THE WATCHDOG

Volume 2, No. 1 Winter, 1994 Guarding your interests.... This issue of The Watchdog marks the end of our "Under Two Flags" of Getlysburg, Pennsylvania first year, and we would like to take this opportunity will present a one-day workshop for civilian to thank you for subscribing, for passing along our interpreters Sunday, April 10. Topics include Men's newsletter to your colleagues in reenacting, and for and Women's Clothing, Social Classes of the Era, an( your many kind and thought-provoking letters. We Methods of Interpretation. The workshop fee is have succeeded beyond our wildest expectations, and $25.00, and information is available from "Under we appreciate your support and encouragement. In Two Flags,"(7 17) 337-2984. accordance with our non-profit status and our Perhaps the most gratifying aspect of pub1 ishing commitment to battlefield preservation, The The Watchdog has been hearing from our readers tha Watchdog will be making a donation to the Mill our information has had an effect on the goods they Springs Battlefield Preservation Association in purchase. Some readers reported a long delay in Kentucky. receiving their frying pans from Mr. Frank Ellis -- This issue also marks the completion of many that's because he reporledly had orders for more than subscriptions, and we hope that all of you will renew a hundred after our July issue. October's report on thi your subscription. You won't want to miss articles on "pocket flashlights" produced by Mr. Patrick Federal sack coats or Confederate kepis in future Cunningham resulted in a number of orders, and we issues. Many of our readers have already sent in still receive orders for "School of the Soldier" videos their renewals; as a gentle reminder to those whose and base ball rules. We've heard of two units who subscriptions expire with the receipt of this issue, we have banned the two-piece folding camp chairs from have checked a renewal notice on the back cover of their unit impressions. What this tells us is that this issue. If you placed your subscription after April reenactors are hungry for thc kind of information 1, 1993, your notice will be checked as your provided in The Watchdog, so we will continue to subscription expires later. guard your interests. We alwayslike to direct our readers to programs which will help to improve their impressions. A full- day workshop on ladies' indoor headwear, presented by Libby Smith, will be held at the Sam Davis home in Smyrna, Tennessee on January 29. Cost of the program is $10.00 (pre-registration is necessary), and kits for making your own indoor day cap will be available at a cost of $10.00 to $20.00. For registralion, contact Libby Smith at (615) 883-9501. "A Winter Cantonment," a seminar for military reenactors, will be held in Decatur, Illinois on February 4-6, 1994. The seminar will include i programs on the function of color guards and guides, battalion evolutions, first person impressions and more. Watchdog publisher Nicky Hughes will present a program entitled, "From Country Store to Company Street: the Material Environment of the Civil War." To register for the seminar call Me1 Kent at (2 17) 876-0328 or Peter Wells at (217) 875-5207. COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE COMMON TENT Stephen Osman

The lowly common tent (a.k.a. "A" or wedge The tabling on the foot of the tent, whenfinished, tent) housed American soldiers from the Revolution will be one and a half inches in length. to the Civil War, showing remarkably little change The door lines to be of six-thread Manilla line, over those years.' But in procuring a tent, as with so three feet long in the clear. many other replicated items offered to Civil War The foot lines to be of six-thread Manilla line, reenactors today, the buyer is faced with endless sixteen inches long in the clear. variety of products purported to be authentic. The Twelve door strings, one inch in width, and best way to compare these offerings is to examine the fourteen inches long in the clear. government's own specifications for tents issued to All lines to be well whipped, one inch from the Civil War soldiers. ends, with waxed twine and properly knotted. In the fall of 1 864 Chief Inspector of Tents A. Flomerfelt proposed manufacturer specifications for all tents, an edited version of which was published as Quartermaster General Office General Orders Description of Common Tent Poles. Number 60, dated December 12, 1864. Flomerfelt's specifications described the same tents used for years Ridge, 6 feet 10 inches long, 2 112 inches wide, I by the any,along with the Sibley and shelter tent 7/8 inches thick; bands on each end 2 inches wide, versions. Enough details are provided in these orders secured by two screws I inch long; 112 inch hole I to allow accurate reconstruction today. inch from each end. Upright 7feet 4 inches long, 2 inches thick; Description of Cornmon Tent bands on upper end 1 3/4 inch wide, secured by 2 Dimensions when firished: screws I irzch long; spindles, 3/8 inch iron, to project Height when pitched 6' 10". out I In inch, and inserted 2 inches in upright. Length of ridge"" 6' 10". Bands and spindles to be galvanized. Width when pitched 8' 4': Height of door "" 5' 6': Width of door "" I 'at bottom aritl 9" at Description of Common Tent Pins top. From top of ridge Sixteen inches long, 1 1/4 inch wide, I inch thick, to lower edge of I riotclt 3 inches from top. roof wherr pitched 8' 1n1l. For each common tent there should be 14 pins.* To be ntade of cotton drtck 28 In inches wide, clear of (111 imperfections, ar~dweighing ten ounces to Common tents were all hand sewn during the the lineal yard. Civil War, with hand-worked grommet holes on the Ends of tent to be cut with a sweep of four inches ridge and in pairs along the bottom for the "foot from the corner to the center. lines." These stake loops were positioned at each To be made ill workmanlike manner, with not less seam line. Pins were to be of white oak, the ridge tharl two and one half stitches of equal length to the pole of white pine and the uprights of ash or "other inch, made with double thread ~j'five~foldcotton suitable wood."Wther features missing on most twine, well waxed. The setrnis riot less than one inch replicas available today include the sod cloth and the in width, arrd no slack taken in tltertl. reinforces at the ridge ends. Grornntetts must be worked in all the holes, and to be well made with waxed cotton twine. With these specifications you can rate the various The doors and stay pieces to he of the same replicas on the market, or perhaps encourage your material as dte tent, the sttlj~pieces on the end and favorite supplier to upgrade his offerings. ridge of tent to he rlirle irlclles squtrre. The sod clot11 to he seven-ounce cotton hrck, nine inches in widtlz in the clear from the tabling, arzd to extend arourld the tent. SOURCES AND NOTES

Descriptions from 1807, 18 12, 1826, 1832, and 1 846 have They are easily followed and would add considerable been examined and show only minor variations in dimensions uniformity and realism to our camps. It is not and a change from linen to cotton after the Mexican War. unusual to visit a reenactment camp and see hardly National Archives, Record Group 92, Entries 21 18 (Commissary any poles and pins that match from tent to tent -- a General of Purchases, Letters Received), 2 1 17 (CG of P, Letters misleading situation when one recalls that these items Sent), and 225 (Consolidated Correspondence File). were objects of fairly standardized manufacture and 2~heprinted specificationsclosely follow those in mass issue. Flomerfelt's letter and enclosures to Col. Herman Biggs, Nov. While on the subject of common tents, please 2 1, 1 864. National Archives, Record Group 92, Entry 225, allow us to solicit an article of The Watchdog about "Tents." the frequency and locations of use of such tents 3~rtortenwasterMar~rral, 1865. Unpublished manuscript, during the Civil War. "Hard-core" reenactors tend to National Archives, Record Group 92. condemn common tents pretty universally, and it is certainly true that common tents are not appropriate Stephen Osmnn is Curator of Historic Fort for every living history event. But we wonder where Snellirtg, nncl is n folntclirtg member of the 1st and when they were really used. Have you ever Mirtrresota Infantry looked closely at the photographs of the encampments of Grant's army at Vicksburg? Look through the chapter entitled "Jewels of the Mississippi" in Volume IV, Fighring.for Time, of the Images qf War series. You will see a lot of common tents. Our favorite period photograph of a common tent in use, which we recommend our readers examine closely by the way, appears on page 287 of Volume V, Tlze Soltril Beseigecl, of Irnages qf War -- and in many other places. It depicts n wedge tent near Atlanta in 1864. These are hardly the "early war scenarios" to which we tend to relegate conimon tents in reenactment use. We draw no conclusions and make no recommendations here, but simply point to the need for some detailed research into primary materials. Is anyone interested in taking on this project?

From n 19th Certtury spelling book; sounds like Publisher's Note: We are aware of no currently The Watchdog to us: available reproduction common tents that include many of the features described in Mr. Osman's article. Therefore, we prefer not to recommend the products of any supplier at this time. We understand, however, that Panther Lodges, P.O. Box 32L, Normantown, WV 25267; (304) 462-77 18 apparently offers a common tent with a sod cloth. This is a start toward better reproduction common tents. We hope other improvements will follow. Of particular value in

better capturing the appearance of Civil War era tents, THE DOO. common and otherwise, would be more use of thread Thie dog is the masti& IIe is nctive, strong, and used nq a or twine-lined grommets, instead of the brass ones so waichdog. He has a large head and pendent enrs. He is often used on reproduction tents today. not very npt to Eite; hut he will wrneti~nestake down a rnnn We seriously hope that reenactors who make and hold him down. Three mastifi once hat1 a co~llbatwit11 their own tent poles and pins (and don't most of us?) Ilion, and the lion was compelled to save himself by flight. will take heed of the descriptions provided here. FACING THE FACT: COSMETIC USE IN THE 1860s Karen Rae Mehaffey

One of the most persistent twentieth century did hats, jewelry, and etiquette. A revival of habits that has continued to plague female living cosmetics developed in Europe and some of the history practitioners is the use of modern cosmetics interest spilled into the United States. The cosmetic and fragrance. Indeed, there is documentation that "industry" of mid-century was primarily based on cosmetics were used by some women in the mid- manufacture by large apothecary shops and Victorian era, but they do not resemble those worn perfumeries. The main cosmetics produced were today, nor were they openly used by the average rouges, powders, eyebrow color and facial cleansers. woman - North or South. I'm not uncompassionate Rouge came in several forms, including pomade, a about the desire to look nice, or about the 20th film of color on paper that was wiped on the face, century ideal of beauty. Since the 1920s, and powder, and a colorless liquid that "bloomed" on the particularly since 1950, cosmetics have been cheek. Powders were designed as whiteners and vigorously merchandised to the average women in colorless matte finishes, and were referred to as order to make her feel more "glamorous." The French Chalk, Venetian Chalk, or pearl powders. popularity of the movie industry, the video age, and These were made of a variety of materials -- ground the cult of youthfulness have all perpetuated the ideal soapstone, talc, ground shells, bismuth with added of beauty through cosmetics. But the mid-Victorian chemicals, and rice. Most came in loose form in glass was not bombarded with these visual images of or wooden boxes or powder bags. Unfortunately beauty as we are, and science had not extended itself many of these cosmetics were expensive and to the point of creating the array of convenient, water- dangerous, and often contained lead or mercury soluble cosmetics that we enjoy today. Ladies who compounds. Rice powders were most popular among insist on wearing obvious modern cosmetics and middle and upper-middle class women, and were fragrances while participating at living history events safer and relatively inexpensive. are creating a myth and not an accurate portrayal of Most advice books of the period suggested that 19th century life. In the last few years, I have also women wash their faces with a good soap and a brush noticed that some sutlers are encouraging this or rough cloth. Facials and facial steaming were problem by offering products that do not resemble popular methods of cleansing, and ladies moisturized those available to wbmen during the Civil War. Let with rose water, homemade emollients, or an early us consider a brief history of cosmetics in America up form of cold cream. to the mid-Victorian age. Cosmetics as described above were not popular Cosmetics have been worn since the eve of with the average women and are rarely mentioned in history. Available in the forms of paste, powder, and diaries or letters. Powder, used to beautify as well as liquid, various civilizations have associated cosmetics to freshen and scent, was the most commonly used with religion, ritual, and beauty. Particularly popular cosmetic. Lower class women could not afford in Western Europe, cosmetics were brought to the purchased cosmetics, and many women with strong United States by colonists who imitated their religious convictions would have refused to wear any European counterparts. Cosmetics were worn for fancy toiletries. social occasions and were unisex in nature. The Unlike twentieth century fragrances, Victorian wearing of rouge, white powder, and patches (tiny fragrances were light, and consisted of one flower or bits of cloth in the shape of stars, crescents, and "note." Modern fragrances contain many scented oils circles, "glued" to the face as "beauty marks") were and floral extracts have a longer "staying power" than very popular, as was fragrance, with the upper classes Victorian toilet waters. Victorian women liked through the 1790s. Make-up continued to be worn, fragrance, particularly rose scents, but they also primarily by women and older gentlemen, until about enjoyed orange, lily of the valley, lilac, lavender, 1820, after which it lost its popularity. As the era of violet, gardenia, and lemon verbena. The stronger, sentimentalism developed, people reverted to religion headier fragrances of our century are not comparable and the ideals of purity and a love of nature, making to the more delicate scents that the Victorians wore. "artificial" beauty unpopular. Because the 19th century use of cosmetics is so very As sentimentalism gave way to the industrial era, different from that of our own century, we cannot wealth, status, and fashion emerged as American apply our rules of beauty to the fashions of 135 years ideals. Fashions grew more extravagant, as ago. Evidence indicates that we should, at most, be wearing a bit of rouge and powder, and at best, wearing nothing. One of the arguments that has been drink a lot of water to cleanse the skin tissue offered in favor of the wear of cosmetics by living internally. history practitioners is the tinting used on cartes-de- visite and tintypes. Many images portray women For those of us used to wearing cosmetics in our with rosy, hand-tinted cheeks and sometimes lips. daily lives, leaving them behind for an event can be But the art of tinting photography was a fashion of traumatic at first. But consider the hard work that popular art, not done to imitate the cosmetics that a you have put into your portrayal, and how inaccurate subject might be wearing during the photography your modern face make-up looks with your period session. Many photographers tinted photos to make ensemble. Events can be your opportunity to cleanse them more attractive and "I ife-like." Tinting jewelry your skin and let it breath. Don't be fooled by what and clothing was also popular. This is just not a sutlers sell as "authentic" cosmetics and bath convincing argument for wearing cosmetics. After products. You'll do yourself. your fellow reenactors, examining hundreds of CDVs, this writer has found and the public you are educating a favor. no photos of women wearing obvious make-up except for actresses and other performers in costume with FOR FURTHER READING obvious theatrical make-up. It seems to make sense Banner, Lois. Arrrericnn Beclrity. New York: Allied A. Knopf, 1983. that if a lady wore her "Sunday best" to be Brinton. D.G. and George H. Napheys. Persorurl R~ilrtry:HOW 10 photographed, she would wear her make-up as well, if Culrivore 11 and Preserve ir in Accnrrlnrtce nirlr rlre Lcrnts oj Healrh. Springfield, MA: W.J. Holland, 1870. it were part of her personal routine. Corson, Richard. Fashions in Makelcp: Frorr~Artcirnr Tinres m Modem Times. New York: Universe Books, 1972. Sutlers' Goods Kleiger, Estell. "Vanity in the 191 h Century." Arnc~ricur~Ifistory Illrtsrrnretl, Vol. XIV. No. 5 (August 1979). 24-33. Some sutlers are now offering cosmetics and Montez. Lola. The Arrs oj Beart!\': or, .Sc~crc.r.soj Ltrily 's Toiler. New fragrances to reenactors. These range from relatively York: Dick and Fitzgerald, 1958. appropriate goods such as rose and violet waters, to Vail. Gilbert. A Hisrorp ojCosmerics in Arrter1c.n. Prepared li)r the extremely inappropriate tins and plastic pots of Toilet Goods Association, 1947. "Victorian" lip gloss and cheek colors. Even though Kart.11Rae Mehqfley is tr librclr-iarz by l~rc!fis.siorz, many reenactors are aware that these goods are not clr~tlis a freq~rerltc-ontrihirtor- to schola1.1~ right for their impressions, the public is not, and the puhlicatiorls arrd reenacting orgarzs. She is (1 rnenlher sutlers, by selling such goods, cnntinue to create "revisionist" history. Should you wish to wear a ofthe 17th Michignr~Ir!filntry. cosmetic or fragrance similar to that of the period, your best choices are: I) make it yourself; 2) buy a quality product from a good apothecary such as Caswell-Massey in New York or The Body Shop chain; or 3) do without. FROM THE E:I)IT<)H I do not encourage reenactors to make their own In response to several lelters of inquiry, we at toilet waters and cosmetics from period recipes, as The Watchdog have made some decisions about many call for ingredients unavailable today. You can publication of future issues. make a simple rose, orange, or lavender water by In future, we will, when practical, list prices of steeping 2-3 cups of fresh flowers or orange peel in 3- goods we recommend, with the proviso that the prices 4 cups of water for about 30 minutes. Cool, strain, we list are ~ubjectto change and that purchasers and refrigerate in bottles with tight stoppers (glass, not plastic). Use this within a month for best results should contact the manufacturer for current prices. as a light toilet water or recipe ingredient. Many herb We have had several requests for arlicles about shops and farms also offer floral soaps, toilet waters uniforms and other items of clothing. We definitely and oils that are similar to the Victorian originals. intend to publish articles about uniforms very soon, A few final guidelines: and have writers researching the subject. We always 1) Concealers, heavy foundations, powder solicit well-researched, well-written articles on any blushes, mascara, eyeshadows, lipliners, and lipsticks, relevant subject. and glosses are not authentic for the average portrayal The one we can't satisfy you on is increasing the (this includes prostitute impressions! The few photos frequency of publication. We'd like to, hut other of prostitutes available from the period show fresh- commitments prohibit it at this time. Perhaps scrubbed faces. Selling oneself was done with body beginning in 1995, if the demand is still there, we will language, not make-up or clothes!). consider a bi-monthly format and increase the 2) The most accurate impression is created with a subscription proportionally. In the meantime, we clean face. Consider giu.ing yourself a facial prior to appreciate your suggestions and comments, and will an event in order to have a glow to your skin, and try to be responsive to your needs. HARD CRACKERS COME AGAIN NO MORE! John M. Sutton Let us close our game of poker, take our tin cups in our hand, While we gather 'round the cook's tent door, Where dried mummies of hard crackers Are given to each man; 0,hard crackers, come again no more! -- A tronymous The riai in stays of the ration of the Army of the 2. Taste and texture - The Mechanical cracker was Uliitetl States cluririg the I9t11 century were hard universally disliked. It has a very salty, doughy bread, coffee, and salted pork or bacon. The purpose texture. There is so much salt in the cracker that a of this article is to take a look at the lii~mblehard couple of the men remarked they could smell it. The cracker as conilnercially reproduced for sale to tlie cracker is extremely hard, and the packages in which living history conimunity. they are packed include a warning, "Not responsible To my knowledge, only two companies for injuries or Broken Teeth." The warning is commercially make products suitable for hard justified. crackers. l'he first is marketed by the Mechanical The Bent's cracke: tasted very favorably with a Baking Conlpany, P.0. Box 5 13, Pekin, lL 6 1555- flaky, unsalted, "cracker-like" texture. 05 13; (309) 353-24 14. The cracker measures 3 1 14 Several crackers of each brand were made into ilicl~csby 3 112 il~cliesand is about 112 inch thick. "skillygalley" (soaked and fried in bacon grease, then 1'11ereare sixteen evenly spaced hole in four rows. sugared). The Mechanical cracker proved to be 'l'he crackers sell for 45 cents each up to 24 crackers, impervious to a half-hour's soaking and when fried, ant1 40 cents each up to 50 crackers, plus postage. the center was still salty and doughy with the outside Other clue~ititydiscounts are available. This is a sniall rubbery. The Bent's cracker, by contrast, became falllily-operatetl bakery and the crackers were readily soggy and cooked up into a tasty batch of clevelooctl for sale to living history enthusiasts. skillygalley. Some Bent's crackers did break up while T11e secontl cracker is marketed by G.H.Bent being flipped in the frying pan however. and Company, 7 Pleasant St., Mil ton, Massachusetts, 02 186; (617) 608-5945. The cracker measures about 3. Authenticity - The main objection to the 4 314 inches hy 3 112 inches by 112 inch thick. Mechanical cracker is the high salt content. Army Stamped in the center are the words "G.H.Bent hard bread of the 19th century was not salted as the CQtCelebratedIPilot." Surrounding tlie stamped salt tended to draw moisture to it. The proprietor of letters are a pattcrli of holes. 'The crackers sell for Mechanical Baking Company, Mr. Larkin, makes $6.25, postage paid, per package of ten. No quantity reference in an article in a magazine that he adds salt tliscoul~tsare offered. I'lie Bent company is a small as a preservative. The doughy texture indicates that baking company that has been in business for several too much water was used and that the crackers are not generations. 'They offer other styles of crackers dried properly. 'The cracker's sides are slightly besides pilot bread. deformed, indicating that the crackers lost their shape At1 examination of tlie two crackers was when removed from the cutter. conducted under field camp contlitions by eighteen The main objection to the Bent's cracker was that ~r~embersof the General Miles Marching and the texture was a bit on the light side, making the Cliowder Society. an Intlia~iWars livi~ighistory group cracker susceptible to breakage. The group felt the in September 1993. Eacli melriber was issued one taste and cracker texture of the Bent's to be more Mechanical cracker atit1 a few Bent's crackers to carry representative of the genuine article. The rectangular in their haversacks for three a~idhalf days. On the shape was not "regulation," but could be passed off as fourth day, the crackers were co~riparedwith the a "contract variation." Indeed, photographs and following observations recorded: surviving examples indicate trends of crackers with many variations observed. I. 1)urability - The Mcclianical cracker proved to be very durable, with very little cracking or chipping. The Bent's crackers were less durable and were often found chipped or broken. The group concluded that neither product is a recipe for hardtack (almost none of which are the perfect match for 19th century Army hard bread. The same, by the way), but the small-scale, basically opportunity still exists for some entrepreneur to experimental results of trying these recipes in home "build a better hard tack." For surviving a week on kitchens are rarely satisfactory -- there are almost rations, however, the choice is clearly the BenCs Pilot always just too many irregularities. After Bread. consultation with a baker, Mr. Sutton learned that the type of flour needed to make successful hardtack is John M. Sutton is a founding member of the unavailable to the general public. "All-purpose" flour General Miles Marching and Chowder Society, an makes a product that is too "flinty;" "self-rising" flour I~tdianWars living history group founded some 13 has a rising agent which gives the cracker too much years ago. He is a 17-vear employee of the National rise; cake flour, bread flour, and the other varieties of Park Service, currentlv serving at Wilson's Creek flour just do not give the end product the requisite Natiorial Battlefield Park. characteristics achieved by "cracker" llour used by Civil War hardtack bakers. So, get out of the kitchen and go to the post office and order some factory-made hardtack. If you want to go a step farther, get yourself a crate in which to transport and display your hardtack. This makes a great exhibit in camp, even if the hardtack box is nowhere near full (it takes a lot of crackers to fill one). For reproduction hardtack boxes we recommend item MB1 from Maki's Boxes & Mercantile, 9 128 Walnut, Kansas City, MO 64 1 14, a nicely-stenciled copy of a fifty-pound hardtack box. And look for an article evaluating reproduction crates entitled, "It Was A Crate Fight," by Mr. Geoff Walden in a future edition of 7'he Watchdog.

Publisher's Note: While we agree in the main with the observations of Mr. Sutton in his piece about hardtack, we feel compelled to add a couple of points. We prefer to use the Mechanical Baking Company crackers in our own living history programs because their appearance is closer to that of most typical original hardtack crackers. Also, their rigidity promotes conversation with the public about the fabled firmness of Civil War period hardtack. No question about it though, the Bent crackers are more palatable -- if that makes a difference to you. We would like to encourage reenactors to use one or the other of these crackers at events, at least until some other, improved version is available. While there were many contractor variations among the crackers issued during the war, all were mass produced in enormous quantities, giving any given issue of rations considerable uniformity. The Mechanical Baking Company and the G.H. Bent and Company crackers look like they came out of a factory -- as did Civil War hardtack. Every Civil War reenactment newsletter we ever received has printed a AN EDITORIAL -- COMING TO TERMS Nicky Hughes

With this issue we take on a new cause. We Today we talk of "sutlers' row" and "sutlering" want to change -- correct if you will -- the language and variations of the term "sutler" with its modem of Civil War living history just a bit. Henceforth, we meaning around the public; and this is misleading. will no longer use the term "sutler" in relation to the The sutlers' rows of the 1 860s looked little like ours -- people from whom reenactors acquire the goods goods did not come in plastic bags; there were no necessary to the pursuit of the reenacting avocation. picture books about the Civil War; embroidered and From now on, in I'lre Watchdog, we will call those stamped insignia equal in value to half the gross suppliers "mcrchants." national product of Pakistan were not displayed for True, sutlers were businessnien who sold things sale; nobody offered camisoles, skirt hoops, or to soldiers. And true, it was cute back in the early reticules -- and so forth almost endlessly. days of reenacting to apply that term to the people So let's start by being accurate in the language from whom reenactors bought things. But times have we use to describe our suppliers. They are merchants changed, arid this practice no longer seems quite -- not sutlers. Let's save the latter term for people riglit. who try to accurately re-create and interpret the real For the most part, sutlers sold things to soldiers appearance and function of Civil War sutlers -- an all that the army did not issue -- things like pencils and too unusual impression, by the way. stationery, pies and condiments, oysters and patent We aren't asking merchants to change the names medicines. They did not sell very many uniforms, of their establishments or to change their ways of guns, tents, canteens, haversacks, and tins of doing business -- spare us the angry letters. We do gunpowder to common soldiers. Merchants sold however, want to encourage accurate use of historic these things to the goveninient, which issued them to terms. soldiers.

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