Chemistry, 5Th Ed. Lesson Plan Overview
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Chemistry Grade Level 10 Units 1-15
COPPELL ISD SUBJECT YEAR AT A GLANCE GRADE HEMISTRY UNITS C LEVEL 1-15 10 Program Transfer Goals ● Ask questions, recognize and define problems, and propose solutions. ● Safely and ethically collect, analyze, and evaluate appropriate data. ● Utilize, create, and analyze models to understand the world. ● Make valid claims and informed decisions based on scientific evidence. ● Effectively communicate scientific reasoning to a target audience. PACING 1st 9 Weeks 2nd 9 Weeks 3rd 9 Weeks 4th 9 Weeks Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1.5 wks 2 wks 1.5 wks 2 wks 3 wks 5.5 wks 1.5 2 2.5 2 wks 2 2 2 wks 1.5 1.5 wks wks wks wks wks wks wks Assurances for a Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum Adherence to this scope and sequence affords every member of the learning community clarity on the knowledge and skills on which each learner should demonstrate proficiency. In order to deliver a guaranteed and viable curriculum, our team commits to and ensures the following understandings: Shared Accountability: Responding -
The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE)
270 4. Abstraction and Unification ∗ ∗ ∗ “O`uen ˆetes-vous? Que faites-vous? Il faut travailler” (on his death-bed, to his devoted pupils, watching over him). The Spontaneous Generation Controversy (340 BCE–1870 CE) “Omne vivium ex Vivo.” (Latin proverb) Although the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) can be traced back at least to the Ionian school (600 B.C.), it was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) who presented the most complete arguments for and the clearest statement of this theory. In his “On the Origin of Animals”, Aristotle states not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. Aristotle’s theory of sponta- neous generation was adopted by the Romans and Neo-Platonic philosophers and, through them, by the early fathers of the Christian Church. With only minor modifications, these philosophers’ ideas on the origin of life, supported by the full force of Christian dogma, dominated the mind of mankind for more that 2000 years. According to this theory, a great variety of organisms could arise from lifeless matter. For example, worms, fireflies, and other insects arose from morning dew or from decaying slime and manure, and earthworms originated from soil, rainwater, and humus. Even higher forms of life could originate spontaneously according to Aristotle. Eels and other kinds of fish came from the wet ooze, sand, slime, and rotting seaweed; frogs and salamanders came from slime. 1846 CE 271 Rather than examining the claims of spontaneous generation more closely, Aristotle’s followers concerned themselves with the production of even more remarkable recipes. -
Thermochemistry • Spontaneous Process • System • Entropy • Second Law of Thermodynamics • Free Energy • Kinetic Molecular Theory
Honors Chemistry 3st Grading Period Power Objectives: Academic Vocabulary: • Articulate elemental and molecular properties utilizing physical • Energy • Surroundings structures of the atom and the periodic table. (P.O. #1) • Law of conservation of • Universe energy • Enthalpy • Characterize interactions between matter and energy. • Chemical potential energy • Enthalpy (heat) of reaction (P.O. #2) • Heat • Thermochemical equation • Calorie • Vaporization • Demonstrate how mathematics describes concepts in • Joule • Fusion chemistry. (P.O. #3) • Specific heat • Hess’s law • Design and conduct chemistry investigations. (P.O. #4) • Calorimeter • Standard enthalpy of formation • Thermochemistry • Spontaneous process • System • Entropy • Second law of thermodynamics • Free energy • Kinetic Molecular Theory Thermochemistry Enduring Understandings: Essential Questions: • Temperature is not a form of energy. • What is energy? • Energy is a conserved quantity, which means it cannot be • How do potential and kinetic energy differ? • How can chemical potential energy be related to the heat lost or gained in chemical created or destroyed. reactions? • All of the energy present in the universe was derived from the • How is the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance calculated as its Big Bang. temperature changes? • Different forms of energy have to do with the motion of atoms • How is a calorimeter used to measure energy that is absorbed or released? • What do enthalpy and enthalpy change mean in terms of chemical reactions and and molecules within a substance. processes? • All chemical reactions require the use of energy in some way, • How are thermochemical equations for chemical reactions and other processes which is why one’s body has a steady temperature and mixing written? • How is energy lost or gained during changes of state? chemicals can cause heat to be released or require heat to react • How is the heat that is absorbed or released in a chemical reaction calculated? (cold). -
Questions & Answers for the New Chemicals Program
Note: Effective January 19, 2016, PMNs must be submitted electronically. Learn more about the new e-PMN requirements. Questions & Answers for the New Chemicals Program (Q&A) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Washington, DC 20460 2004 -1- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. GENERAL PROGRAM INFORMATION 100. General ............................................................................................................ 1-1 101. Guidance for Completion of §5 Submission Form ......................................... 1-6 102. Inventory Searches/Bona Fides ....................................................................... 1-17 103. Chemical Identification ................................................................................... 1-22 104. Nomenclature .................................................................................................. 1-26 105. Inventory Issues ................................................................................................ 1-31 106. Review Process ............................................................................................... 1-31 107. Notice of Commencement .............................................................................. 1-33 108. User Fee .......................................................................................................... 1-35 109. Consolidated Notices ...................................................................................... 1-39 110. Joint Submissions .......................................................................................... -
TSCA Inventory Representation for Products Containing Two Or More
mixtures.txt TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT INVENTORY REPRESENTATION FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES: FORMULATED AND STATUTORY MIXTURES I. Introduction This paper explains the conventions that are applied to listings of certain mixtures for the Chemical Substance Inventory that is maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). This paper discusses the Inventory representation of mixtures of substances that do not react together (i.e., formulated mixtures) as well as those combinations that are formed during certain manufacturing activities and are designated as mixtures by the Agency (i.e., statutory mixtures). Complex reaction products are covered in a separate paper. The Agency's goal in developing this paper is to make it easier for the users of the Inventory to interpret Inventory listings and to understand how new mixtures would be identified for Inventory inclusion. Fundamental to the Inventory as a whole is the principle that entries on the Inventory are identified as precisely as possible for the commercial chemical substance, as reported by the submitter. Substances that are chemically indistinguishable, or even identical, may be listed differently on the Inventory, depending on the degree of knowledge that the submitters possess and report about such substances, as well as how submitters intend to represent the chemical identities to the Agency and to customers. Although these chemically indistinguishable substances are named differently on the Inventory, this is not a "nomenclature" issue, but an issue of substance representation. Submitters should be aware that their choice for substance representation plays an important role in the Agency's determination of how the substance will be listed on the Inventory. -
Thermochemistry Worksheet #1
Name: Thermochemistry Worksheet #1 1. The reaction of magnesium with sulfuric acid was carried out in a calorimeter. This reaction caused the temperature of 27.0 grams of liquid water, within the calorimeter, to raise from 25.0C to 76.0C. Calculate the energy associated with this reaction. 2. The reaction of zinc with nitric acid was carried out in a calorimeter. This reaction caused the temperature of 72.0 grams of liquid water, within the calorimeter, to raise from 25.0C to 100.C. Calculate the energy associated with this reaction. 3. A 4.00 gram sample of solid gold was heated from 274K to 314K. How much energy was involved? 4. The reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid carried out in a calorimeter caused the temperature of water to change from 25.0C to 36.0C. In this reaction 3760J of energy was released. What mass of water was present? 5. The reaction of magnesium oxide with hydrochloric acid carried out in a calorimeter caused the temperature of water to change from 25.0C to 46.0C. In this reaction 4860J of energy was released. What mass of water was present? 6. A piece of solid gold was heated from 274K to 314K. 35.7J of energy was needed to raise the temperature. What mass of gold was present? Use Hf values (table found in notes) to solve the following problems. 7. Determine the H for each of the following reactions. Classify each reaction as either exothermic or endothermic. a. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H = ? kJ/mol b. -
Experiment 8 Thermochemistry This Week In
Experiment 8 Thermochemistry CH 204 Fall 2006 Dr. Brian Anderson What is Thermochemistry? The study of heat in chemical reactions. Forming chemical bonds releases energy. Breaking chemical bonds requires energy. How much energy? Depends on the bond. Add up all the energies to get the heat of reaction, ∆Hrxn . This week in lab We will measure the amount of heat given off by 50 ml of hot water, by some chunks of hot metal, and by two chemical reactions + 2+ Mg + 2H → Mg + H2 + heat + 2+ MgO + 2H → Mg + H2 O + heat We’ll do all these reactions in a coffee cup calorimeter. 1 The basic operation of calorimetry - Start with a known volume of a solution in the calorimeter. - Drop in something hot, or start a reaction that generates heat. - Close the calorimeter and measure the increase in temperature as heat is generated. - Keep measuring the temperature until it finally levels out. Part One: Add hot water to cold 50 mL of cold water (5ºC). Add 50 mL of hot water (75ºC). Final temp should be (75 + 5) ÷ 2 = 40ºC But the final temp will actually be lower than that because the cup itself will absorb a little bit of the heat. Heat Capacity We will use the data in part 1 to calculate the heat capacity of the cup, in units of J/K. This will tell us how many Joules of heat the cup absorbs for every K (or degree C) the water heats up. We know how many Joules of heat we added with the hot water, and we can calculate how many Joules were absorbed by the cold water as it warmed up. -
Oxide Fuel Cells with Hydrocarbon and Syngas Fuels—A Review
Fundamentals of electro- and thermochemistry in the anode of solid- oxide fuel cells with hydrocarbon and syngas fuels—a review Jeffrey Hanna,∗a Won Yong Lee,a Yixiang Shi,b and Ahmed F. Ghoniema Received Xth XXXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX First published on the web Xth XXXXXXXXXX 200X DOI: 10.1039/b000000x High fuel flexibility of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) affords the possibility to use relatively cheap, safe, and readily available hydrocarbon (e.g., CH4) or coal syngas (i.e., CO-H2 mixtures) fuels. Utilization of such fuels would greatly lower fuel cost and in- crease the feasibility of SOFC commercialization, especially for near-term adoption in anticipation of the long-awaited so-called “hydrogen economy.” Current SOFC technology has shown good performance with a wide range of hydrocarbon and syngas fu- els, but there are still significant challenges for practical application. In this paper, the basic operating principles, state-of-the-art performance benchmarks, and SOFC-relevant materials are summarized. More in-depth reviews on those topics can be found in Kee and co-workers [Combust. Sci. and Tech., 2008, 180, 1207–1244 and Proc. Combust. Inst., 2005, 30, 2379–2404] and McIntosh and Gorte [Chem. Rev., 2004, 104, 4845–4865]. The focus of this review is on the fundamentals and development of detailed electro- and thermal (or simply, electrothermal) chemistry within the SOFC anode, including electrochemical oxidation mechanisms for H2, CO, CH4, and carbon, as well as the effects of carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning. The interdependence of heterogeneous chemistry, charge-transfer processes, and transport are discussed in the context of SOFC-membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) modeling. -
THERMOCHEMISTRY – 2 CALORIMETRY and HEATS of REACTION Dr
THERMOCHEMISTRY – 2 CALORIMETRY AND HEATS OF REACTION Dr. Sapna Gupta HEAT CAPACITY • Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the sample of substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. q = CDt • Molar heat capacity: heat capacity of one mole of substance. • Specific Heat Capacity: Quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin) at constant pressure. q = m s Dt (final-initial) • Measured using a calorimeter – it absorbed heat evolved or absorbed. Dr. Sapna Gupta/Thermochemistry-2-Calorimetry 2 EXAMPLES OF SP. HEAT CAPACITY The higher the number the higher the energy required to raise the temp. Dr. Sapna Gupta/Thermochemistry-2-Calorimetry 3 CALORIMETRY: EXAMPLE - 1 Example: A piece of zinc weighing 35.8 g was heated from 20.00°C to 28.00°C. How much heat was required? The specific heat of zinc is 0.388 J/(g°C). Solution m = 35.8 g s = 0.388 J/(g°C) Dt = 28.00°C – 20.00°C = 8.00°C q = m s Dt 0.388 J q 35.8 g 8.00C = 111J gC Dr. Sapna Gupta/Thermochemistry-2-Calorimetry 4 CALORIMETRY: EXAMPLE - 2 Example: Nitromethane, CH3NO2, an organic solvent burns in oxygen according to the following reaction: 3 3 1 CH3NO2(g) + /4O2(g) CO2(g) + /2H2O(l) + /2N2(g) You place 1.724 g of nitromethane in a calorimeter with oxygen and ignite it. The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 22.23°C to 28.81°C. -
Thermochemistry of the Formation of Fossil Fuels
Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H. P. Eugster © The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No.2, 1990 Editors: R. J. Spencer and I-Ming Chou Thermochemistry of the formation of fossil fuels MOTOAKI SATO U.S. Geological Survey, MS 959, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. Abstract-Photosynthesis liberatesO2 from a mixture of CO2 and H20 in forming biologicalsubstances. Formation of fossil fuels is also associated with progressive depletion of oxygen from biological substances. The two processes are thus sequential in terms of deoxygenation. To evaluate thermo- chemical relations of the deoxygenation processes in a simple manner, the concept of deoxygenation free energy Gdeox and deoxygenation enthalpy Hdeox (defined as Gibbs energy and enthalpy, respectively, of reaction to release unit mole of O2 in forming a compound CxHyNzOw from CO2, H20, and N2) are computed for over 150 compounds. If compound A changes to compound B by dehydration and/or decarboxylation, and A has a higher Gdeox value than B, energy is released and the transformation can occur spontaneously; likewise heat is released if A has a higher Hdeox' The computed results indicate that energy input is required only for the initial stage of photosynthesis, and progressive deoxygenation and aromatic condensation during diagenesis should decrease free energy and release heat. Catagenesis and metagenesis are also most probably spontaneous and exothermic because both low C-number paraffinic hydrocarbons and polycondensed aromatic kerogens have the lowest Gdeox and Hdeox values among various homologous groups even at room temperature. The ultimate products of the spontaneous evolution of fossilfuelsare methane and graphite. The role of increased temperature associated with deeper burial is not to change the position of equilibrium, but simply to increase the reaction rate exponentially so that the extremely slow reactions would proceed in geologic time. -
History of Microbiology: Spontaneous Generation Theory
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY Microbiology often has been defined as the study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye—that is, the study of microorganisms. Because objects less than about one millimeter in diameter cannot be seen clearly and must be examined with a microscope, microbiology is concerned primarily with organisms and agents this small and smaller. Microbial World Microorganisms are everywhere. Almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes (including our skin). Some microorganisms can live quite happily in boiling hot springs, whereas others form complex microbial communities in frozen sea ice. Most microorganisms are harmless to humans. You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects. In fact, we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food and to protect our bodies from pathogens. Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants. Microbes are the dominant form of life on planet Earth. More than half the biomass on Earth consists of microorganisms, whereas animals constitute only 15% of the mass of living organisms on Earth. This Microbiology course deals with • How and where they live • Their structure • How they derive food and energy • Functions of soil micro flora • Role in nutrient transformation • Relation with plant • Importance in Industries The microorganisms can be divided into two distinct groups based on the nucleus structure: Prokaryotes – The organism lacking true nucleus (membrane enclosed chromosome and nucleolus) and other organelles like mitochondria, golgi body, entoplasmic reticulum etc. are referred as Prokaryotes. -
Epa–Hq–Oppt–2019–0131
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 55 / Thursday, March 21, 2019 / Notices 10491 Organizations 6100–09 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION delivery of boxed information, please • Promotional partners 6100–09 AGENCY follow the instructions at http:// Annual Reporting Form—Online and www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.html. Hard-copy Confidential Business [EPA–HQ–OPPT–2019–0131; FRL–9991–06] Additional instructions on commenting Information (CBI) Forms or visiting the docket, along with more • Initiation of Prioritization Under the Plumbing Manufacturers 6100–09 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) information about dockets generally, is • Non-plumbing Manufacturers available at http://www.epa.gov/ 6100–09 AGENCY: Environmental Protection dockets. • Retailers/Distributors 6100–09 Agency (EPA). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For Provider Quarterly Reporting Form ACTION: Notice. technical information about the • Licensed Certification Providers candidates for high priority contact: 6100–09 SUMMARY: As required under the Toxic Ana Corado, Chemical Control Division, Award Application Form Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Office of Pollution Prevention and • Builders 6100–17 related implementing regulations, EPA Toxics, Office of Chemical Safety and • Licensed Certification Providers is initiating the prioritization process for 6100–17 Pollution Prevention, Environmental 20 chemical substances as candidates Protection Agency (Mailcode 7408M), • Manufacturers 6100–17 for designation as High Priority • Professional Certifying 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Substances