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Using Sustainable Oil Shale Waste Powder Treated with Silane Coupling Agent for Enriching the Performance of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture

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Using Sustainable Oil Shale Waste Powder Treated with Silane Coupling Agent for Enriching the Performance of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture sustainability Article Using Sustainable Oil Shale Waste Powder Treated with Silane Coupling Agent for Enriching the Performance of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture Xuedong Guo 1, Xing Chen 1, Yingsong Li 2, Zhun Li 1 and Wei Guo 1,* 1 School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China 2 School of Transportation, Changchun college of architecture, Changchun 130604, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-153-3511-9826 Received: 16 August 2019; Accepted: 4 September 2019; Published: 5 September 2019 Abstract: The increase in cost of bitumen and polymer modifiers and the importance of silicon waste material management have encouraged pavement researchers to use reusable sustainable sources. Oil shale waste powder (OSP) is considered a silicon waste material, and when used in pavement prevents leaching. However, OSP, as an acidic inorganic material, has compatibility issues with asphalt, and its use with ashpalt should be considered carefully. This paper investigates the pavement performance and modification mechanism of OSP and silane coupling agent (SCA) composite modified asphalt and asphalt mixture according to conventional physical property tests: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and a pavement performance test. The test results showed that the incorporation of OSP and SCA improved the overall properties of asphalt and asphalt mixture and the direct mixing method is more effective than the surface pretreatment method for the modification of composite modification of asphalt. Moreover, the FTIR test and DSC test indicated that the incorporation of OSP and SCA creates new chemical bonds and changes the form and quantity of the crystalline component and the transformation of components in the bitumen. Keywords: Oil shale waste powder; Silane coupling agent; Composite modified asphalt; modification mechanism; pavement performance 1. Introduction Asphalt has been widely used in airfield and high-grade road pavement due to its numerous advantages such as smoothness, low-vibration, high-automated construction, and easy maintenance [1–4]. Worldwide, annually, over 86 million tons of asphalt binder is combined with gravel or sand to pave roads [5–7]. However, it has been observed that the production of asphalt requires a major expenditure of natural resources, and the associated mining, refining, production, and construction produce considerable greenhouse gas emissions [8–11]. Consequently, the industry has been steadily moving towards adopting more sustainable practices [12–14]. The main objective of sustainable development is to use natural resources in the most optimized way so that, environmental and socioeconomic issues are minimized [15–17]. In the past few years, studies regarding alternative environmental friendly materials in asphalt pavement to improve its mechanical properties have been conducted [18–21]. The use of industrial waste is a promising solution to minimize environmental pollution by sinking the accumulation of waste materials, which results in a reduction of the construction costs [22,23]. Tarbay et al. presents the use of waste materials (marble and granite) and byproduct material (steel slag) as alternative to the mineral conventional filler. The test results show that all materials enhanced rutting resistance compared to the traditional Sustainability 2019, 11, 4857; doi:10.3390/su11184857 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 4857 2 of 23 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 24 limestone filler [24]. Abo El-Naga et al. investigated the effect of using polyethylene terephthalate wastewaste plasticplastic materials (PTP) (PTP) on on improving improving the the perf performanceormance and and properties properties of asphalt of asphalt pavement. pavement. The Theconclusion conclusion indicatedindicated that that addition addition of 12% of 12% of PTP of PTP increased increased the thepavement pavement service service life life2.81 2.81 times times and andsaved saved ~20% ~20% of the of theasphalt asphalt layer layer thickness thickness [25]. [25 Saberi]. Saberianan et al. et assessed al. assessed the theeffect effect of crushed of crushed glass glass on onthe the behavior behavior of ofthe the crushed crushed recycled recycled materials materials together together with with crumb crumb rubber forfor roadroad pavementpavement applications.applications. TheThe resultsresults indicatedindicated thatthat thethe blendsblends ofof wastewaste materials,materials, asas aa low-carbonlow-carbon concept,concept, couldcould bebe aa viableviable andand satisfactorysatisfactory alternative alternative solution solution for for future future base base/subbase/subbase applications applications [ 26[26].]. OilOil shale,shale, aa sedimentarysedimentary rock containing organic organic matter, matter, belongs belongs to to high-mineral high-mineral sapropelite, sapropelite, a alow-calorific low-calorific solidsolid fossil fossil fuel fuel with with a light-gray a light-gray to todark-brown dark-brown color color [27,28]. [27,28 Oil]. shale Oil shale has more has more than than40% 40%ash, ash,which which is the is themain main difference difference from from coal. coal. The The inorganic inorganic mineral mineral content content of of oil shaleshale isis approximatelyapproximately 50–80%,50–80%, mainlymainly includingincluding quartz,quartz, potassiumpotassium feldspar,feldspar, plagioclase,plagioclase, kaolin,kaolin, clay,clay, mica,mica, carbonate,carbonate, pyrite,pyrite, etc.etc. TheThe oiloil shaleshale resourcesresources inin thethe worldworld areare veryvery rich rich [ 29[29].]. AccordingAccording toto statisticsstatistics releasedreleased by by thethe U.S.U.S. EnergyEnergy InformationInformation Administration,Administration,world world shaleshale oiloil reservesreserves totaltotal approximatelyapproximately 1111 trilliontrillion toto13 13 trillion trillion tons tons,, far far exceeding exceeding oil oil reserves. reserves. Global Global shale shale oil oil is is generated generated from from Cambrian Cambrian toto Tertiary,Tertiary, mainly mainly in in nine nine countries: countries: UnitedUnited States,States, Congo,Congo, Brazil,Brazil, Italy,Italy, Morocco,Morocco, Jordan,Jordan, Australia,Australia, China,China, andand Canada.Canada. TheThe worldwideworldwide distributiondistribution ofof shaleshale oiloil resourcesresources is is shown shown in in Figure Figure1 [130 [30].]. Figure 1. Worldwide distribution of oil shale resources. Figure 1. Worldwide distribution of oil shale resources. At present, more than 90% of oil shale is used to generate electricity by combustion and refine shale oil by distillation. With the large-scale exploitation of oil shale, a large amount of waste is At present, more than 90% of oil shale is used to generate electricity by combustion and refine produced after combustion or distillation [31]. However, the majority of oil shale waste is directly piled shale oil by distillation. With the large-scale exploitation of oil shale, a large amount of waste is up in the nearby waste residue field, which causes many environmental problems. Oil shale waste is a produced after combustion or distillation [31]. However, the majority of oil shale waste is directly polar material that is similar to volcanic rocks and contains traces of organic residual carbon, and has piled up in the nearby waste residue field, which causes many environmental problems. Oil shale a strong activity. After combustion or distillation of oil shale, the organic matter is instantaneously waste is a polar material that is similar to volcanic rocks and contains traces of organic residual carbon, removed during the rapid heating process to form a porous structure. Since oil shale waste has a and has a strong activity. After combustion or distillation of oil shale, the organic matter is porous internal structure, the usage of oil shale waste is very extensive [32,33]. Hadi et al. produced instantaneously removed during the rapid heating process to form a porous structure. Since oil shale low-cost, compressed, strong, lightweight masonry bricks, similarly using the oil shale ash mixed waste has a porous internal structure, the usage of oil shale waste is very extensive [32,33]. Hadi et with marble and granite sludge [34]. Aljbour prepared ceramics specimens from oil shale ash and al. produced low-cost, compressed, strong, lightweight masonry bricks, similarly using the oil shale waste glass by pressing followed by heat treatment [35]. Wei et al. prepared a long-service-life asphalt ash mixed with marble and granite sludge [34]. Aljbour prepared ceramics specimens from oil shale mixture by drying and sieving the oil shale waste after combustion to replace the fine aggregate ash and waste glass by pressing followed by heat treatment [35]. Wei et al. prepared a long-service- below 4.75 mm as required by the Open-Grade Friction Course (OGFC) [36]. Wang et al. assessed life asphalt mixture by drying and sieving the oil shale waste after combustion to replace the fine high- and low-temperature properties of asphalt pavements incorporating dry oil shale waste ash aggregate below 4.75 mm as required by the Open-Grade Friction Course (OGFC) [36]. Wang et al. (particle size less than 0.075 mm) as partial filler. The results illustrated that the sustainable asphalt assessed high- and low-temperature properties of asphalt pavements incorporating dry oil shale materials have better high-temperature
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