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Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisces: Osteichthyes) in the Florida Keys Christopher W

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Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisces: Osteichthyes) in the Florida Keys Christopher W Gulf of Mexico Science Volume 17 Article 2 Number 1 Number 1 1999 Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisces: Osteichthyes) in the Florida Keys Christopher W. Harnden Florida Marine Research Institute Roy E. Crabtree Florida Marine Research Institute Jonathan M. Shenker Florida Institute of Technology DOI: 10.18785/goms.1701.02 Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/goms Recommended Citation Harnden, C. W., R. E. Crabtree and J. M. Shenker. 1999. Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisces: Osteichthyes) in the Florida Keys. Gulf of Mexico Science 17 (1). Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol17/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf of Mexico Science by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Harnden et al.: Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisc GulfoflviexicoScience, 1999(1), pp. 17-26 Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisces: Osteichthyes) in the Florida Keys CHRISTOPHER W. HARNDEN, RovE. CRABTREE, AND JoNATHAN M. SHENKER The influx of elopomorph leptocephali and glass eels to Flotida Bay was mon­ itored on 160 nights from January through December 1993. Metanwrphic lepto­ cephali and glass eels were both captured in channel nets moored in Channel Five near Long Key, FL. Eighty-eight percent of the 2,811 leptocephali collected were speckled worm eels (Myrophis punetahts, n = 2,486). The remaining 12% of lep­ tocephali consisted of nine species, including key worm eels (Ahlia egmontis, n = 153), shrimp eels (Dphichthus gomesi, n = 69), and moray eels (Gymnothoraxspp., n = 33). The glass eels collected were Myrophis punetahls (n = 230) and Ahlia egmoutis (n = 34 ). Recruitment of leptocephali and glass eels into Flotida Bay was seasonal. Myrophis punetahts leptocephali recruited into Florida Bay during fall and winter and were most abundant during November-January. Peak periods of recruitment were associated with nighttime moonless flood tides, strong onshore winds, and easterly (along-shelf) winds. Ahlia egmontis leptocephali recruited dur­ ing January-April. Ophiclzthus gomesi was the only species with major recruitment during the summer and fall (July-November). All of the glass eels were captured from January to April. he elopomorph fishes of the Florida Keys cryptic elopomorph larvae and fast-swimming T and Florida Bay include several econom­ and schooling juveniles are not amenable to ically and ecologically important species of such visual census techniques, but they have the Albulidae (bonefishes), Megalopidae (tar­ been successfully sampled with channel nets in pons), Ophichthidae (snake eels), and Mu­ the Bahamas and the south Pacific (Dufour raenidae (moray eels). Bonefish and tarpon and Gazlin, 1993; Shenker et al., 1993; Mojica are highly sought after sportfish, whereas etal., 1995). many of the eels are secretive, nocturnal scav­ Recruitment of larval fishes and inverte­ engers and predators living in reefs, grass brates is influenced by oceanographic and flats, and sand flats (Bohlke and Chaplin, meterological parameters (Richards and Lin­ 1993). Premetamorphic leptocephalus larvae deman, 1987; Checkley et al., 1988; Shanks, of elopomorph fishes are abundant in clear, 1988; Farrell et al., 1991; Lee et al., 1992; Thor­ warm, offshore waters worldwide (Smith, rold et al., 1994b). Pfeiler (1984) captured Al­ 1989), and they are an important component bula sp. leptocephali in small channels leading of the Caribbean ichthyoplankton (Shenker to lagoons in the Gulf of California and found et al., 1993; Thorrold et al., 1994a, 1994b, that larvae recruit during December-April. In 1994c; Mojica et al., 1995). Mter the pelagic the Bahamas, leptocephali of Albula vulpes and larval phase, many elopomorph species re­ cruit to estuarine or inshore habitats as meta­ the eel families Congridae, Ophicthidae, and morphic leptocephali. While entering their Moringuidae recruited during the winter and juvenile habitats, these leptocephali metamor­ early summer, principally during the new phose into glass eels, which have a thicker, moon (Drass, 1992; Shenker et al., 1993; Thor­ longer body than leptocephali but are still rold et al., 1994a, 1994b, 1994c; Mojica et al., completely transparent and lack juvenile pig­ 1995). Recruitment pulses were often associ­ mentation (Leiby, 1989). ated with periods of onshore winds, but no as­ The temporal and spatial patterns of the set­ sociation with alongshore or cross-shelf cur­ tlement of numerous reef taxa (e.g., Haemu­ rents was found. Additionally, larval transport lidae, Labridae, Pomacentridae) have been ex­ principally occurred at night in the top meter amined by researchers studying recruitment in of the water column. The objective of our tropical environments. Recruitment of these study was to quantify the transport of lepto­ taxa has typically been measured by visual cen­ cephali into Florida Bay through a channel in suses of newly settled juveniles (e.g., Victor, the Florida Keys and to characterize the envi­ 1986; Doherty, 1987; Richards and Lindeman, ronmental conditions associated with mqjor 1987; Shapiro, 1987; Robertson, 1988). The periods of larval transport. © 1999 by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 1999 1 Gulf of Mexico Science, Vol. 17 [1999], No. 1, Art. 2 18 GULF OF MEXICO SCIENCE, 1999, VOL. 17(1) Gulf Florida Bay of Mexico + Atlantic Ocean A. Marker "2" •Sample Site IIIII N Hawk Channel ~l""""'l~...,...iiiiiii~o~~~iiiiiiiliiiiiiiii2 Kilometers + Fig. 1. Location of the sampling site in Channel Five of the middle Florida Keys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nets had an opening 2m wide and 1m deep and were 3 m long. Because Channel Five is Study site.-Samples were collected in Channel only 3 m deep, the nets were suspended at the Five between Craig Key and Long Key in the surface. Nets were deployed around 1700 hr middle Florida Keys (24°49.6'N, 80°46.2'W; and retrieved around 0800 hr the next day. Fig. 1). The site was over a hard-bottom area The nets rotated freely with the current and approximately 3 m deep and was approximate­ sampled both the flood and ebb tides, thus col­ ly 9 km from the deep-pelagic habitat beyond lecting leptocephali moving in both directions the reef tract. Channel Five is a relatively large through the channel each night. channel (0.5 km wide) connecting the Atlantic Mter they were collected, the samples were Ocean to Florida Bay. Like other channels ex­ sorted to remove large pieces of seagrass and amined in the Keys, it has a long-term net flow from Florida Bay to the Florida Straits (Smith, algae and preserved in a 10% formalin and 1994). seawater solution. Samples were later rinsed in water and stored in 70% ethanol. All lepto­ Plankton collections.-Samples were collected on cephali were then identified, counted, and 160 nights from January to December 1993. measured to the nearest millimeter (standard Because Shenker et al. (1993) found that the length). recruitment of leptocephali in the Bahamas Mter sorting the samples from the first 5 was greatest during the new moon, samples mo, we compared the total nightly catches of were collected three to five nights before and leptocephali from the two nets. We found no after the new moon of each month. Additional significant difference in the number of Myra­ samples were collected on two or three nights phis punctatus collected each night from the each week during the rest of each month. two nets (t-test, df = 146, t = -0.0628, P > Larvae were collected with two moored 0.05) or in the total nightly catches of all lep­ plankton nets set approximately 100 m apart. tocephali from the two nets ( t-test, df = 148, t Each net was constructed with 1-mm mesh. = -0.121, P> 0.05). Subsequent sampling was https://aquila.usm.edu/goms/vol17/iss1/2 2 DOI: 10.18785/goms.1701.02 Harnden et al.: Onshore Transport of Elopomorph Leptocephali and Glass Eels (Pisc HARNDEN ET AL.-TRANSPORT OF LEPTOCEPHALI 19 15 Onshore (from the south) A .!!!. E 10 (/) "0 c: 5 ~ 0 Q) -.s:::. (/) I -5 (/) (/) e -10 (.) \ Offs~ore (from t~e nort~) -15 . B 15 From the ~ast .!!!. 10 E (/) "0 5 c: ~ 0 Q) -.s:::. (/) -5 I C) c: Fro~ the ~est 0 -10 <( -15 J F M A M J J A s 0 N D Month Fig. 2. Winds (m/sec) near Channel Five of the middle Florida Keys from January to December 1993. Cross-shelf winds (A) are categorized as winds moving onshore from the south (positive) and offshore from the north (negative). Alongshelfwinds (B) are categorized as winds from the east (positive) and from the west (negative). continued with only one net. All analyses of graphic Institute, pers. comm.). Data on only temporal patterns and environmental associa­ winter (January-February and November-De­ tions of leptocephali are based on data from cember) currents were collected and analyzed. this single net. Glass eels recruited only during the period when both nets were fished (Janu­ Data analysis.-Time series of nightly catch ary-March); therefore data from both nets are rates (number of leptocephali/night) were included for these analyses. plotted for each taxon to reveal seasonal pat­ terns of recruitment. G-tests (Sokal and Rohlf, Environmental data.-Environmenta1 data were 1981) were used to relate differences in abun­ obtained from the SEAKEYS environmental dances of M. punctatus larvae with the speed monitoring project (D. Forcucci, NOAA/ and direction of the winds, the nightly dura­ AOML/OCD, pers. comm.). A meteorological tion of dark (moonless) flood tide, and Hawk station on the Molasses Reef light station, ap­ Channel current data. Each comparison was proximately 45 km northeast of the sampling done separately.
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