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Using Oil Shale Ash Waste As a Modifier for Asphalt Binders

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Using Oil Shale Ash Waste As a Modifier for Asphalt Binders Using oil shale ash waste as a modifier for asphalt binders Khalid Ghuzlan, Ghazi Al-Khateeb & Abdullah Abu Damrah Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Official Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM) and the Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM) ISSN 1438-4957 Volume 15 Number 4 J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2013) 15:522-529 DOI 10.1007/s10163-013-0135-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Japan. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2013) 15:522–529 DOI 10.1007/s10163-013-0135-8 REVIEW Using oil shale ash waste as a modifier for asphalt binders Khalid Ghuzlan • Ghazi Al-Khateeb • Abdullah Abu Damrah Received: 19 September 2012 / Accepted: 12 March 2013 / Published online: 16 May 2013 Ó Springer Japan 2013 Abstract: Oil shale rocks represent one of the most Introduction available sources of energy. Jordan land contains about 50 billion tons of oil shale, which makes Jordan the third in Energy is the soul of the new civilization. Oil is the main the world of the reserve of this material. Oil shale ash is a energy source in the recent era. Annual oil consumption is byproduct of the oil shale manufacturing process and very high and expected to increase every year due to world considered a waste material and may cause hazards for population growth and due to the high rate of development human health. In this study, the effect of oil shale ash on in the entire world. Thus, it is expected that the oil will run asphalt binder rheological properties at higher temperatures out within the next few decades. Searching for other was investigated. Five oil shale ash to asphalt (OSA/A) sources of energy becomes essential; the best sources of percentages by volume (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 %) were used. energy would be the sustainable sources such as the solar The complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (d)of and wind energy. However, there are still many challenges asphalt binders were investigated using the Superpave facing these sources of energy. Dynamic Shear Rheometer and the rotational viscosity Oil shale rocks represent one of the most available (RV). It was found that increasing the OSA/A percentage sources of energy in the world. The world reserve of this increased the G* value and the RV of asphalt binders, and material exceeds hundreds of billions of tons of oil shale improved the Superpave rutting parameter, but did not rocks, which may be used to produce energy. Jordan’s affect significantly the phase angle. Thus, adding oil shale reserve of oil shale rock exceeds 50 billion tons [1], and ash (the waste material) to asphalt binder enhanced with the dramatic increase of oil prices, Jordan started its rheological properties and performance at high looking into manufacturing oil shale ash to produce oil. temperatures. Crude shale oil is produced form heating the Kerogen (found in the oil shale rock) where gases and char are Keywords Oil shale ash Á Waste Á Property of recycled formed also. The oil shale manufacturing process that is products Á Rheology Á Recycling Á Asphalt binder used to produce oil has an environmental impact which includes air pollution, water discharge and ash. Sedimentation can be used to treat the wastewater dis- charge in addition to some other methods. Dust removers, and sulfur dioxide absorber may be used to reduce the air pollution. Oil shale ash is a byproduct of the oil shale manufacturing process. This ash is a waste material and K. Ghuzlan (&) Á G. Al-Khateeb Á A. A. Damrah may cause a hazard for human health. Therefore, it is Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science essential to utilize this byproduct material. and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan e-mail: [email protected] Oil shale ash have been used for mine backfilling, agricultural use, and cement production. Ground disposal is G. Al-Khateeb e-mail: [email protected] a waste method that has some negative environmental URL: http://www.just.edu.jo/~ggalkhateeb impacts. Spent shale may contain leachable salts and an 123 Author's personal copy J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2013) 15:522–529 523 organic pyrolytic product which has always erosion noticed by the addition of oil shale as up to 10 % by vol- potential especially if surface disposal is used [2]. Alkali ume of the asphalt binder. hydrothermal activation was used to convert oil shale ash Al-Khateeb and Al-Akhras [10] studied the effect of into zeolite, which was used to remove cadmium and lead cement additive on some properties of asphalt binder using from wastewater [3]. In addition, the hydrated oil shale ash Superpave testing methods. The cement was added to the has a potential to be used in wastewater treatment as fil- asphalt binder at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % by volume of tration material [4]. asphalt binder. Oil shale was found to be effective in the production of The properties of modified asphalt binder were investi- Portland cement. Furthermore, a standard for using burnt gated. Superpave rotational viscosity (RV) and the shale in the rapid hardening of asphalt cement was devel- dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests for the modified oped in Estonia [5]. Smadi and Haddad [6] replaced binders were conducted. cement with oil shale ash in the Portland cement concrete. It was found in their study that the addition of Portland The optimum compressive strength was obtained at 10 % cement to asphalt binders increased the RV of asphalt by weight. Furthermore, it was found that replacement of binders at 135 °C at different rotational speeds. The opti- cement with oil shale ash up to 30 % would not reduce its mum percentage of cement to asphalt was found to be 15 compressive strength. percent. This percentage provided a balanced increase in the value of the DSR G*/sin d rutting parameter and the RV of asphalt binders. The increase in cement to asphalt Oil shale ash waste as a modifier for asphalt binder percentage increased the stiffness of asphalt binders rep- resented by the complex shear modulus (G*) value and also Additives may be defined as any material that is added to improved the value of the rutting parameter (G*/sin d)at the binder to modify its properties. Desirable asphalt binder used temperatures. properties include resistance to fatigue cracking, rutting, Tuncan et al. [11] studied the properties of asphalt and thermal cracking. Furthermore, adding some materials binders and asphalt concrete mixture after using rubber and to the binder may reduce the required structural thickness plastic concentrations as additives. Furthermore, they of the pavement section. replaced the filler in the asphalt concrete mixtures with fly Asphalt modifiers may be divided as fillers, fibers, ash and rubber powder. It was found that, specimen’s hydrocarbons, polymers (elastomeric and plastomeric), and strength and Marshall Stability increased with adding antistripping agents, and crumb rubber [7]. plastic, on the other hand, adding rubber decreased the Khedaywi and Abu-Orabi [8] added the following strength. This study showed that fly ash could be used as materials to asphalt binder: oil shale ash, rubber ash, husk filler in the asphalt concrete mixtures. ash and polyethylene. Each material was added (separately) Yi-qiu et al. [12] studied the properties of the asphalt to the asphalt binder at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % of ashes by mastics with mineral filler at low and high temperatures. volume of binder. The effect of adding these materials to Different filler/asphalt ratios by weight were used. The the asphalt binder was investigated. Specific gravity, soft- rheological behavior of the mastic was found to be non- ening point, penetration and ductility tests were performed linear and can be fitted as an exponential function. The for the modified asphalt binders. It was found that by balanced mastic properties at low and high temperatures increasing the percentage of these additives, the penetra- were achieved at filler/asphalt ratios ranging from 0.9 to tion and ductility of the modified asphalt binder decreased. 1.4. On the other hand, increasing the amount of ashes resulted Adding oil shale ash to asphalt binder may represent a in an increase in the specific gravity, but increasing the good way to utilize it. This may represent a modification amount of polyethylene in the asphalt binder decreased the that may improve the performance of the asphalt binder specific gravity. Additionally, increasing the amount of and the asphalt mixture in the future. Many researchers additives in the binder increased the softening point of the used different additives to modify asphalt binders. Oil shale modified asphalt binder. ash was one of these additives. The investigation included Al-Masaeid et al. [9] evaluated the influence of adding traditional tests such as ductility, penetration, and softening oil shale ash to binder on the asphalt concrete mixtures point. However, no previous studies used the Superpave properties under normal as well as freezing and thawing tests to investigate the effect of adding oil shale ash on conditions.
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