s t ud of alt er natives 01 6 837 249 y NOV 28 1989 C LEMSON a t monu ment ANASAZI NATIONAL MONUMENT C OL ORADO FEBERAL study of alternativ es september 1989 ANASAZI NATIONAL MONUMENT 0 COL ORADO UNITED STATE S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ACK NOWL EDGEMENT The National Park Service gratefull y acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of the B ureau of L M a m n he r S r c he a l ra and the u l in rr n out an an t US . t a d ge e t, Fo est e vi e , st te of Co o do , p b ic c yi g A r ati for An n M n n this Study of lte n ves an asazi Natio al o ume t . CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY BACK GROUND AND LIMITATIONS 1 STUDY PROCEDURES 2 A rcheological Resource Eval uation and Statement of Significance Sites Ev aluated 2 Evaluation Cri teria 2 Statement of Significance 4 Study of Alternatives 6 STUDY AREA OVERVIEW 7 THE ANASAZI CULTURE 7 Cultural Phases 7 A rcheological Sites 8 LANDOWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 14 ECONOMIC CHARAC TERISTICS 1 5 DESCRIPTION AND A NALYSIS OF THE ALTE RNATIVES 1 6 CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW 1 6 Management Considerations 1 6 Required A ctions 17 ALTERNATIVE A : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI NATIONAL PARK AREA A S AN EXTE NSION OF MESA VERDE NATIONA L PARK 1 7 General Descri ption 1 7 Resource Protecti on and Management 1 7 Vi sitor Use 21 Pl anning and Operations 21 Anal ysis 21 ALTERNATIVE B : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI CULTURAL RESERVE 22 General Description 22 Resource Protecti on and Management 22 Vi sitor Use 22 Pl anning and Operations 22 A nal ysis 25 ALTERN ATIVE C : ESTABLISH A NORTHERN ANASAZI CONSERVATION AREA 25 General Description 25 Resource Protection and Management 26 Vi sitor Use 26 Planning and Operations 26 Anal ysis 29 ALTE RNATIVE D: DEVELOP AN ANASAZI CULTURAL HERITAGE PARTNERSHIP 29 General Descri pti on 29 Resource Protection and Management 29 Vl sitor Use 31 Pl anning and Operations 31 Anal ysis 31 ALTERNATIVE E: FOSTER A SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO TOURISM MARK ETING PA RTNERSHIP 32 General Description 32 Resource Protecti on and Management 32 Vi sitor Use 32 Planning and Ope rations 32 A nal ysis 33 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION 36 APPENDIX A: SITE - SPECIFIC EVALUATION 37 O L T O MP O M T AND N OM THE T D R 47 APPENDIX B : P PU A I N , E L Y EN , I C E IN S U Y A EA APPENDIX C: VISITATION PROJECTIONS A ND COST ESTIMATES F OR STUDY ALTERNATIVES 5 1 APPEND IX D : AREAS AFFILIATED WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM 56 APPEND IX E : THE CHACO ARCHEOLOGICAL PROTECTION SITE SYSTE M 57 ’ APPENDIX F: AMERICA S INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE PROJEC T 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY 60 STUDY CONSULTANTS 67 iv Study A rea 3 B ranches of the Anasazi Cul ture 9 Alternative A Northern Anasazi National Park 19 Altemative B Northern Anasazi Cul tural Reserve 23 Al ternative C Northern Anasazi Conservation Ar ea 27 Alternative D Anasazi Cul tural Heri tage Partnership 30 TABLES r Site Evaluation by Nationall y Significant Cri teria 4 p General Period of Occupati on of Eval uated Sites 1 3 w Site Ownership 14 e Sites Potentiall y Included in a Northern Anasazi National Park Area 1 8 w ELM and USPS Sites Included in a Northern Anasazi Conservation A rea 26 a Compari son of Al temative A ctions 34 s Comparison of Al ternative Impacts 35 INTRODUCTION n u l a r nl in u h rn l ra The Anasazi the A ncient O es b i t Fi st , o y sites so t weste Co o do n Ana a i in h r complex civilization in the southwestern Uni ted were co sidered . s zi s tes ot e A ar a the ur m r r n ma D 1 00. t A . 3 States from about 200 B C . to e s of Fo Co e s egio y n h r ul ur ar h ec uil r u r u ur u n n on the the ze ith of t ei c t e , c it ts b t eq i e f t e st dy, depe di g ff multi storied elaborately designed stone cities outcome of this initial e ort. nn r arm r that were rnterco ected by oads . F e s l rri n r ca aer S c n r als in the Hovenw ee tilled terraced fie ds , i gated by i t i te w t e o d , p opos p n m ra m n ma fine a nal M num n D ra t General manageme t syste s . C fts e de pots N tio o e t f ri kin m And Mana ement P lan and D evelo ment that they decorated with st g otifs . g p pri ests conducted ceremonies in underground Concept Plan (Decembe r 1 987) were not k h n in the la 12005 r a in ar au ral the chambers called ivas . T e te e ssessed , p t bec se seve of ’ r n d m num n un are in ah u the the Anasazi began to desert thei tow s an o e t s its Ut , o tside l z n ri u r a H r ha ra l an l a n lu th r ati u a . cities , e vi g c es to ei civi i o b ed st dy e oweve , t t d ft p did h n n r mm n ara ns ra n for in t e abando ed rui s . eco e d sep te co ide tio n P in h ch r n z as Goodma o t, w i is ecog i ed ru ns in southw estem l ra r n m r m lar the l ar u l in Today, i Co o do p ovide bei g o e si i to ge p eb os an exceptional opportunity to undertake a Montezuma Vall ey than the rest of the m h n th r h rn San uan Ho enw ee c m l h r r G dman v . co pre e sive study of e No t e J p o p ex T e efo e , oo M V r ranch the Anasa w ho l P n nclu in h St o ( esa e de) b of zi , ived oi t is i ded t is udy f R r S r r nti n A t r ati ve n e uan . n ort h of th San J ive ites ep ese g l e s . the full conti nuum of occupation from ask mak r H hr u h u l are r n h r a ull ran mana m n and B et e t o g P eb o III p ese t T i d , f ge of ge e t in M r n m l m n h ar a. a V o e the altema ives r amn t is e es e de is of ost deve op e t t we e ex i ed , spectacul ar and best- known of the Northern San but no preferred alternative has been uan Ana a ar a but ar h l i now kn l J s zi e s , c eo og sts ow se ected . h m n rn Ana z n t at ost of the orthe sa i popul atio , ma at l l in urt h the An H r n r h h esti ted to peop e , ived Fo , asazi e itage Ce te , w ic the M n uma Vall the n rth L rall h n o tez ey to o . ite y is wit i the study area and is operated by h u an hr u h u hi ar a the ur au L an Mana m n BL M t o s ds of sites exist t o g o t t s e , B e of d ge e t ( ) , allowing us to learn not onl y about the minor will conti nue to be operated by that a l r a l but al the a n In 1 987 e ur a det i s of eve yd y ife , so ge cy. th b e u and the development of the cul ture over hundreds of National Park Service cooperated in a ar and the al l al n m and u r m ye s soci , po itic , eco o ic , st dy to eview the anagement of the " ceremoni al dynamics that energized the entire center to ensure that the Depart ment is l za n civi i tio . managing this Cultural Center in the most " f fi n m n r The n u ef ective , ef cie t a ne . joi t st dy anal yzed several management al ternatives STUDY BACK GROUND and recommended continued BLM AND MI O mana m n the n r h hn LI TATI NS ge e t of ce te , wit tec ical a an r m the a nal ark S ssist ce f o N tio P ervice .