and ra f a c a Mana emen nsi er a n visitatio . b efits t deof s sso i ted g t Co d tio s h r ri A t the with eac alternative a e also desc bed . conclusion of the section are tables that The study area includes an assortment of m rn r l l ur m ar a the al a . a and u n ra r h ar u co p e so e key spects of te tives sc tte ed v e b e eso ces , wit v io s l n d m l c hi andow ers an co p ex ac ess patterns . T s situation will present management challenges in C ONCEPTUAL OVERVI EW terms of both resource protection and visitor use The r u n ll a . wide dist ib tio of sites wi be l rn r in rm ri m m m n r ll f ul The a te atives are desc ibed te s of a p ary anage e t facto . It wi be di fic t n r r a h mana m n r ur a r l r m a ua l r n ge e al app o c to ge e t , eso ce to p t o e ote sites deq te y to p eve t r n r use and c ra n h an al m of ar h l cal r ur or an p otectio , visito , oope tio wit v d is c eo ogi eso ces of y al ovemm nt l m l L w nf r r a i ha a be . a r entities othe than the fede g e . f ci it es t t y deve oped e o ce H r he al temative tra are not m n a n n ll h h as ll oweve , t s tegies e t st ffi g eeds wi be ig , wi ll l E h ma i ul m n n n n ll ac al te t ve an a e anc s and a . S aff mutua y exc usive . co d st d i t e cost st ffi g eeds t wi n ow n or one al rna i c ul ha ra l c n ra l i anc and o its , te t ve o d be ve to t ve o side b e d st es , c m n h h r rae i or n ual mu l a n and ra ar a ma o bi ed wit ot e st t g es , i divid ltip e st gi g sto ge e s y be l m n h n h m and m l m n in n for m n nanc m n and u l e e e ts wit i t e , i p e e ted eeded ai te e equip e t s pp ies . h p ases . Planning for visitor use and interpretation will The alternati ves emphasize the protection of have to consider the personal commitment that sites that are as representati ve as possible of the will be required of visitors to dri ve the dis full chronology and vari ety of Northem San tances and spend the time necessary to visit a an An az ul ur h l mn mz n the ull ran r al call r can Ju as i c t e , w i e i i i i g f ge of sites; e isti y, visito s be l f r a l an cau nl h r ra a u n o . to a e . r fede cq isitio p iv te ds Be se of expected visit o y few sit s T e efo e , it the number of sites and site complexes in the is likely that visitor centers may need to carry t u ar a and cau h ir m no much in r r i r n i ili s ll as s dy e , be se of t e co plexity, te p et ve espo s b ty, a we single strategy will ensure the total protecti on extens ive orientation programs to assist visitors f ll r h A n r r The n l in r z n o a n rn a a u c . a ani o t e s zi eso es pote ti o g i g site visits . for federal acquisition of pri vate l ands is mn mal n r h l he ar c n mn n In rrnix l h ll r i i ; eve t e ess , t fe of o de atio te ed andowners ip patterns wi requi e is leading some l andowners to destroy their managers to be flexible in order to respond to it and m l c ul ur r the ari u n lim a n and n i all s es , so e site oss o d occ befo e v o s eeds , it tio s , pote t y m l m n a n c c r c n n n in i u . r f r i p e e t tio of spe ifi p ote tio actio s . se sitive iss es P ovid g opportunit es o ual r ri n at ar un and q ity visito expe e ces , o d , The identification of specific sites could between sites will require interaction and inadvert entl y lead some people to believe that cooperation among several governmental h are m r m r an han h r n ri l n M n n a and a an r . a anc t ese sites o e i po t t t ot e s , ge cies p v te dow e s i te e thereby making it that much harder to protect of access roads may fal l under a vari ety of the h r and k un n for r ar h uri s n hu r u r n r na n and ot e sites to see f di g ese c j dictio s , t s eq i i g coo di tio r n Th nti a n r n n and p otectio . e ide fic tio of specific coope ation to e sure safe and depe dable c m l in h u h ul in no w a r site o p exes t is st dy s o d y visito access . imply that other sites are not important or are n f r i n n in rm i n In r r n r l ot r h o c . G the a l n h cal wo t y p ote t o ive fo t o te p eti g arge , se sitive a c eo ogi c n ra n nh r n in h tu r ll n w n hall n o st i ts i e e t t is s dy, it is resou ces wi prese t its o c e ges . impossible to predict which sites or groups of Vi sitors may not full y appreciate sites that e ma n a n in rma i n ri al our m r l a ar ru l l n sit s y co t i fo t o c tic to e e y ppe to be bb e pi es , yet exte sive

mm n f r r in f r L a er ru n A ns l Hall ru n and the non co itme t o necessa y fund g o site anc st i , e i , m P n m l r i n a n D Mana m n NPS r n the G an . prese vat o (see ppe dix ) . ge e t po tio s of ood oi t co p ex objectives for each agency would make cul tural r urc r i n he h h r ri hi h A r ar h and lann n r r un r h eso e p otect o t ig est p io ty, w c ese c p i g p io ity de t is would be consistent with NPS mission state alternative woul d be to eval uate additi onal m n ha r a n the in ri of the a ma r and arl Pu l e for e ts . Uses t t et i ed teg ty B sket ke e y eb o sit s i l i n A r l r h n af l ai n or a u . s u cultural resou ces could be allowed . T is optio fi i t o poss b e cq sitio p evio s y r u r a nal annual ra nal ri not all m rt an t r m h would eq i e dditio ope tio desc bed , i po t si es f o t ese h n n S n funds for the National Park Service and the time periods ave bee ide ti fied . cie tific i n n r ar h ul n nu un r ral u other partic pati g age cies . ese c wo d co ti e de fede g ide l n and ul a r ar h i es , it wo d be guided by ese c With the transfer of sites,the full resources of design cooperatively developed by the National i P r l P r h r i n a S r c ul a ail a a S r t e US . S r the the Nat o al k e vi e wo d be v b e k e vice , Fo est e v ce , n m a m n r u L an Mana m n he a for site protectio and an ge e t. Bu ea of d ge e t, t st te of l r nd the A r unc l on H ri Co o ado , a dviso y Co i isto c l n P r n F r n n ra the a al a S r r rva . o o fede sites , N tio k e vice P ese tio woul d purchase additional sites that represent portions of the northem A nasazi story not Table 4 shows a possible combination of NPS l l n lan NP - l i n r a rr n r re n on u . ra S affi ated a d h t h cu e tl y ep se ted p b ic y ow ed ds ope ted , , ot e si es t t m l h a ul a u r n lu ul mak u a m r h n rall Site co p exes t t co d be cq i ed i c de co d e p co p e e sive , fede y h ll m l M S r n n f r h li n ac ud ru r e ar o r ar and u a . t e Ye owj ket co p ex , p i gs i , p otect d p k ese c p b c visit tio

Table 4: Sites Potentially Included in a Nor ther n A nasazi National Par k A rea

Cur rent Ow nerslm

Goodman Point Complex (part) National Park Service Yucca House National Park Service

Possible NPS- Acquisition Sites Ansel Hall Ruin Private Goodman Point Complex (part ) B ureau of Land Management/Private Lancaster Ruin Pri vate Mud Spri ngs Ruin Archaeological Conservancy Yellowjacket Complex A rchaeological Conservancy/Private Other Basketmaker Early Pueblo Sites* Various

Ana azi Arche ical Di ri c US F r S r ic s olog st t . o est e v e Cannonball Ruin Bureau of Land Management himne oc Archeo ical Distri c U F res Ser ice C y R k log t S . o t v Duran oc -She ter US F re er ic go R k l s . o st S v e Easter Ruin Bureau of Land Management Escalante Complex Bureau of Land Management an n Arche ical Di ri t F r Ser ic Lost C yo olog st c US . o est v e Lowry Complex Bureau of Land Management/Fort Lewis College McL ean Basin Towers Complex Bureau of Land Management r ir m e F rest Ser ice Rese vo Co pl x US . o v Sand Canyon Pueblo B ureau of Land Management S rin ree Archeo o i ca District U Forest er vice p g C k l g l S . S

M in i n in ay clude s tes ot evaluated this study. I NATIONAL PA RK ONS A ND APPRO! IMATE ACREAGE

POSS IBLE AFFILI ATED OR TRANSFERRED SITES

US FS

CANNONBALL RUIN ANASAZI ARCHEOLOGICA EASTER RUIN CHIMNEY ROCK ARCHEO ESCALANTE COMPLEX DISTRICT LOWRY COMPLEX DURANGO ROCK-SHELTE McLEAN BASIN TOWERS LOST CANYON ARCHEOL‘ Dove Creek COMPLEX DISTRICT SAND CANYON PUEBLO SPRING CREEK ARCHEOI DISTRICT RESERVOIR COMPLEX PUEBLO

ACREAGE ESTIMATES CAN BE PROVIDED PENDING FURTHER PLANNIN Z RED PROTECTION ONES .

ANSEL HALL RUIN ED WITHIN THE NATIONAL PARK

LOWRY

4 5 Ga mes Y ELLOWJACK E

ALBERT PORTER RUIN* \I BAS IN S COMPL E!

EASTER RUIN

HOVENWEEP NATIONA L MONUMENT

CANNONBALL RUIN

SAND CANYON

MUD S P O L O C

IA N RES ERV

DSC / S EPT 8 9 / A

A r center head uarters a k mak r u l and u l e Visitor Use. visito / q B s et e II , P eb o I , P eb o II sit s , r n A ui it n c ul woul d be located near the entrance to Mesa as they we e ide tified . cq s io o d Verde National Park and woul d ori ent visitors include surrounding protection areas or to Mesa Verde as well the northem Anasazi additional acreage for visitor services or l rk D n n on u ur l ann n mall a m n ra a ili . Thi ac u n u pa . epe di g f t e p i g, s d i ist tive f c ties s q isitio wo d interpretation and ori entation centers coul d be affect landowners and woul d remove lands from r l h the un tax a al h u h un ul located at major sites o site c usters . T ese co ty b se , t o g co ties wo d m m mnim a li i uch as a r ral a m n s in l i u a . S coul d range fro i al f ci t es , s eceive fede p y e t e of t xes o e f r l r hur to a l ul n nu to ar a nal ral sign dispenser o trai b oc es , st ffed peop e wo d co ti e fe dditio fede n buil dings with small exhibit areas and spaces l and acquisitio . Su h r for audiovisual presentations . c visito ri n r a h ma r In r u lann n r the ur au centers would o e t visito s to e c jo site p evio s p i g effo ts , B e of n r r a h in the n the L an Mana m n has nti ar h l al or area, i te p et e c site co text of d ge e t ide fied c eo ogic A n r and r i r and has lu h m r m multi l northem asazi sto y, di ect vis to s to sites exc ded t e f o p e Th n r ur u uch as min n and raz n . e additio al sites . eso ce ses , s i g g i g purchase of such sites by the National Park n r n Th a nal Park S rv ul ha li ttl on u h Planning a d Ope atio s . e N tio e ice wo d ve e effect s c n r m m n m l In a h r h r r al ana ul i u . Serv ice would p epare a ge e ge e t t p e ses c ses , oweve , w e e plan as well as any required environmental protection areas or additional acreages for h h l r m mul i l u li n n e US . r a a u r comp a ce docume t, wit t Fo est f ci ities we e cq i ed , so e t p e ses Service and the Bureau of L and Management could be limited or eliminated if they woul d be n n NP m m n Th c n th S ana . providing assistance for any affiliated sites . e i o siste t wi ge e t pl an woul d prescribe specific strategies for r n and mana m n ark all the n i for h u resou ce protectio ge e t , p Not of sites ide t fied t is st dy n n i r use and n r r a n ul r un r al rna A and admi istratio , v sito i te p et tio , wo d be p otected de te tive , l l l m n ul al n all n an ha ul not and re ated faci ity deve op e t . It wo d so pote ti y sig ific t sites t t co d be n un ri for e a u n alu au nc m l nf rmati n ide tify specific bo da es sit cq isitio , ev ated bec se of i o p ete i o o l m h l un n all a ua and it would exp ore the ec anics of could be exc uded . If f di g owed deq te li r ran rr n a r r a n h r n h h l l affi ating o t sfe i g pp op i te sites . staffi g , oweve , the a ig eve of Publ ic involvement woul d pl ay a key role in protection would be afforded to park sites as a r i n th n ral mana m n l r n f r the ara e an. r ul the c o NP S an r The p ep t o of ge e ge e t p es t of p ese e ge s . National Park Service coul d provide technical assistance to enhance management and A nal i n r r a n ran rr or a l a i ys s i te p et tio of t sfe ed ffi i ted s tes , as a r ri a and as un a on the pp op te f ded . B sed This alternative presents a national park concept traditional programs and priori ties of the ha m ha z a mn ra n a in l r n a n i m r l t t e p si es d i ist tio by s g e diffe e t ge c es , o e sites would probab y n h ul r ul in a l m l c l f r age cy. T is wo d es t ess co p i ated be deve oped o visitation and interpretation a mn rai ram rk han un r m un r h al rna han un r the h r d i ist t ve f ewo t de so e of de t is te tive t de ot e s . th h r al rn u ul u r e ot e te atives , b t it wo d req i e u an al un n for l an a u n and a D n n on the mar n f r r s bst ti f di g d cq isitio , epe di g keti g ef o t unde this u an al n r a in the NPS u for al rnati i i a i n ul n s bst ti i c e se b dget te ve , v s t t o co d i cre ase by

- annual ra n and n u . nl to i i r a a r 10 ar h ope tio s eeded st dies U ike v s to d ys fte ye s . T is m the h r al rna h al t rna ul r r n so e of ot e te tives , t is e tive co d ep ese t an armual tourist expenditure of ul m l m n e h u u an al ri r mll n mill i n h r co d be i p e e t d wit o t s bst ti p o i io to o . Ot e annual lann n but n ral mana m n lann n n ur r n h l p i g , ge e ge e t p i g expe dit es (ope ati o s and arc eo ogy) could woul d be required foll owing authori zation of total One- time expenditures (l and the ark a u i n n ru i n and l n p . cq isit o , co st ct o , p anni g) coul d total (This preliminary estimate of Private l ands or interests in lands woul d be economic effects w as deri ved from data a u r at the ll a k m l the n a n in a en cq i ed Ye owj c et co p ex , co t i ed pp dix C . ) G man P n m l L an a r ru n and ood oi t co p ex , c ste i , Ans l H l n n al l a a i nal e al rui , and pote ti y t dd tio

21 R B A am n the ar a n a n w ho m h ALTE NATIVE B : ESTA LISH o g p ticip ti g ge cies , ig t NORTHERN ANASAZI CULTURAL wish to explore oppo rt unities for establishing a in i i r orientation int r r i i RESERVE jo t v s to / e p etive fac l ty .

nn n n r n The nt n General Descr iption Pla i g a d Ope atio s . i erage cy management group woul d identi fy a lead Al ternative B would call for the creation of a agency to oversee the preparati on of an h rn z r n n r n l an R ur man m n r n r Ana a ul u al r r i u h a . a o t e s i c t ese ve so t i te ge cy p eso ce ge e t , visito l r The mana m n of the use and in r r at n ul a r in western Co o ado . ge e t , te p et io wo d be dd essed r ul m l a er the ha the lan as w ell as n for new a l i and eserve wo d be ode ed ft C co p , eeds f ci it es r h l al r n m h h call un n ar for imm at r n The a c eo ogic p otectio site syste , w ic s f ds ecess y edi e p otectio . for continued cooperation among public and interagency plan woul d take into cons iderati on ri n n er in h r x n l n all ar a n n A s p vate e tities with i t ests t e a ea to e isti g p a s of p ticip ti g age cies . a hi c r ina r r ai n r arch and an am l the the l an e c eve oo d ted p ese v t o , ese , ex p e of scope of p , th ‘ development efforts throughout the San Juan foll owing objectives were establi shed for the n n i E hac n ra n mana m n lan: B asi (see appe d x ) . C o i te ge cy ge e t p

An nt ra nc mana m n r u c n in n i mana r and in r r a i e ge y ge e t g o p , o sist g Ide t fy, ge , p otect , te p et r r n ai the a nal Park S r r r n ai am the r hi ri of ep ese t t ves of N tio e vice , ep ese t t ve s me of p e sto c h ur au L an h r m US . r S rv c the C acoan ul u al . t e Fo est e i e , B e of d c t syste M a m n the a l ra and h r an ge e t, st te of Co o do , ot e l an n r as a r ri a ul a A h a alan n n r dow e s , pp op te , wo d be est b c ieve b ce betwee e e gy r n m a m n c n h ex loration develo ment and r n lished to coo di ate an ge e t a tio s . T is p / p p otectio of r l alua for nclu n in he h Cha n m g oup wou d ev te sites i sio t t e coa syste . reserve and would direct management and use of those sites as well as any new sites that Develop a systemati c approach for m h h m l n n n n ig t be added to t e syste . reso vi g pote ti al co flicts betwee cul ural r urc r r a n r us t eso e p ese v tio , visito e, The interagency management group woul d and energy development on and near the r n r na h r r n c un e r ar all c . e eive f di g to coo di t ese c , ove p ote tio sites l anni n a mini rai n and in r r ai n p g , d st t o te p et t o m n all r i c a n n i A D l lin for r ari n n i al efforts a o g pat ip ti g e tit es . eve op guide es p ep g i d vidu comprehensive management plan and a coope r site management plans (including resource a r ar h n u ar h l cal mana m n n r r a n and r tive ese c desig to g ide c eo ogi ge e t , i te p et tio visito use, l - u ul al r ar . n an r n m h z n l st dies wo d so be p ep ed a d d p otectio , e p as i i g ess than n m fee acquisitio ethods) . Re rce r tect n and Mana ement ur sou P o io g . C rent ownership and management of publi cly Establish a step-by- step procedure for n r m n n w To n ur l n n l m ow ed sites woul d e ai as o . e s e dea i g with ew y discovered sites fro the preservation of additional archeological discovery through evaluation and desig r ur h l r n z n the ali n na n to m l m n a n man m n eso ces , w i e ecog i i g v d existi g tio i p e e t tio of age e t ri h ri a lan n rs ri a n r and r ti n m a ur g ts of p v te dow e , p v te ow e s p otec o e s es . would be encouraged to cooperate with the a nci m an rati a r m n h al rna ul m l m n in ge es by e s of coope ve g ee e ts . T is te tive wo d be i p e e ted three L an or n r in l an ul ac u r ha Pha one ul n an in- h ds i te ests ds co d be q i ed p ses . se wo d co sist of dept a nc h h ul rmn on a alua n r h rn San uan Ana a by ge ies , w ic wo d be dete i ed ev tio of No t e J s zi sites - - in southw estem l ra and r limin case by case basis . Co o do a p e ary identification of sites to be included in the r V r ul he r u h has n art all a m l h Visito Use. isito s wo d go to t va io s project . T is bee p i y cco p is ed by n d c n r l am u on Al n n a an a e h u . un ge cy sites e te s to e bo t step of t is st dy so , f di g eeds oppo rtunities throughout the region to visit would be identified to address immediate n l A n z urc Inf rma n an r n n additio a asa i reso es . o tio d p otectio eeds . inte rpretive programs would be coordinated

22 E B NAS AZI CULTURAL RES ERVE

USPS EX ANASAZ I ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT CANNONBALL RUIN CHIMNEY ROCK ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT EASTER RUIN DURANGO ROCK-SHELTERS ESCALANTE COMPLEX LOST CANYON ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT GOODMAN POINT COMPLEX SPRING CREEK ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT LOWRY COMPLEX RESERVOIR COMPLEX McLEAN BASIN TOWERS COMPLEX

THIN THE CULTURAL RESERVE

6 mm”

A LA MOS A

AN RES ER

DSC/ S EPT 8 9/ / 4 0 0 0 3 ANAS ,

Seek funding support specificall y targeted Environmental Concem identified in the ELM n m n h r ur mana m n lan for the San Juan San to the eeds and de a ds of t e area. eso ce ge e t p / r S n rri r l Miguel resou ce areas . ce ic co do s cou d Provide for the recognition of specific be managed along visitor access routes to retain val ues while at the same time allowing high- qual ity landscape conditions consistent h ri d h ri a r ul ural r u h r an u . othe ses . wit p e isto c isto c g ic t ses

Ensure the protection and management of Goodman Point would be expanded and a greater diversity and number of Northern managed by the National Park Service as A n az ri in the Dra t General Mana ement San Juan as i sites . desc bed f g P n f r Hovenw ee a nal M num n la o p N tio o e t . n n M n m n Si Resource Pr otectio a d a age e t . tes related to the Nort hem San Juan Anasazi woul d The B ureau of L and Management and the alua and nae for r r a n r S r h a an r m the ark be ev ted desig t d p ese v tio , Fo est e vice , wit ssist ce f o P h n r n or h r a r ri a S rv c and the a l ra ul researc , i te pretatio , ot e pp op te e i e st te of Co o do , wo d n m n r h l r r h n f r r n uses and ma age e t st ategies by t e Bureau deve op a esea c desig o the egio . h r of L and Management and t e US . Fo est n n n i BLM Ana a H ri a n r To ur the r cti a V t r Use. The Service . e s e p ote o of desig ted si o s zi e t ge Ce te ha are r a l n ra ul the u for r ri n a n and sites t t p iv te y ow ed , coope tive wo d be foc s visito o e t tio a r m n h the n r ul ur u n er r ai n r ar h and ar i a ra g ee e ts wit ow e s wo d be p s ed , i t p et t o , ese c , t f ct sto ge . or the acquisition of l ands or interests in l ands A dditi onal facil ities would be developed if

- - in l n r n i e an. on a case by case basis could be considered . eeds we e ide t fied th p Pri vate lands woul d not be included in the

n n ar lannin and er ati n . The r S r co servatio ea. P g Op o s Fo est e vice and Bureau of L and Management would take The ns r a n ar a ul n m a a r the l a lan adm n r and mana h co e v tio e co d e co p ss pp ox e d to p , i iste , ge t is ima l a r USFS l an incor or l ar mul l - s r i n r m l m n te y c es of d ( p ge tip e u e conse vat o a ea. I p e e t n ar and a r ima l in h rn r mm ati g six eas) , pp ox te y g t is alte ative would equire i ediate a r ELM lan n r ra n 14 archeolo un for ar h l al tu r n c es of d (i co po ti g g f ds c eo ogic s dies , site p eservatio l c m l nl s m hi h r l z n l n E n n a and a a and ann . a ic o p exes , o y o e of w c we e st bi i tio , p i g xisti g ge cy evaluated for this study; see table The plans would be augmented under this altema n n r ul rr n M r H n r a a a to the . a V u a u H n co se v tio e co d co espo d tive es e de , Y cc o se , a d ove Ana az ul ural Mul l A r a ri al l n nu n r NP m m n s i C t tip e Use e of C tic weep wou d co ti e u de S anage e t .

Table 5 : BL M and USES Sites Included in a Norther n A nasazi Conservation A r ea

BLM A r cheological Complexes Painted Hand Ruin* Sand/East Rock Canyons Cannonball Ruin Squaw Papoose Canyons* * Cow Mesa Cross/Cahone Canyons* Easter Ruin USF S A rcheological Complexes Escalante Complex * H mi ton Mesa An zi Ar h Di a l “ asa c eological strict Lightning Tree Tow er Complex Chimney Rock Archeological Distri ct Lowry Complex Durango Rock- Shelters McL ean Basin Tow ers Complex Lost Canyon Archeological Distri ct Mockingbird Mesa* Reservoir Complex * Painted Hand Petroglyphs Spring Creek Archeological Distri ct

i n in his tu S te ot evaluated t s dy. I CONS ERVATION A REA PL E! ES

USPS ANASAZI ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT CHIMNEY ROCK ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT DURANGO ROCK-SHELTERS LOST CANYON ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT RESERVOIR COMPLEX SPRING CREEK ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT C reek

FF IN THE BOUNDARIES WOULD BE UNA ECTED BY THIS DESIGNATION .

FOR EVALUATED THIS STUDY.

INCLUDED WITHIN THE CONSERVATION AREA INCLUDED WITHIN THE CONSERVATION AREA R SITE

3 4 5 6 miles

A LA MOS A

IA N RES ERV

DS C/ S EPT 8 9 / / 4 0 0 0 4 ANAS ,

A nalysis ALTERNATIVE D: DEVELOP A N ANASAZI CULTURAL HERITAGE Alternative C woul d least disturb present and PARTNERSHIP future mul tiple -use resources on BLM and P l n al h u h m im a on l General De cr t n US S a ds , t o g so e p cts essees s ip io coul d occur if unacceptable impacts on cul tural n Ana a i on Altemative D ul k mm m ra the resources were ide tified . s zi s tes wo d see to co e o te pri vate l ands might not receive federal pro entire Anasazi culture through a cooperative i n cau the n the ns r ublic ri vate ar n r hi r na r ur tect o , but be se of exte t of co e p /p p t e s p to coo di te eso ce n l a ar h l al un s ha mana m n r ar h and n r r a n vatio area, iso ted c eo ogic it t t ge e t , ese c , i te p et tio . r mana un r ral n r n all nl the rth rn San uan A na a could be bette ged de fede ow e I iti y, o y No e J s zi mm n for n t in southw estem l ra ul ship would be reco e ded acquisitio . si es Co o do wo d be n l in th r h H r the i c uded e pa tners ip . oweve , This al ternative would also resul t in a greater concept coul d be expanded to include the entire l l r c n for man un r the Ana az c l ral r n A ri z n eve of p ote tio y sites de s i u tu egio if Utah, o a, and ri c n the ur au L an Mana m n M c ch ju sdi tio of B e of d ge e t , New exi o ose to participate (see r r l l n Al mai D m l h an . a t rega d ess of t ei eve of sig ific ce B sed e t ve ap) . on ra nal a n r ram and ri ri t ditio ge cy p og s p o ties , fewer sites for visitation and interpretation A commission would be appointed and woul d would probably be developed than under alter requi re funding by an annual congressional na A and the l l r n and a r r n m r tive , eve of p otectio pp op iatio . It woul d be e powe ed to coor ’ mana m n c ul l han ha af r ma the r c mil ar Am r ge e t o d be ess t t t fo ded di te p oje t, si to the e ica s n r A The r n ni n ri H r u de al ternative . p otectio of sce c I dust al e itage Project in w estem rr r a l ul h l r nn l n n The ri m co ido s , if fe sib e , wo d e p p ovide Pe sy va i a (see appe dix F) . p ary n n f r r ri n r co ti uity o the visito expe e ce . pu poses of the commission woul d be as foll ows: The conservation area concept would not be administrati vel y compli cated because both the Promote the preservation of resources ur au L an Mana m n and he U n t S . an the An az r B e of d ge e t sig ific t to as i sto y. Forest Service operate under mul tiple -use man a H r hi al rna ul En r d tes . oweve , t s te tive wo d cou age e conomi c devel opment require substantial increases in USPS and BLM associated with the preservation and rt and un n for ra ns nt r r n expe ise f di g ope tio , i e p etatio (visitor use) of those mana m n ac u n and arch l al r urc ge e t , q isitio , eo ogic eso es . studies rel ated to cultural resources because of the in r a r r l a on r ur D r r na n r am n l c e sed p io ity p ced eso ce i ect coo di tio effo ts o g ocal ,

r t n and n r r a n. a and r p otec io i te p et tio st te , fede al govemmental units and the ri a r p v te secto . De n in n m rk n n pe d g o the a eti g effort , visitati o ul n r a Re urce r tect n and Mana m n co d be expected to i c e se by to so P o io ge e t . The r- a a r 1 0 ar hi ul mm visito d ys fte ye s . T s co d co ission would establish criteri a and represent an annual touri st expenditure of recommend which sites should be protected mll mll n r n . h annual hr u h the ar n r hi i io to i io Ot e t o g p t e s p . It would al so develop expenditures (operations and archeology) coul d guidelines and standards for site preservation al One- m n ur l an and r ina n r r a i n and tot ti e expe dit es ( d coo d ted i te p et t o , it woul d a u n n ru n and lann n ul r cq isitio , co st ctio , p i g) co d ove see the preparation of a regional research l S n t a ee a . n l . r a n ot ( ppe dix C ) desig P iv te y ow ed sites , as well as u l cl n c ul p b i y ow ed sites , o d be associated with the system if approved by the commission and in accordance with established cri teri a and an ar A iti nal i st d ds . dd o s tes could be purchased n ual a nc as a r r a ll by i divid ge ies , pp op i te , fo owing h ir ow n l annin and man t e p g dates .

29 UTA H

COLORA DO

Virg inRiver/ Wes t er

AR IZONA

ME ! IC O

ALTERNATIVE D ANAS AZI C ULTURAL HERITAG E PARTNERS HIP

0 0 5 DS C / S EPT 8 9 / ANAS / 4 0 , r A un i nal h a uar r and mm n a i n for r use and Visito Use. f ct o e dq te s Reco e d ct o s visito visitor ori entation center for southwestern associ ated economic development in the n Colorado woul d be established in or near regio .

r z In- h n r r a n ul Co te . dept i te p et tio wo d be r En ura a n and r na r provided at the Anasaz i Heritage Center o at co ge visit tio , coo di te visito ri n a a a new visitor center near the entrance to Mesa expe e ce p ck ges . P A s r u l m n n Verde National ark . p evio s y e tio ed , the scope of the project coul d be broadened to Provide advice and technical assistance in include the enti re Anasazi cultural regi on in response to local/regional needs and M h a r al and a local re ional n r h A r z na nd . Uta , i o , a New exico If t ese st tes p opos s , ssist / g i te ests a a nal r arch and in r ar n ran or l an a l ai ns for agreed to particip te , dditio ese p ep i g g t o pp ic t o n r inte rpretation centers coul d be identified for preservatio p ojects . l l h r ar a u h as Cha each cu tura branc o e , s c co n l H r l rk M S k n l m n r m ar a z ns and Cul ture Natio a isto ica Pa (New exico), ee i vo ve e t f o e citi e rn A ri z na and E r an zati n in the r i n and nc ura the Museum of Northe o , dge of o g i o s eg o , e o ge ar hi hr u h u l n rma n and Cedars State Park (Utah) . stew ds p t o g p b ic i fo tio n r r m educatio p og a s . Pl ann n for the Planning and Oper ations. i g Anasazi cultural heritage partnership woul d be Encourage the development of regional mm n nd r m ti n r ram and ma ri al r la under the auspices of the co issio , a it p o o o p og s te s e ted h r A n woul d have the authori ty to i e staff and to to asazi culture . secure the facilities and equipment necessary to A hn al a r r u m Vi ari u mmun t and l al operate . tec ic dviso y g o p co posed sit v o s co i ies oc es l d ral a n and hr u h u the r n ar a of ocal , state , an fede ge cies t o g o t egio to view e z n r r n h n the r r ur r u n and h ar organi atio s ep ese ted wit i p oject eso ces , p ovide s ggestio s , e l l n region woul d al so be formed to provide oca co cems . techni cal advice to the commission and to facili tate coordination and communicati on Coordinate regional research designs and n ri n r n r in l hin n n amo g the va ous age cies egardi g p oject assist pub is g fi di gs . l a i re ated ctivit es . Congressional appropri ations woul d be sought With the assistance of the technical advisory to operate the commission and to establish a r u an a n lan ul r ar he r n l f r g o p , ctio p wo d be p ep ed by t p eservatio grant and oan fund o the project mm n to 1 a l h r al and n co issio ( ) est b is p oject go s regio . 2 l r l un n and objectives , ( ) deve op o e , f ctio , r nal u l n f r mm n Ope atio g ide i es o the co issio , and (3) develop strategies for project implemen A nal ysis i n Fun in f r in i tat o . d g o d vidual programs woul d be sought by the commission by such means as Altemative D would rely on educati on and investigati ng and creating opportunities for area increased awareness as a primary protecti on r r a n n r r ran and l S n l in p ese v tio i te ests to eceive g ts too . ites i c uded the system woul d be l an l n r r a for all ca in u l mana r in o s , deve opi g c ite i o t g p b ic ged acco d g to a mutuall y agreed upon un for r r a i n lic n na n and mana m n and r a n l n f ds p ese v t o , so iti g do tio s , set of ge e t p eserv tio guide i es . encouraging the establishment of private organi Th i s alternative would provide a focal point for ' zations or un a n nan r Ana az -r l ae acuvities and m m n fo d tio s to fi ce p ojects s i e t d , anage e t, hr u h ran an r a re l n l an un nt r r a n and r ar h t o g g ts d/o vo vi g o f d i e p et tio , ese c woul d be

r ram. c r ina E n kn l p og oo d ted . xisti g ow edge about the enti re Anasazi cul tural area could be r mm n n r c and n li a hu nhancin u li r n Besides eco e di g sites to be p ote ted co so d ted , t s e g p b c ecog iti on l n r rv a n u l n and and un r an n h anc n ul ur deve opi g p ese tio g ide i es de st di g of t is ie t c t e . an ar e mm n an hni st d ds , th co issio d its tec cal advisory group could pursue the following The quality and scope of resource protection functions : and management coul d largel y be determined

31 h ur h al rnai ul an al n or of t e r . by the dynamics and expertise eso ces T is te t ve co d st d o e , commission and by the cooperation and good it coul d be combined with any Of the other m A r n r n ri l S urr n l un r al te atives . r a a c r c will of p vate andowners . ites c e t y de pp op i te i te ge y p oje ts public ownership woul d be managed and used coul d include increasing the av ailability and h n i n of r inf rma n and ri n muc as ow . effect ve ess visito o tio o e tation rae n l r u n n rmati nal st t gies , joi t y p od ci g i fo o The use of a public/pri vate commission would and interpretive literature to assist visitors in foster partnerships that coul d be flexible in tri p pl anning; and coordinating the content Of directing money and would offer opport unities interpretive media to help visitors understand n l m n the r l a nshi am n ari u i and to for pri vate sector incentives and i vo ve e t . e tio ps o g v o s s tes r m l n h m a ari H r n ra n ul c ura . oweve , admi ist tio wo d be ext e e y e o ge t e to visit v ety of sites complex and woul d depend on adequate base ll n R r e Pr ec n n M n em n A r funding for the commission as we as o esou c ot tio a d a ag e t . che m h mm n m m r l i cal i and r ur r lat to the dynamic input fro t e co issio e be s . o og s tes eso ces e ed Northern San Juan Anasazi would continue n n ri of a lur un r r n n rs hi and mana m n Thi s concept would co tai a sk f i e de p ese t ow e p ge e t . No because of the many enti ties involved and the specific guidelines woul d be developed to help i in r n on and n ur the r ti n unl h d fficulty ag eei g objectives e s e p otec o of sites , ess t is m n In r r for a n al rnati w as c m n h one the h r manage e t strategies . o de ge cies to te ve o bi ed wit of ot e mm n l m n n a the ate atives . i teract with a d ssist co issio , l r additional staff cou d be requi ed . Vi i r M r r s to Use. any coope ative efforts a e The implementation of this al ternative would currently made to ensure publi c awareness of n n n m r Thi onc h r i ni l d aluati r un . c requi re s g ficant p anni g a ev o ti e , visito Oppo t ities s ept, oweve , n r the c mm n w as rmal z call for a rmal z f rt ha ul r uir and eve afte o issio fo i ed , s fo i ed ef o t t wo d eq e some time woul d el apse before the program specific staffing and funding by the partici m a in a nci and r an zai ns In a i n coul d beco e active . p t g ge es o g i t o . ddit o u l m n in n r to s pp e e t g age cy visito services , these D n n n the mark n rt ati n r ram ul u l m n and h ul epe di g o eti g effo , visit o p og s wo d s pp e e t, s o d be ’ ul ncr a r c r na h the a l ra ma r co d i e se by to visito oo di ted wit , st te Of Co o do s jo r 1 hi c ul r r n an na nal nd n rna n l m l m n days afte 0 years . T s o d ep ese t tio a i te tio a touris deve op e t ur m n i ur mill i n r annual to is expe d t e of o to effo t s . mll n h r annual n ur ra i io . Ot e expe dit es (ope n ch l ul al lann n r n Th m n tio s and ar eo ogy) co d tot P i g and Ope atio s . e arketi g One- m n ur lan a u n artn r h ul an n lu ti e expe dit es ( d cq isitio , p e s ip co d be exp ded to i c de n ruc i n and lannin c ul al r ina i n h h r ar a uri - r l a e co st t o , p g) o d tot coo d t o wit ot e e to st e t d n l See a . r u and u n u h as al ham r ( ppe dix C ) g o ps b si esses , s c oc c be s c mm rc mu um n - a of o e e , se s , the arrow g uge rail r a and n ar ski ar a A rk r u o d , e by e s . wo g o p ALTERNATIVE E : F OSTER A made up of representatives from participating SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO entities woul d be organized to generate joint TOURI SM MARK E TING PARTNERSHIP projects that would increase visitati on and encour age appropri ate high- quality tourist Gener al De cr n l m n A i ti ul n lu r n s iptio deve op e t . ct vi es co d i c de p oduci g nf rma n and mar in m r l n i o tio ket g ate i al s , deve opi g The n n h mn mum a n al t rna a n or t ur a k n l f n i te t of t is i i ctio e tive visit tio o p c ages , joi t y sta fi g ul nhanc r nal a n nf rma i n a n or c n r and ar c ati n wo d be to e e egio visit tio by i o t o st tio s e te s , p ti ip g r n n ral a n ri n a n and in r m ral a n re sen coo di ati g fede ge cy o e t tio tou is studies . Fede ge cy pre n r n r G al the r ram i ul r i n rm n hn l and t r ati . tat ves a a i e p et o se vices o s of p og wo d p ov de i fo tio , tec ic l nc ura i i r n and r nal r and h r ar a wou d be to e o ge v s to s to exte d p ofessio expe tise , ot e wise p ticip te m m h r a in the r i n as r r a and l n n n ak the , as a a , o e ost of t ei st ys eg o pp op i te fe sib e depe di g , ll incr a u a r cia i n for the a nc un in we as to e se p blic pp e t o ge y f d g . significance of regional natural and cul tural

32

PUBLI C CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION

The publ ic w as consulted duri ng the preparati on that Cortez be considered as a site for a visitor r r li m cente a ea ra ns a . S al of the al ternati ves presented in this study. / ope tio f ci ty o e so Publi c information workshops were held to suggested that the histori c Wetherill Ranch lain the u r u how al kn n as the Al am Ran h in Man exp st dy p ocess , to disc ss ( so ow o c ) cos n l in e resources in the study area fit into the A nasazi be i c uded th study. r and h ar u li c mm n and sto y, to e p b c o e ts h u h on he r hr n l r r In all hr m n and in the ri t n t o g ts t p oject. T ee ews ette s we e t ee eeti gs w t e tri u The r n l t r n mm n man l r n ern ha also dis b ted . fi st ews e te , se t to co e ts , y peop e exp essed co c t t r 850 l r ri n a i n the e not a ul n r ove peop e , p ovided o e t t o to sit s set side wo d be co side ed " " l ns unn r or hr a i h study and announced the dates and ocatio of ecessa y t ow way s tes . T ey li nf h The n m ha ha a h the A na a e can the pub c i ormation works ops . seco d e p sized t t e c of s zi sit s n l r ummari z the r ul the ell ar the r and ha all are ews ette s ed es ts of t p t of sto y, t t sites r h l ri mm n m h r m n rn am n e wo ks ops p us the w tten co e ts received i portant. T e e is so e co ce o g th in response to the first newsletter; it also general public and professional archeological cl ari fied the purpose of the study and reviewed community that not enough information is The h r n l t r kn n a u he Ana a to rmn Wh h the study schedule . t i d ews et e ow bo t t s zi dete i e ic z A r m h r ari S o lte natives . are n an and r summ ed this tudy f sites ost sig ific t , t e efo e , n n l n in deservi g of i c usio this study. Public response to the first newsletter and the series of workshops demonstrated a keen Some people questioned if the National Park interest in the telling of the Anasazi story in Service would evaluate the impacts of the h l M r than 90 l al rna n l an n rs a n sout western Co orado . o e peop e te tives o dow e dj ace t to the n z r h on Mar h 14 0 h m n l the rt 3 an ae . a u in r as atte ded Co e wo ks op c , c did t sites T ese i p cts i c de c e ed n in Duran on Mar h 1 5 and 1 0 ra n al l an a u i n and or s atte ded go c , t ffic , pote ti d cq isit o , visit u e D n r m n on Mar h 1 Als m m n h r w m n m ana . as a u came to the e ve eeti g c 7. o ge e t T e e so e co ce bo t over 1 00 written comments were returned in how communities coul d replace revenue that h n l r mi l u il n response to t e first ews ette . ght be ost if f ture o and gas producti o w as r ri in m ar a est cted so e e s . ’ A pri mary concenr w as the study area s limited z u h rn l ra lu n ri al m r an in h h si e so t weste Co o do , exc di g t b So e pat icip ts t e Cortez works op were l ands ins tead of the entire Anasazi cultural enthusiasti c about the development of an r n h h n lu ar ah A ri z na al rnati ha ul l r ri v ubli egio , w ic i c des p ts of Ut , o , te ve t t wo d exp o e a p ate/p c M S m l n out the c r i h mm n and . a a r a h a c New exico o e peop e poi ted oope t ve pp o c , wit o issio m r an n nu mul l use on all r na n l m m n m i po t ce of co ti ed tip e coo di ti g deve op ent , pro oti g touri s l an h l h r l ha m r r ri n l ri n f r i ds , w i e ot e s fe t t t o e est ctive and servi g as a c ea ghouse o Anasaz NPS mana m n n r r ar h and h ral a n n ge e t is eeded to p otect ese c , wit fede ge cies providi g l n rn l r hn ar h cal t . c w as a c al a an c eo ogi si es Co e so exp essed te ic ssist ce . about potenti al detri mental impacts of increased a n at the i and m l m l n m h visit tio s tes , so e peop e So e peop e are quite co ce ed about t e suggested that sites should be fenced and access potential for federal acquisition of l arge blocks r ric th r a h ul l r l h l n t . a an h r t est ed O e s s id t ey wo d ike to see of p iv te d . T ey be ieve t is pe cep io is t a a d and a l for n r r a n r n l for he n r in r h l si es exc v te st bi ized i te p et tio . espo sib e t i c ease a c eo ogical site n n r l The NPS destructio o p ivate ands . There w as a general consensus that interpreta representatives responded that sites being tion and education are effective tools in eval uated for the study are pri mari l y on r r n i Man l nt out i u lic and Ar ha l p ese vi g these s tes . y peop e poi ed ex sting p b c eo ogical Conservancy ha in a n the h m l l an nd a u al rn ll mn m z t t dditio to sites t e se ves , ds a th t st dy te atives wi i i i e uf fi n ar a urr un in h m h ul al m n ri lan n s cie t e s s o d g t e s o d so be i pacts o p vate dow ers . n z n S m set aside to serve as protectio o es . o e people attending the Cortez workshop requested

36 er io State ontext Site/Ow nership Time P d and Feat ures Status . C

Albert Por t er R uin EMIII-PHI (Pl?) Village 30 to 35-room Formative Mc 1 eve o menta ue o 21 i as three to ers Elmo raina e (5MT 23) D l p l p bl , k v , w , d g haeo o i a ueb o throu h it stru ture de ressims Arc l g c l P l g p c , p , Conservanc y (1 3 ac) Great Pueblo extens ive middens; continuous occupancy h orn BMIII through Pm(rare)

Anasazi Archeological Paleo-Indian 500 sites above high waterline NRHP istr i t USFS throu ist ori c in McPhee eser oir are intact 1984 D c gh H , R v ( ) especiall y EMIII-PI (977 within distri ct ); good ac qualit y inves tigati ons

Large village hors eshoe shaped room block with plaza and pos sible great kiva; cheek dams

0 House Creek (SMT2320)

BMIII-PI!

Windy Ruin (5MT4353)/Private PI

Ansel Hall Ruin Village One multi st ory D ri ate: Bi l W n e: sha e stru ture at east 25 P v l i kl p d c , l o u anc units int erme i ate cc p y , d i a es timated 20 ac extensi e k v , , v mi ens dr - ai mu ed dd . y l d dd masonry; Chacoan character ist les (possible Great Hous e); ross an on s rin s erma C C y p g , p nent ater exca ate w ; v d by ’ Explorers Camp; (Ansel Hall w as first NPS hie inter reter c f p , began Mesa Verde Company)

Cannonball Ruin Village canyonhead ELM pro Formative Mc SW 338 BLM mu ti st or com ex i as tec ti v e E no raina e unit ( ) l y pl , k v , li d g to ers ater mana ement w , w g system

Chimney Rock PII -PIII Village cluster 91 sites; 27 Formative Piedra r heo o i a istri t tem orar cam s 64 ha ita 1977 A c l g c l D c p y p , b ( ) tions (21 7 buildings); 36 large sq mi ; kivas ; high-alti tude sites ; USFS pre pos sible astronmiical align

Chimney Rock PI] (AD 925-1 125) Pueblo (SA A 83) consi dered to be one of the Chaco outli ers

Peterson G ulch Unit

Pyr amid Mountain Unlt

Time Period and Feat ures Status State Context

Rock-Shelters Rock-shelters buri ed deposits UFSF ie in san as askets 1985 20 La ata raina e y ld g d l , b , ( ) Pl d g human skeletal remains ; exten sive unexcavated deposits (north shelter intact ); rock art ; t ype site for BMII along wi th Talus Slope village; import ant as scientific resource

Agri cultural village with water management syst em unique Elmo drainage ' locauon on north rim of Yellowjacket Canyon and talus slope below; standing Hoven ee -st e to er he ams w p yl w , c ck d , " " exterior wall of unknown

thought to be pueblos men ti oned by Dominguez and Escalante in 1776

Es calante AD 1 075-1 200 Tw o excavat ed kivas ; Chaocan (5MT2149; ELM) characteristi cs ; nine rooms (1975) 40

0 Dominguez Excavated; small room block; (5MT2148; ELM) high status Chacoan female burial

To n overs t w o se tions w c c , 750—1200 mos t y mu tistor reat i as monument E mo raina e unit ) l l y, g k v , l d g est imate 100 i as t w o ams ac d k v , d ; 1 150-1 225) based pos sible road; largest ruin complex frtm the late 1 1 0087; erally pro bi/u-i

1 889, ELM

5MT3805

5MT3807 (private) Multi ple component; burial; produced only copper bell in southwest Colorado

M ustoe Site AD 1 229-1231

’ Shield s Ruin PlI-PIII Rubble mounds/buri al?

a keview Com ex EMIII -PHI “Ra I e c uster multi m pl g l co Formative Mc o en ' n t, mu tistor ; reat i a p l y g k v , Elmo dramage unit reservoir ossi e roa , p bl dway

Car penter Site (SMT696)

l da Jean Pll -Plll tree in ; r g Multist ory; banded masonry; Wi s on 5MT4126 ates ( l ; ) d AD 1 129 only h va remains intact; Chacoan characteristi cs

a nie 5MT1905 EMIII -P11 H y ( ) Chacoan characteristi cs

now - S (sw am) PI (AD 875 975 ) am et ar e it stru ture H l l g p c , burned adobe W al a e (5MT6970) ulti st or mu ti om ent l c M y, l c pon ; i as roa a res er k v , dw y, voir; Chacoan characteristi cs

eese 5MT3809 PIl -PIII R ( ) Lithi c manufacture; room block 39

1 s

3 fi . 3 3 e a . 3 — 3 fi n q = m o u - t 3 x £ n e E 5 e 9 - E E 8 e 6 o s 5 5 a 5 8 S : e u o “ 5 5 E g n a fi 8 5 « 8 no g u a J 5 B a n 5 s 3 n d u 0 a u 5 s 3 E : a e a e. 2 S 5 n g 5 5 - E a 3 E e 0 3 5 v 0 fi o E n 5 8 o 0 2 e 5 a a Su n a 0 n u n — 5 3 3 u n 3 m 5 -e n 7 - fi e h 8 5 d : 5 3 o e e 0 3 e I : 5 fl h a 3 5 n n u 6 u 9 : a o x 5 2 u 5 g n m 2 5 s 2 3 z o 8 £ s i 5 8 3 e 9 5 R 5 -e 5 n h o n d 5 8. 8 s 3 Uu 5 0 ” 3 o e . w 3 n Descr pi tion Characteristics Sitd Ow nership Time Per iod and Features Status State Context ‘

Reser voi r Complex BMIII-P111 Sites probably first noted by USPS ; Private Dominguez and Escalante in 1 776

Reservoi r Ruin Village multicomponent ha tation t w o moun s i as bi , d , k v , os si e reat i a mi en p bl g k v , dd

ar e ossi mu tistor L g , p bly l y ru e moun i as un ue bbl d , k v , iq triw all

Sand I East Rock BLM pro Formative Mc Canyons tective Elmo drainage (5MT2636-2645) ELM unit; McElmo

Sand Canyon AD 1230-1 280 Town (ceremoni al ?) extreme ELM pro Pueblo (SMT767) Great Pueblo ly large pueblo enclosing the tecti v e head of Sand Canyon; 15 dis withdrawal rete archite t ura uni ts a as c c l , pl z ,

350+ rooms 90 i as ceremo , k v ; nial center in regional s ystem (high kiva to roa n D-shaped tr iw all ; single compo nent srte; 1 37 tree-ring dates

Spring Creek Ar cheological District I ' USPS villages ; good potenual for ac) provi ding chra t ol ogi cal data (als o Ute or Athabascan sites occupation BMlI -Hist oric)

Yellowj acket Complex Archaeologi cal associ ated vil lages ; great kiva; Elmo drainage Conservancy; private largest and most important to

Ye o a et SMTS EMIII P11 P11] To n estimated ll wj ck ( ; , , w o ns Z B rooms 27 to ers ater col 1 85 AC w I ) , w , w ( 9 ) ec ti on 128 i as ermanent l , k v ; p water in Yellowjacket Canyon; ar est il site reat ldv a l g P l ; g , reat to er astr onom ca g w , i l features ; intr asite roadways;

Stevenson/Porter (SMTI)

SMT2

5MT3 BMIII P11 P11] ite w ith K oko elli i a , , S p k v

5MT4

5MT7

5MT8

5MT9

0 c 5 5 Ec a 9 o s 8 i - e g a 9 E ht E a 3 S a m 8 “ n a e M ? c 3 E fi m o 5 3 a o C - c . v 5 i fl E J “ 3 U S n n u c e o E g 4 3 S o B s —A 3 9 E b 8 D 8 “ e B u 8 u e g a n 5 s n o fi E : E e 3 o- 3 n 5 H g E o 3 me 2 3 o n : m “ ; 3 5 S n n R a u 2 B 1 J mn c a E fi o — 5 s G 3 0 p a “ g u E . 5 5 a n fi e S c B 9 u o a mc m. u 3. V -m o a a w w 5 — - v e m o o mE H E : mn u - e 3 n. a S o s m 5 E s S s e = q : a b o v E 5 s-o n e o a e u, c w e e b fl o n S u g a : e b v e —n o a b e e v a n “ m : e - G 2 n o w s m S a s 1 g 0 a . o a at o- o o 8 s s 5 n a no u e n m c 9 3 2 ; s : 5 h 3 o o m : 3 a w “ 8 - a g E . 8 E s n c 2 ac w E u z n d n — Q o e e S e 8 n n . : m 0 u . a o 9 a 5 a u w — n o E 0 6 5 b - e a S - 2 fl E a S fi. o a e o m 3 u 3 2 5 v c l n B 3 h o E o 8 . a 3 e 3 s S u a a 3 fi 0 t fi. u m fi. n 5 s —u r 8 n 2 Hi i l 2 e m q 5 5q u o u —e u m 5 6 s e- e 2 5 3 n e 9 a 5 E 3 g w 2 a. mc : 5 : 3 5 2 o 2 3 s m 5 eo - a 3 3 S -n 2 3 A me . 3

I n T AND INCOME IN THE T D A REA APPENDIX B: POPULATION, EMPL OYMEN , S U Y

l r The li l n rall r n The study area is characteristi c of rural counties in western Co o ado . festy e is ge e y o ie ted h r mana d b the ra rnm n are n r to much of to outdoor activities . Thus , t e esources ge y fede l gove e t of i te est ’ r i n e r i n rural charac er as an im r an ar of h ir li , the popul ation. Many es de ts value th eg o s t po t t p t t e festyles

- m n a naural alu l ud and r nal r . with w idespread appreciation for the wide ope sp ces , t v es , so it e , pe so f eedo r r n G rnm n ar ci a i n in Many residents resent control of land or any kind of outside inte fe e ce . ove e t p ti p t o ll projects is generally soli cited onl y when problems cannot be solved loca y.

POPULATION

f c un i Archul a rt z L a Pla a and The economic planning area includes areas o four o t es et , Co e , t , m r the ul a n li n ar Duran L a Pla a un and r z Montezuma. The ajo ity of pop tio ves e go ( t Co ty) Co te M m The r h ra has n r n in Archul a and La Pla a c un . u h of (Montezu a County). g owt te bee st o gest et t o ties c r D l r un has h the the growth in Archuleta County is due to an influx of etirees . o o es Co ty bot lowest r population and the lowest growth ate .

Table B-1 : Study A rea Population

1 970-1 980 1 980-1 986

Four-County Region 34% 10 %

Colorado 31% 1 2%

ment of ommerce. Source: ureau of conomic Ana sis U. S . De an B E ly , p C

EMPLOYMENT

M i i r in an n D r n Pl nd r z M n z ost job opportun t es a e d ear u a go (La ata County) a Co te ( o te uma County). Jobs h r n l n ncr a n at a ra c ha r n he n r a lar ncr a in ave ece t y bee i e si g te twi e t t expe ie ced by t e ti e st te . A ge i e se jobs in Archuleta County appears to be related to the construction of a major retirement community near P a r n Ta l B-2 r r in ach c un m h ch ma ll r n agos Sp i gs . b e epo ts jobs e o ty, so e of w i y be fi ed by eside ts of n i earby count es .

Employment

1 970-1 980 1 980-1 986

S . De f conomi c Ana sis U. anrnent Source: ureau o of ommerce. B E ly , p C

47 r r a l rad and rnm n ta l The most important sec tors of the regional economy are se vices , et i t e , gove e t (see b e B Service jobs are primarily restr icted to Durango (L a Plata County) and Cortez (Montezuma m i n a a rnm n are a l m r an in D r un . T ur s ot r t s a County). Gove e t jobs especi l y i po t t olo es Co ty o is t e ed

r u it is a c m n nt of he r ic r ail tra and rnm n ec t r . separ ate secto , b t o po e t se v e. et de, gove e t s o s

i n Thi in u r in M nt zuma rac . The majority of the mi ning employment is associated with COZ ext t o s d st y o e i in 1 A u 4 ml i n of oil and na ural as r uc 12 mi n in 986. 0 County produced $ 3 ll o gas dur g bo t $ i l o t g , p od ed mal l am un coal rs h r n rac e for the am ar. from wells located throug out the egio , w as ext t d s e ye A s o t of in l m mined from a s g e ine.

Table B-3: 1 986 Employment by Sec tor

A rchuleta Dolor es L a Plata Montezuma

A gri cultural Services

Cons truc tion Manufacturi ng Transportation and Utilities Wholesal e Trade Retail Trade Finance and Real Estate Services Government

S . De artment of ommerce. Source: ureau of conomic Ana sis U. B E ly , p C

o w id d Informati n ithheld to avo isc losure of proprietary data.

INCOME

All of the c un in hi r i n ha a n ab l r r i n m n l r r o ties t s eg o ve ot ly owe pe cap ta i co e tha the Co o ado ave age . The chan r m 1 980 to 1986 has n u f r Th r l l h h n m ge f o bee adj sted to account o inflati on. e e ative y ig i co e in Dolores County may be due to the high percentage of government jobs (see table B

Table B-4: Per Capita Income

1 980-1 986

Four - County Region 2%

Colorado 9%

Source: ureau of conomic Ana sis U. S D art ment e B E ly , . ep of Comm rce.

48

No recording devices exist to measure use to the many backcountry Anasazi sites administered by the ur au of an Mana ement and th r i i ur in ab B- 6 are a ar iberal S . F re S ce. The B e L d g e U. o st e v f g es t le f i ly l timat base on n ra i itati n tr n es e d ge e l v s o e ds .

While the management strategies of some of the alternati ves cons idered in this study are simil ar to mana m nt at hac u tura n en E th r is no c rr a i n in er ge e C o C l l Natio al Hi storical Park (see app dix ), e e o el t o t ms f i i r In 1 988 r cr a i n i i n in n f ac w as hi ch am un to o v s to use. e e t o v s tatio the ce tr al part o Ch o w o ts n 8 ercen of the i a i n M o ly p t vis t t o to esa Verde for the same year.

50 APPENDIX C : VISITATION PROJECTIONS A ND COST ESTIMATE S F OR STUDY ALTE RNATIVES

A lternative federal actions proposed in this document would result in a greater increase in visits n r n The r c ncr a for ach al rna ul n on the n ha compared to existi g t e ds . p oje ted i e se e te tive wo d depe d exte t t t i i r the resource w as marketed to v s to s .

A t well - established sites visitation seems to be increasing at a rate equivalent to 3 percent of 1988 n i i n Ana azi H r a n r ncr asin much m r ra i l cau has u visitatio . V s tatio at the s e it ge Ce te is i e g o e p d y be se it j st i i i n o h r c m is r c to ub r the n t ca e hi ch e ms opened . V s tat o t t e Low y o plex p oje ted do le ove ex de d , w s e Vi i a n to Hovenw ee is r c to reasonable because use has doubled during the last tw o years . s t tio p p oje ted n Vi i a n to himn c is r c incr a double when the access road has bee paved . s t tio C ey Ro k p oje ted to e se r See ab rapidly if visitors are able to visit that site without joining a tour g oup . ( t le

Table 0 1 : Incr ease in Visitation to A nas azi Sites Proj ected 1 0-Year Continuation of Pr esent fi ends

Mesa Verde National Park Anasazi Heritage Center Hov enw eep National Monument Low ry Complex Sand/East Rock Canyons Chimney Roc k A rcheological Distri c t Misc ell aneous backc ountr y sites Mi scellaneous backcountr y sites

857,000

The in i i ati n r c i n r r n a ub c i a rai al b a r u EL M NPS follow g v s t o p oje t o s ep ese t s je t ve pp s developed y g o p of , , SF r i na Due to he n na rn i i n r and U S . t c c tual ur the a at the i a i n p ofess o ls o ep t e of lte ves , v s t t o p ojectio s are im r ci but h ir r a i ma ni i r n l p e se, t e el t ve g tude s easo ab e .

Previous experience and studies indicate that visitors are extremely interested in observing or ar ici atin in arch i cal ca a i n Th r ica ach al t rn ti p t p g eolog ex v t o s . eo et lly, e e a ve could be developed to the same l l H r n r i i nal r m an ri ri f . a o a r a d o the i r n n i m r i r eve oweve , b sed t d t o p og s p o ties d ffe e t age c es , o e s tes a e likely to be developed for visitation and interpretation under alternative A than under the other " " l rn f he nam r ni n i a at . cau o t c i a c a ith nai nal r rn l te ives Be se e e og t o sso ted w t o pa k , this alte ative wou d l k l h h h r c i n i e y ave the ig est p oje ted v sitatio .

The most recent relevant marketing study w as prepared in 1 988 for a proposed Cortez Indi an Folk

Vi a . The in in of ha u r u to r ec i i a i n for al rna i A Th i r f r ll ge f d gs t t st dy we e sed p oj t v s t t o te t ve . e f gu es o al t rna E i h u mar n r r n the r ec incr a if no ac n w as a n Pr i n f r e tive (w t o t keti g) ep ese t p oj ted e se tio t ke . oject o s o the h r al rna r ace b n the r m of a rnat A E M f in r ot e te tives we e pl d etwee ext e es lte ives and . ost o the c ease r r n r n s u r ul r m nc ur a in i i r a n r Se l ove p ese t t e d wo ld es t f o e o g g v s to s to st y lo ge . ( e tab e C

A c i r m i n of uri m ul incr a i i r use un r an al rn f r z t ve p o ot o to s wo d e se v s to de y te ative . Results o the Co te mar tin u in ica ha the incr as mi h a ra 20 r n Pr m n ke g st dy d te t t e e g t ve ge pe ce t. o otio could result in dramati c r n w n i A r n r i m f r ncr a at . c a i a o uch i is a r n in r i e ses lesse k o s tes ve y o se v t ve est te s s tes 50 pe ce t c ease .

5 1 Table C -2: Proj ected Increase in Visitation to Anasazi Sites (in Vis itor-Days)

Without Wit h Without With Mar eti A lter nat ive Mar keting Mar keting Mar keting k ng

A : National Park B : Cultural Res erve C: Conservati on Area D: Cultural Heri tage Par tnership E: Marketing Partnership

L A ND ACQUISITION

H r i h u urth r lann n . A ctual land acquisition requirements cannot be reliably estimated w t o t f e p i g oweve ,

- l rn h c are in table C 3 represents the relative magnitude of acquisiti on for different ate atives . T ese osts in M of h un s ul n in the l cal addi tion to the cost of implementing exist g plans . ost t ese f d wo d be spe t o area.

Table C -3: Estimated Increase in Total Land A cquis ition Cos ts

A lter nat ive Cost

National Park Cultur al Reserve Cons ervation Area Cultural Heri tage Par tnership Marketing Partnership

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

f r i m r l A ctual increases in the cost o fede al construction carmot be rel ably esti ated without furthe p anning . T -4 r r nt e r ati ma ni f f r r n rn The ima for able C ep ese s th el ve g tude o costs o diffe e t alte atives . est tes al t rna i A and inc u the c n ruc i n of 1 0 ml f n w ra l r a A erna e t ves , B , C l de o st t o i es o e g ve access o ds . lt tive A al inclu hr m um and hr mall admini stra io visitor n r The imat for alt rna so des t ee edi t ee s t n/ ce te s . est es e tives and in u the c n ruc n of mall c n r at six i The ns r uc n f r l rna B C cl de o st tio s e te s s tes . co t tio estimate o a te tive D a um the r habi i a n of an i n buil n in r z n of the alt rna nclu the ss es e l t tio ex sti g di g Co te . No e e tives i de approximate $6 million required to implement existing plans for Mesa Verde National Park and Hov enw ee at na M num nt p N io l o e .

Table C -4: Estimated Increase in Feder al Cons tr uction Costs

Alt er nat ive C ons tr uction

National Park Cultural Res erve Cons ervation Area Cultural Heri tage Par tnership Marketing Partnership

52 OPERATING COSTS

f r e al rnati c n i r nditur at i in ark To develop an estimate of Operating costs o th te ves o s de ed , expe es ex st g p s 1 ra n c for M a V r is mll n the ma r h ch is n were reviewed . The 989 ope tio s ost es e de i io , jo ity of w i spe t m h ma r era i n at Hov enw ee c For c m ari n ur the ri a locally. The uc s lle op t o p osts o p so p poses , p v te mil i n Much of the ra in c r u r m facility at Crow Canyon has a 1989 budget of l o . ope t g osts es lt f o

n f r a s hau in of ra h and c anin r r ms . such routine tasks as mainte ance o access o d , l g t s , le g of est oo

ar a The ac ual incr a in the c of ral Most operating funds woul d be spent in the local e . t e se ost fede h r r lannn H r a C-5 r r n the Operations cannot be reliably estimated wit out fu the p i g . oweve , t ble ep ese ts r n l rn n the alt rna inclu the urr n relative magnitude of costs for diffe e t ate atives . No e of e tives des c e t i A u h ri to hir ral m F TEs ul r uir in a n the operating defic t. t o ty e fede e ployees ) wo d be eq ed dditio to n funding show .

Table C -S: Estimated Increase in A nnual F ederal Oper ating Costs

A lter native

A : National Park B: Cultural Reserve C: Cons ervation Area D: Cultural Heritage Partnership E: Marketing Partnership

The Other Operati ons cost for alternative A w as estimated by taking 40 percent of the e eratin cos ts ternati es and e operating cost for Mes a Verde National Park. Th op g for al v B C ar w ternat e D ht ha e o eratin proportionately low er bec aus e there ould be less cons truction. Al iv mig v p g cos ts simi ar to a ternati e A but fundin for the commi ssion w ould rimari come from the l l v , g p ly

private sec tor.

A RCHEOL OGICAL PROTECTION

The r c n arch ol cal c n hr in rr la m a ur ar h l ica u p ote tio of e ogi sites o sists of t ee te e ted e s es ( l ) c eo og l st dies , 2 iliz i n ns rva ion nd n Th m r l h stab at o co e t a 3 cura . n m ( ) site / , ( ) tio ese easu es wou d ave to be take to so e r r h l rn i The a r r a l l of r l rmin deg ee unde eac a te at ve . pp op i te eve wo k wou d be dete ed by interpretation and r urc mana m n ann n r arch i n n r m eso e ge e t pl i g , ese des g a d othe anagement policies and guidelines associated l with the alternative se ected .

Archeological studies consist of inventory and descriptive documentation of the site complexes and other lands to delineate the extent and depth of the remains and to evaluate areas appropri ate for further r arch in r r a n and m r nc r r a i n n Ma in l ese , te p et tio , e e ge y p ese v t o eeds . pp g of al structures and other features is nt ial to the a r ria mana m n of it T m esse pp op te ge e t s es . est excav ations ay be conducted to expose r in r r n r r h Thi specific features fo te p etatio o esearc . s would be done as specified in the interpretation plan for the area and in accordance w ith the regionw ide research design that would be prepared under each

- al rna . Lar al ca a n c ul c nc i a l carrie out as an in r r m h m te tive ge sc e ex v tio o d o e v b y be d te p etive ec anis , h i ar in r r ac i combining researc w th v ious te p etive t vities .

S stabilization cons ervation c nsi of a ar ac i r l of i Thi in l ite / o sts v iety of t vities to dete oss a s te . s c udes activities such as stabilization of the architectur al remains as well as conservation through altering rana a rn and r m in rail and r a a acr a h l r d i ge p tte s e ov g t s o dw ys oss site . W i e ce tain emergency stabilization conservation n mu a r uch as at McLean a in T r h / eeds st be dd essed , s B s owe s , t ese activities must be preceded by a stabilization assessment (historic structure report) to thoroughl y eval uate the r r ai n n at ach c m and to r i r a nab a erna for un r a n the r p ese v t o eeds e o plex p ov de e so le lt tives de t ki g wo k .

53 Stabilization plans (historic structure preservation guides) are also developed to detail the procedures and h ar and ui e ine d hn o be use in c n uc in the r r a i n r met ods , stand ds g d l s , an tec ology t d o d t g p ese v t o wo k ir h c m A ter ini a stabiliza i n conservation n s ha en a r at ach i requ ed at eac o plex . f ti l t o / eed ve be dd essed e s te , ni rin h us in i m in nan e must ccur to nsur ha the r main can be routine mo to g , o ekeep g , and cycl c a te c o e e t t e s i st - e ec i e maintaine eas ly and co ff t v ly d .

i r n i r Not nl mu the mat rial ha ha Curatorial activit es are a outi e part of all archeolog cal wo k . o y st e s t t ve n cum nt and c ec e as a r ul of arch l ical ac i c ns r d aal bee exposed , do e ed , oll t d es t eo og tiv ties be o e ve , c t oged , and r but the nsi archi a cum ntat n r ul n r m arch l ical and r r a n sto ed , exte ve v l do e io es ti g f o eo og p ese v tio Hi ri h r w in urnal and h r manu cri s and i i s mus a be cur at . st c t a hs r a act v tie t lso ed o p o og p , d gs , jo s , ot e s pt m n r atin o the it as m r recen tudi and cum nta i n are int r al to docu e ts el g t s es , well as o e t s es do e t o , eg n r in ach i its i n ficanc nd it ma rial cu ur In the a ra ar the a nal u de stand g e s te , s g i e , a s te lt e . p st seve l ye s N tio Park Service has determined that approximately 1 0 percent of the cost of each project should be ri i i allocated to curato al activ t es .

Table C -6: Estimated Increase in A nnual F ederal A rcheology Cos ts

A lter nat ive A rcheolqgical Studies

National Park Cultural Reserve Cons er vation A rea Qi lmr al Heritage Par tnership Marketing Partnership

PLANNING COSTS

The ac ua incr a in the c of ra annin cann be r liab ma e i h u ur h r t l e se ost fede l pl g ot e ly esti t d w t o t f t e planning . Tab e 0 ? re r ent the r ai ma ni u of c for the i r n a rna l p es s el t ve g t de osts d ffe e t lte tives .

Table C -7: Estimated Incr ease in Total F eder al Planning Costs

A lter native Planning

National Park Cultural Reserve Cons ervation Area Cultural Heri tage Partnership Marketing Part nership

A DVERSE ECONOMIC IMPA CTS

The en itur i te in the r i u c i n of hi a en i u n i h m exp d es l s d p ev o s se t o s t s pp d x wo ld be ef t t e local ec ono y. It a ear ha n n of th l rn pp s t t o e e a te atives would create adverse economic impacts such as stopping grazing or urcha in r uc i lan D g . ue to the im r ci na ur of the al rna m ll mi im p s p od t ve ds p e se t e te tives , s a econo c pacts ma ha been mi t . In a n u ur l i y ve o ted dditio , f t e eg slation mi ht implement a different alternative which g , c u r u t in a r c n mi m o ld es l dve se e o o c i pacts .

54 SE CONDA RY ECONOMIC IMPA CTS

Tourist expenditures could rapidly flow out of the planning area to other parts of Colorado and even n T h t n h n an incr a in m l n n m a ac a . o t e m to dj e t st tes ex e t that this appe ed, y e se e p oy e t and i co e would be r a r a i ar a r r in n n in r i n Th c n ar c n mi im sp e d ove w de e athe than be g co ce tr ated the eg o . ese se o d y e o o c pacts cann calcula at hi c nc ual l l f n l i ot be ted t s o ept eve o a a ys s .

55 A PPENDI! D: A REAS A FFIL IATED WITH THE NATIONAL PA RK SYSTEM

Affiliated areas that preserve significant propert ies outside the nati onal park system occur at various i n in ni e S ae S m ha een re n z b ac s of n r h r ha e n locat o s the U t d t t s . o e ve b cog i ed y t Co g ess , ot e s ve b e i na he cr ar of the int ri r All raw on ar in am un of echnical or inancial aid des g ted by t se et y e o . d v y g o ts t f

- - a i r m a n l P er i on a case by case b s s f o the N tio a ark S v ce .

A reas are defined as being affi liated with the national park system if Congress or the secretary of the in ri r h ermine ha th mee r teri a for nat nal i ni canc the r urc can m te o as det d t t ey t c i io s g fi e , eso es be ost efficiently and effectively managed by a cooperative arr angement with the National Park Service instead ir r n unit of th na i na ar tem and if the Par S r ice has m c n nuin of d ect ope atio as a e t o l p k sys , k e v so e o ti g i i i f r hni al inancial r mana m n i nc n r has as e the a nal Par respons b l ty o tec c , f , o ge e t ass sta e . Co g ess k d N tio k Serv ic to r ar a r r on cri eria for alua n ot ntial a liat ar a and h a r r is curr n l e p ep e epo t t ev ti g p e ffi ed e s , t t epo t e t y r r i unde ev ew.

n r rec n z the ca e r of a i ia e ar n r h r eri for l b l a r Co g ess og i es t go y ff l t d eas , e do ses t e c it a e igi i ity , and g ees that a u r c i r c an i na i ns The u r is imilar ha c n uc e ri r st dy p o ess w ll p e ede y des g t o . st dy p ocess s to t t o d t d p o to iz n f n w ni of th na n m Fir r nn i au h r a o e u e al ar e . a a anc ur n t o tio ts tio p k syst st, eco iss e s vey s co ducted to e rmin re urc i ni icanc curr n u and en i a hr a and c n rn i d te e so e s g f e , e t ses , pot t l t e ts , se o d , a study of alte at ves i n m m n s do e to assess anage e t options .

A reas to be recognized and identified to the public as affiliated units of the national park system must me t c r ain ba ic ra na an ar Th an ar are im r an o ns r li f i i e e t s ope tio l st d ds . ese st d ds po t t t e u e the qua ty o v s tor r i an r ur mana m n ra i a r m n se v ces d eso ce ge e t. Coope t ve g ee e ts follow a standard outline and address issues incl uding the follow ing:

planning and technical assistance liability and insurance for facilities and employees volunteer- ih - parks status for staff fee rates and collection policies hours and days of operation review and approv al of annual budgets use of the NPS logo on signs and literature standards for concession operations content and scope of interpretive progr ams review and approv al of sales items limi ts on uses of appropriated funds for lobbying nondiscrirnination in employment accessibility for disabled visitors

Not all of he cri ria a to r a i ia ar a The r t se te pply eve y ff l ted e . coope ative agreement defines those issues ha are r l ant to the r ur e and the of arran m n h the n t t e ev eso c type ge e t wit Natio al Park Service.

A ine- item a r ria i n ma be e a i he for chnica a i ance h r un in f r l pp op t o y st bl s d te l ss st ; ot e wise , f d g o these actrv rtres rs a to ba erat n un The n n dded se op i g f ds . co ti uation of affiliated status is subject to periodi c re ie for c nsistenc w i h e ab i h an ar and n r v w o y t st l s ed st d ds , Co gress o the secretary could delete areas based on NPS r c mm n a i n e o e d t o s .

56

The Interagency Management Group has overall coordinating responsibility in matters related to planning h i a r m H r ec au ach it in on r m in e arc e c tec i n i e te . and anag g th olog l p o t o s t sys oweve , b se e s e volves e o more ub ic a nci or tribe i h uri ic n r or in r t in the lan i h n the i nat un ar p l ge es s w t j sd tio ove te es s ds w t i des g ed bo d y, the planning team recommended that the agency or tribe with primary jur isdiction or interest in each site be established as the lead planning/managing entity for that site and that it be respons ible for in ainin a r al of and im m ntin h it mana m n an Th r ar t e . e ur au p ep g , g g pp ov , ple e g s e ge e t pl B e of L and Mana emen is re n ib for c r ina in lannin on it ha are r mnan l in ri ae r g t spo s le oo d t g p g s es t t p edo i t y p v t , othe n r hi an ba fee s . th tri l , ow e p

For ur h r inf rma i n the Chaco Archeolo ical Protection Site S stem oint M f t e o t o , see g y J anagement Plan (NPS

58 ’ A PPENDI! F : A MERICA S INDUSTRIA L HERITA GE PROJE CT

’ America s Industr ial Heritage Project in southwestern Pennsylvania is overseen by a heri tage preservation i n The c mmi i n is c m of r nal r r n at r m n u r rnm n and commiss o . o ss o o posed egio ep ese t ives f o i d st y , gove e t, r i ns and it is r n ib for r in the ar u r ram and ac i i r l a to the area o ganizat o , espo s le ove see g v io s p og s tiv t es e ted ’ ’ ri Pr c It al ir c the r c u ur c ur and r America s Industrial He tage oje t. so d e ts p oje t s f t e o se foste s r The communication and coordination between the various levels of government and the priv ate secto . ’ commi ssion w as established to solicit input from area experts regarding the region s industr ial heritage r h r n l and im l m n r c mm n a n r r h m - r la r urc in order to fu t e defi e , deve op , p e e t e o e d tio s to p ese ve t e e e ted eso es m The ai nal Par S r c r as l a a nc r a to the c mm i n and promote touris . N t o k e vi e se ves e d ge y, p ovides st ff o iss o , n i and assists in public involveme t activ ties .

The commission w as organized into four committees to recommend actions involving the promotion of i n m n mi m n d an a i n l al r urc uri m r m and ar n c c an r r . cu tur eso es , to s p o ot o keti g , e o o develop e t, t spo t t o

The Cultural Resources Committee is developing strategies for preserving and protecting the i ni i hi ri i d r ur in he nin - un r i n mmi m mb r are s g f cant sto c s tes an eso ces t e co ty eg o . Co ttee e e s n r m hi ri l i nd m h r represe tatives f o sto ca soc eties a useums throug out the p oject area.

The Tourism and Marketing Committee is examining ways to coordinate the promotion of tourism in the nine - county region and i s developing str ategies to market industrial heritage i ill a ac a ari of r The c mm is al l rin how s tes so that they w ttr t wide v ety visito s . o ittee so exp o g to mar the r c in c nc r w h r m n h r ar a a rac ns The c mm ket p oje t o e t it p o oti g ot e e tt tio . o ittee is r mar l c m of r r n ai r m ur r m n a nc cham r c mm rc p i i y o posed ep ese t t ves f o to ist p o otio ge ies , be s of o e e , in l n in r n u and ann n a c the . b s esses , p i g ge ies egio

’ The Economi c Development Committee is concerned w ith how tourism can aid the region s rall c n m and i n in ra i o in r hi ri r r n n ove e o o y, it is de tify g st teg es t teg ate sto c p ese v atio and eco omic m n M mber of he rruni r r n a . t co ttee are a i r m ar a bu in c develop e t go ls e s ep ese t t ves f o e s esses , lo al rnm n bank in u tri al c nc rn cham r of c mm rc uri m r m n a n gove e ts , s , d s o e s , be s o e e , to s p o otio ge cies , and h r c r r a n ci isto i p ese v tio so eties .

The Transportation Committee is seeking to improve all modes of regional transportation in r r r r i i r acc the ar An th r unc n mmi o de to p ovide bette v s to ess to ea. o e f tio of the co ttee is to ’ identify auto tour routes in the region that will link the area s historic sites to existing r cr ai nal and ur a rac n M m r mmi e e t o to ist tt tio s . e be s of the co ttee are representatives from the state l latur l cal rnm n lannin a nci ar a u in and cham r mm r egis e , o gove e ts , p g ge es , e b s esses , be s of co e ce .

59 BIBL IOGRA PHY

Y M E . A DA S , J NN L " n Srte 5MT3880 rtez ra . 1 985 Test Excavation of a Pitstr ucture at the S ow ( ) , Co , Colo do

- Southw estern Lore 5 1 31 .

BARGIEL SKI MONICA w Ana azi H ri ta 1 988 Archeological Survey of Anasazi Heritage Center VVrthdra al Lands . s e ge

m n D r . n r ur au of Lan Mana , , Ce te , B e d ge e t olo es CO

E T E HE B . BOLTO N , R R r T ud o the Escalante Ex edition to the Inter ior Basin 1 972 Pageant in the Wilde ness: he St y f p ,

1 6 Sal Lak i : ah S a H rical S ci . 77 . t e C ty Ut t te isto o ety

A D E . BRA L Y, BRUCE " in 1 - 1 4 Southw estern Lore E n at Wa ac Ru 969 97 . 1 974 Preliminary Report of the xcavatio s ll e ,

- 1 40 (3, 7 .

n m n In Ins i hts into the Ancient Ones 1 984 The Wallace Ruin and the Chaco Phe o e on. g , edited F r r r z In r ci inar Su l m n al and ar . . : by Joanne H. Edw d Be ge Co te , CO te dis pl y pp e e t In E na Pr ram c. ducatio l og s ,

M r an n 1 986 Annual Report of Test Excavations at Sand Canyon Pueblo ( T765). C ow C yo

A r l ica n r r z . chaeo og l Ce te , Co te , CO

f E i n an an n Pu l M n zuma un 1 987 Annual Report o xcavat o s at S d C yo eb o o te Co ty, Fi n r n Ar h c n r r z n c a a e e . r 1 6 S a . a Colo ado , 98 eld e so C ow C yo eologi l Ce t , Co t , CO

i n n 1 Fi n Ann e r on the ca at at San an Pu b 987 S a . r 1 988a ual R po t Ex v o s d C yo e lo , eld e so C ow h l n r r z an n Arc a cal e . C yo eo ogi Ce te , Co t , CO

in In rim w r L r - 1 8 al a u r . South este n o e 33 98 b W l ce R te Repo t .

BRETERNI’IZ DAVID A . 1 9 The ul tura urc In nt r of h i a P in M 75 C l Reso e ve o y t e K v o t Locality, Ute ountain Ute H m lan ni r i of l ra r f i . u au o An hr l cal arch ul r o e d U ve s ty Co o do , B e t opo og Rese , Bo de .

‘ ’ " 1 983 Is Mesa Verde a Prehistoric Cultural Anomaly? In Proceedings of the Anasazi S m osium 1 981 c m i and d E m - M r n ac . S h 85 88. a V a al y p , o p led e ited by J k it , es e de N tio Par : M a V r Mu um A ia n k es e de se ssoc tio .

RETE ITZ DAVID A H IST E I S AND TIM . TH R B RN , C R IN K ROB N ON , G . O Y G OSS 1 986 Dolores Ar cheolo ical Pro r am F inal S nt he i R r Pr ar for En n rin n g g , y t c epo t . ep ed the gi ee g a d arch n r ur au c ama n D n r Rese Ce te , B e of Re l tio , e ve .

EW BR . J . O . 1946 A rchaeolo o Alkali Rid e Southe r P f aste n Utah. a r P M gy f g , pe s o the eabody useum of Am rican Archa and E hn v l 21 am r H ni o . . : ar ar r e eology t ology, C b idge v d U ve sity.

RIS I E M AND HAR TT E I I B B N , JO L C LO J . BR SB N " 1 973 Ida an Sit rth McElmo #8 i A a . n ib n h i in Je e (No , K v ) Co tr utio to t e s tes being excavated the n r h McElrno raina ar a u h rn ra On i at r an n o t d ge e of so t weste Colo do . f le C ow C yo Sch for S uth tern A rcha rt z ool o wes eology, Co e , CO .

60 W BRO N , JOY ll r i n i MT n ar ac a . 1 975 Preliminary Report on the 1 975 Excavat o s at S te 5 3 e Ye owj ket, Colo do

- 0 Southw estern Lore 5 .

CARLSON, ROY L . D r lor ni r i ra S ud S ri in r 111 ar u an o Co ado. 1 963 Basketmake Sites ne g , U ve s ty of Colo do t ies , e es

no 8 u r. Anthropology. . . Bo lde

MARK HE A T H D AND . L TE . CA R , JO N , L C N U L r - 2 r r Southw estern o e 3 . 1 988 Kiva Use Reinte p eted .

E A T MAR . CH N UL , K L " 1 987 A Proposal for an A rchaeological and Remote Sens ing Study of Prehi storic Anasazi i f r l r n r D ar m n An hr l n r o a u . Ce te s . ep t e t of t opo ogy, U ive s ty Colo do , Bo de

A E I D S . CORD LL , L N " An z In H N r A r I v l T Pr hi Ea rn asa . andbook o o th me ican ndians o . 9 he 1979 e story : ste i f , , Al z hin n D m ni n C: S h an n i u . w ns r i . a South est . edited by fo o O t W s gto , it so I st t tio

EDD RA . Y, F NK W " 1 974 A Settlement Model for Reconstructing Prehistori c Social Organization at Chimney Rock rn r In Collected Pa ers in Honor o F lorence Haw le Ellis M a S u h a . es , o t e Colo do p f y , edited r Fr i Ar h l i l i r 2 rm h . c ca S M c Pa . an by T eodo e R . isb e eo og ociety of New ex o pe No , OK .

1 Ar o i al In esti ations at Chimne Rock Mesa: 1 0- 1 972 ra Arch l cal 977 che log c v g y 97 . Colo do eo ogi i M m ir l S . oc ety, e o

E E A E A D PA E EDD RA W. ALL . N NI S Y, F NK , N K N , UL R . CK N 1 984 Southw est Colorado Prehistoric Context : A rchaeological Background and Research D r D n r: c of Archa l d Hi ri Pr r n l r Hi r i ections . an c a e ve Offi e eo ogy sto ese v tio , Co o ado sto ical S i oc ety.

EMERS ON , J . W. 1 21 r M Mann m r 1 2 . 5 9 1 On fil l F r Ar 9 to . e at San uan a na ch Repo t J , Nove be , . J N tio o est ives , Duran go .

E G S W L AM M AND ARTH R H HN F R U ON, IL I U . RO 1 986 Anasazi Ruins o the Southw est in Color A bu u r u : ni r i of M i Pr f . l q e q e U ve s ty New ex co ess .

FE E S E WK S E S W. , J " 1917a u n in the Vi cini of D l r l ra : Ru n an n M cl an a in r R i s ty o o es , Co o do i C yo , c e B s . Jesse Walte F w k P r Sm hs ni an n e es a . u i n pe s it o I stit t o .

1917b The r Pu l u n in l ra M nt n in Fi st eb o R i Co o do; e io ed Spanish Documents . Science

- 56.

1 91 8 Archaeolo ical Investi ations inNew Mexico Colorado and U mi ni g g , , tah. S thso an Institution,

M llan ll v l - c ou n o . 68 no 1 2 1 is e e s Co ectio s , , . , pp . 08 33.

1 91 9a A rchaeolo ical F ieldw ork in Southw est Colorado and Uta mi ni g h. S thso an Institution,

Mi ll u c n v l 0 n 2 - c an o . 7 o. 68 8 s e eo s Colle tio s , , , pp . 0.

1 91 9b Prehistoric Villa es Castles and T w r o e s . ur au Am rican E h l g , B e of e t no ogy B ul letin no. 70.

61 E STEV L . FULL R , EN " a t Di ric S u h tern ra . A SA 1 984 Late Anasazi Pottery Kilns in the Yellowj cke st t, o t wes Colo do C

4 m ete A rchae ical S r ice A ciate r ez , . Paper . Co pl olog e v sso s , Co t CO

D A D GOUL , RON L " mv r f T i Ph D d r at n D artm n of E uca n U ers t o a . 1 980 The Mustoe S te . . . isse t io , ep e t d tio , y ex s

HE . . GUT . C E r Amer ican Anti ui 1 949 Preliminary Report on Excavations in Southwestern Colo ado . q ty

- 4 5 . M WIL IA . HAA S , L R " z Southw estern Lore 1 985 Domestic Water Conservation among the Northern San Juan Anasa i .

- 2 6.

HAL LA SI D , JU Y

r Ex avations at the Escalante Site Dolores Colorado 1 975 and 1 976. 1 979 A cheological c , , , i n n r m n ur r o. 7 De . f n Mana t u ural c S . Bureau o La d ge e , C lt Reso e e es , ve

D E AL RE . HAY S , F C

1 T e A rchaeolo ical Sur e o Wetherill Mesa Mesa Verde National Par k. a i nal Par 964 h g v y f , N t o k

- h l h ri n A Wa hin n DC . r i Arc a ca arc S o. 7 . Se v ce, eologi Rese e es , s gto ,

HA ES ALFRED AND IF F D HA PPE Y , C CL OR C LL " m l r P - r r lat eau 56. 1 962 A Coppe Bell f o Southwest Co o ado .

H ME H S W. . OL , " A i f An i n uin f h rn r E in urin h S r 1 876 Not ce o the c e t R s o Sout weste Colo ado , xam ed d g t e umme f 1 87 U Geolo ical and G r r B -24 o 5 . . S . eo a hic Su e ulletin . g g p v y,

1 878 r on the Anci n u n of S u h ern l rad E amn urin he umm r Repo t e t R i s o t west Co o o , x i ed d g t S e 1 875 and 1 0th A R r T rr S . Geolo ical S r he r nnual e o t U. t of p , g u vey of t e i o ies , -4 hin n D 383 98. Wa C . s gto ,

1 920 D cri n of ucca H u Art and A rchaeolo 1 - 24 es ptio Y o se . gy 0 .

H B ED AR K AND LI A M M G . L E U ER , , WI W. BLOO R " 1 988 Annual r of In i ati n at Gr en Li zar 5MT 1 M n z n Repo t vest g o s e d ( 390 ), o te uma Cou ty, l ra r Ar h i . an n c a l ca nt r z Co o do C ow C yo eo og l Ce e , Corte , CO .

H RST T AND F L TRI H . . V. O U , C , . C " 1 932 An nu ual Mu r m ac an n E Pal - U s g f o Yellow J ket C yo . l acio 98.

1 934 An h r nu ual l r m l ac an n El Pal o - 1 ot e U s Bow f o Yel ow J ket C yo . aci 5 .

A S W IA M H J CK ON , ILL . " 1 876 Anci n uin in S uth t rn ra U . S. Geolo i al r e t R s o wes e Colo do . g c and Geog aphical Survey of the Terr itor ies Annual Re ort 1 874 367- 81 a hin n D , p , . W s gto , C .

1 878 r on the Anc n Ruin E amn in 1 875 and 1 877 1 0t Ann Re ort S. Repo t ie t s x i ed . h ual p , U. Geolo ical and Geo ra hical Sur e o the Terr itor ies 41 1 - hin n D 50. Wa C . g g p v y f , s gto ,

62 R ERTS JR H H . A A A ND RA . . JEANCON, JE N F NK OB , " in of ra The 1 923 Further Archaeologic al Research in the Northeast San Juan B as Colo do . - 1 Colorado Magazine 0.

r h in of l ra urin the 1 924 Fur ther Archaeological Research in the No t east San Juan B as Co o do , d g mm r f 1 22 T Colorado Ma azine - 1 8 - 73 - 24 Su e o 9 . he g , , ,

- 76, 7.

A E AL E K N , L N rin r n r On at the Ana a i H ri a 1 981 Field Notes on the Mud Sp gs conse vatio p oject . file s z e t ge

n r D r . Ce te , olo es , CO

l m i f h m Pa r r n 1 988 Colorado Anasazi Sett ement Patterns : I pl cations o the C aco Syste . pe p ese ted in f r Ar l i l i F llins r l M o l h ca S c r . at the 53 d Annua eet g the Co o ado c aeo og o ety, o t Co

DDER A FRED KI , L " in 1 A r r Ar l n r i in u h a rn ah 908. me ican Jou nal o chaeo o c 1 91 0 Explo at ons So t e ste Ut f gy , se o d r - 9 se ies 5 .

AME A A A TER S . L NC S , J

n f r 1 - r r i n f in i An i H ri n r 1 Fi l o 966 67 a o r ru . On at the a a a 967 e d otes esto t o Low y f le s z e t ge Ce te ,

D r . olo es , CO

LA G F EDE I A MAHANE AND MAR HE A LT N , R R CK , N NCY Y, , K C N U A r r r z l 1 Y w F o Co ne s Anasa i C r mo i l Cente u r: hns n k . 986 ello J acket : u e e n a r. Bo de Jo o Boo s

LEH E ARD , L ON L . " 1 40 A Pr h r c P ul a n n r in S h w r r - 2 9 the u . South este n Lo e 5 e isto i op tio Ce te o t west .

LEK N TEPHE H SO S . , N 1984 Great Pueblo Architecture o Chaco Can o New M Pr f r h n r n exico. ar o the a f y , ep ed C co Ce te , n l P r r i Al r a a a S c u u u . N tio k e v e , b q e q e

PE L A M D AND E A RA DLE LI , WIL I . , BRUC . B Y " 1 988 Pr hi ric Pu r an z at n San an n L cali S u h rn ra Pr al e sto eblo O g i io , d C yo o ty, o t weste Colo do. opos the a nal Sc nc un a i n r Ar h l i l n r r z . an n a a to N tio ie e Fo d t o C ow C yo c eo og c Ce te , Co te , CO .

MALV L LE M K M A ND A DIA PUT AM I , J . C I , CL U N 1989 Pr histor ic Astronom in the Southw r e est . u hn n y Bo lde : Jo so Books .

MA M NN , J . . 1 921 Memorandum regarding the use to which the ancient Cliff Dwellers used the area that now h n the un ar the M n uma a nal r n l is wit i bo d ies of o tez N tio Fo est . O fi e at San Juan a nal F r Archi Dur an N tio o est ves , go , CO .

MARTIN RTI S , CU " 1 976 Ar cha l ical In n r the San an n l D llin Ar M n m eo og ve to y of d C yo C iff we g ea, o tezu a County,

l ra . On file at the ur au L an M m n D l r ana O . Co o do B e of d ge e t, o o es , C

E T H MAR DA IE W. I TE I . S A ND DAVID A E T N, N L , ROB R L R , . BR TERNI TZ " 1 971 Evaluation of the Archaeological Resour ces on Public Lands of the Bureau of L and Mana m n in the rtez- D r A r a McElmo Di ri c of uth rn l r ge e t Co ove C eek e ( st t) So e Co o ado . On at the ur au of an Mana m n D r L . file B e d ge e t, olo es , CO

63 A TI PA S . M R N , UL " l r The 1 929 The 1928 Archaeological Expedition of the State Histori cal Soci ety of Co o ado . M -3 Colorado agazine 5 .

r The 1930 The 1 929 Archaeological Expedition of the State Historical Society of Colo ado . - Colorado Magazine 40 .

r r Fi l Mu um aural Hi r Anhr ol i cal 1 936 Low ry Ruin in Southw este n Colo ado. e d se of N t sto y, t op og n 1 v l 2 o. . ri o . 3 Se es , ,

- r Low r A reas Southw estern Colorado 1 937. Fi l 1 938 A rchaeological Wo k in the A clanen y , e d l 2 no 2 v 3 . . An ica S ri o . Museum of Natural History, thropolog l e es , ,

- Mu um B r it n A ckmen Low r Area Southw estern Colorado. l 1939 Modifi ed asketmake S es i y , Fie d se n 3. v l 23 o. i An hr i cal S ri o . of Natural H story, t opolog e es , ,

r In Archeolo ical Research in Retros ect i e 1 974 Low ry Ruin and the Anasazi Cultu e . g p , ed t d

- l ff 1 2 mbri : VVrnthro Publish r Inc . Wi and Sab o 8 . a W. . by G . lley J , C dge p e s ,

MAT GAR LOCK , Y

r S te r hl an Pr . 1 988 Enemy Ancestors : The Anasazi Wo ld w ith a Guide to i s . No t d ess

A EW S HE R MORG N, L I N Y L A r i a A r i ine n ri bu i ns of r h Am rican 1 881 Houses and House ife of the me c n bo g s . Co t t o No t e l n 2 a hi n n DC v o . 1 0 o. 7 . W . Ethnology, , s gto ,

- i f hi r r h ca : ni r o ca . 1 965 Houses and House Life of the Ame ican Abo igines . C i go U ve s ty C go

VA G M LE S S . OR Y, YL NU " r Amer ican 1908 The Excavation of the Cannonball Ruins in Southwestern Colo ado . r - 610 Anth opologist .

A ND A RED V IDDE M E S LVA US G . . ORL Y, Y N , LF K R " 1 1 Th A r hae of McElm n l r E P io - 0 l alac 7 . 9 7 e c ology o C anyo , Co o ado .

M I A S E H. ORR , RL " 1 91 9 Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and L a Pl ata Ri r in S u ern l r B r Amer can Et lo rd A ual Re ort h a . u eau o i ve s o t west Co o do f hno gy, 33 nn p , -2 1 55 06.

1 939 Archaeolo ical S udi he P D r g t es in t La lata ist ict , Sout hw estern Colorado and Northw estern N w M Pub ica i n no hin e exico. 1 9. Wa n D l t o . 5 s gto , C : Carnegie Institute.

M IS EARL H AND ORR , ROBERT BURGH 1 954 Basketmaker 11 Sites near Duran o Colorado Pu l a i n n hin n g , . b ic t o o. 604. Was gto , DC : arn In t u C egie s it te .

ATI AL PAR SERV E S DEP U. ARTME T E N ON K IC , . N OF TH INTERIOR 1 982 haco Archeolo ical Protection Site S stem oint Mana n P D n r S r c C g y J geme t lan. e ve e vi e nt r Ce e .

1 987 History and Prehistory in the National Park Systemand the Nat ional Histor ic Landmar ks Pro r Wa hin n ams . DC g s gto , .

1 987 Hovenw ee Nat ional Monument Dra General Mana emen Pl n D v ment p , ft g t a and e elop Conce t Pla M n. c un a n i nal D n r p Ro ky o t i Reg o Office , e ve .

64

A DE S H S N R , JO N " On file at S an uan a tu 1 985 Notes on Archaeology of the Falls Creek Rock Shelters . J B s

Ar ha ical S ci ha r he ra Archa ica S ci , Duran , . c eolog o ety, C pte of t Colo do eolog l o ety go CO

MITH A S , J CK ‘ 1 987 Mesas Cli s and Can ons Uni ers it o Colorado Sur e o Mesa Verde National Par k , fi , y ; v y f v y f

- 1 1 1 M a V r e ai na Par : M a V r Mu um A cia i n Inc . 97 977. es e d N t o l k es e de se sso t o ,

MITH A ED. S , J CK . 1 1 M a V r a nal Par : M a V r 1 983 Proceedings of the Anasazi Symposium 98 . es e de N tio k es e de A i n Museum ssoc atio .

EDLAND A A HA ES SW , L N C RL " al M rial r m ac an n A r a S u h rn ra . 1 969 Human Skelet ate f o the Yellow J ket C yo e , o t weste Colo do ’

r i D ar m n An hr ni r it of ra u r. Maste s thes s , ep t e t of t opology, U ve s y Colo do , Bo lde

P T TIP S . S , BE Y L in 1 M a V r Thr Pr hi ri uin in h n an as 977 . 1 978 Stabilization at ee e sto c R s t e Sa Ju B , es e de ni r i f r r h nter o a u . Researc Ce , U ve s ty Colo do , Bo lde , CO

R E MAR A T U LL , CI " A himn r M. 1 2 Ar ha ical E ca a ns at the a in S c a . . 1 975 97 c eolog x v tio R v e ite , C ey Ro k , Colo do

h i D ar m n of An hr ni r i of ra u r. t es s , ep t e t t opology, U ve s ty Colo do, Bo lde

E MI HAEL A D E A ND ED AR H ER A T ARLA . G . V N W S , C , R C L R , K UB Ar h ical Sur and T t n in the Vicini of San an n Pu b M n ezuma 1 987 c aeolog vey es i g ty d C yo e lo , o t " l i n r r z l r 1 86 n r n A r ha cal te . un a 9 S a . a n c Co ty, Co o do , Field e so C ow C yo eo og Ce te , Co , CO

D GO . VIVIA N , R ON R 1 The Hubbard Site and Other Tr i- Wall Str uct ures in N w Mex ico and Colorado a nal 959 e . N tio P r i Ar h l i l h ri n hin n ar S c c ca arc S o. 5 . Wa DC . k e v e eo og Rese e es , s gto ,

A D WE ST R E . B ER , L U I " 1 985 An Archa ica Sur of L an n c an n o Cox n San uan eolog l vey ost C yo , Ro k C yo t Canyo . J a i na F r u ural ur n 1 - i n l 504. San an a F r Dur c ort o. N t o l o est, C lt Reso es Rep 3 Ju N t o a o est, ango ,

CO .

WHEAT JOE BEN , " 1 984 ac an n Archa l In Insi hts into the Anc ent Yellow J ket C yo eo ogy. g i Ones , edited by Joanne H r r r d E ar r. r z . an M V r Pr Be ge dw d F. Be ge Co te , CO : esa e de ess .

ITE A D IA AND DA D A R T WH S . V NITZ , R N , I . B E ER " " 1976 S abi izai n of h r n M t e u s . a V r R arch n r n r l r t l t o Low y R i es e de ese Ce te , U ive sity of Co o ado , ul r ra Bo de , Colo do .

1 979 Stabilization o Escalant e Ruin SW 21 49 and Domin ues Rui M721 4 r f g n 5 8, Dolo es ,

Colorado. ra ur au of an Mana m n u ur a ur ri n n r Colo do B e L d ge e t, C lt l Reso ce Se es , o. 7 . De ve .

I ER SEPH ED W NT , JO , . 1 977 Hovenw ee 1 9 Ar h i 76. c a cal r n De ar n o. 3. m An hr l San p eolog Repo t p t e t of t opo ogy, Jose S a ni r i San CA t te U ve s ty, Jose , .

W S AN E I OO LEY, N . " 1 980 A ricu ural Di r it in the Pr hi ric S u T K - h . he g lt ve s y e sto o t west iva 35 .

66 STUDY PA RTICIPANTS AND CONSULTA NTS

STUDY TEAM

National Par k Ser vice

M l n Hof Planner Inter retati on S c iali Stu T am a ain D n r S r c n r ari y , / p pe st ( dy e C pt ), e ve e vi e Ce te Jan Harri P ann r D n r S r ic n r s , l e , e ve e v e Ce te hn A n Plann r E onomi st D n r S r c n r Jo usti , e / c , e ve e vi e Ce te r r n Writer Editor D n r S r ic n r G eg So ense , / , e ve e v e Ce te l n rh f P ann n T chnician D n r S r ic n r Rosel e Weste o f, l i g e , e ve e v e Ce te r nn A n r n c M un ain i nal Ar h l A d ie e de so , Ro ky o t Reg o c eo ogist He der Su r n n n M a V r a nal Par Robert C . y , pe i te de t, es e de N tio k E Smi h hi Par Arch i M a V r a nal Par Jack . t , C ef k eolog st, es e de N tio k

Bureau of L and Management

Sa l Wi l San uan urc A r a Mana r l y se y, J Reso e e ge Rich i M n r Di ri c Ar ch l i F ke , o t ose st t eo og st

S . F r e Ser ce U . o st vi

Gar Mal ck Arch l San uan at nal r y t o , eo ogist, J N io Fo est

State of Colorado

Su an l n A c n A r h l i s Col i s , ti g State c eo og st

CONSULTA NTS

National Park Ser vice

M cha l Sn r h Plannin R M i e yde , C ief of g , ocky ountain Region All n Ha Plann r D n r r n r e good , e , e ve Se vice Ce te

Bureau of L and Management

A lan K esterk M n e, o trose Distri ct Manager Da Strun h D i n Plannin ul ural and R cr a n ve k , C ief, ivis o of g , C t , e e tio , Colorado State huc R man ll Ec n m l r C k o ie o , o o ist, Co o ado State Office

U. S F r . o es t Service

St Si sted R i nal Ar h eve g , eg o c eologist

* U . S . G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F IC E : 1 9 8 9 - 0 - 6 7 3

’ As the nat ons r nc al cons ervat ona enc the De artment of the Inter or ha res n i il f r i p i ip i g y, p i s po s b ity o mo t of ur nat on ll ow n d bl l n n n r l n l r l r r Th n l f r s o i a y e pu ic a ds a d atu a a d cutu a esou ces . is i c udes oste ing w s e us e of our land and w ater resources rotect n our fis h and w ildl fe reserv n the i , p i g i , p i g env ronmental and cultural values of our nat onal arks and h s tor cal lace n r v n f r h i i p i i p s , a d p o idi g o t e en m nt f l f hr h r r Th m n joy e o i e t oug outdoo ecreation. e depart e t ass ess es our energy and mineral res ources and w orks toensure that the r develo ment is inthe b n r f ll r l Th i p est i te ests o a ou peope. e depart ment also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouraging stew ards hipand citizenrespons ibilityforthepublic lands and promoting citizenparticipationintheir r The de m n l ca e. part e t a sohas a major responsibility for AmericanIndianreservationcommunities n f r l w h l v i l mn a d o eo e o e n s an rr r n r . . r p p i i d te ito ies u de U S ad i is t ation.

Publicat ons erv ces w ere rov ded b the ed tor al staffofthe Denv r rv NP D 2 i i p i y i i e S e ice Center. S S eptember 1 989