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Interpreting the Harmony of Reality: Jonathan Edwards’ Theology of Revelation William M. Schweitzer Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2008 To my fidelia. With love and joy. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis has been composed by me, that it represents my own research, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. _______________________________ William Schweitzer June 2008 iii Abstract This thesis is believed to be the first full-scale study of Jonathan Edwards’ theology of revelation. The interrelated questions addressed in this work are ‘what was Edwards’ understanding of divine revelation,’ and ‘how did this understanding function in his larger theological project?’ The first question is answered by showing how Edwards’ theology of revelation flowed from a doctrine of the Trinity that featured the divine attribute of communicativeness, and from a doctrine of creation that theorised God created in order to communicate himself to intelligent beings noetically, affectionally and beatifically. Edwards’ theology of revelation was thus distinctively tri-dimensional in that Trinitarian communication contained noetic, affectional and beatific elements. This revelation encompassed the media of Scripture, nature and redemptive history, and Edwards’ understandings of each of these three media are explored in depth. The concept of harmony is shown to be key to Edwards’ use of all of these media. Edwards’ radical opposition to Deistic thinking, in which the media of revelation are alleged to be discordant, grounds the discussion in its eighteenth century context. The second of the questions posed above is answered by presenting a theory explaining Edwards’ great project as the pursuit of one objective: to interpret all reality as the harmonious self-revelation of the Triune God, so that human beings might better fulfil their purpose to apprehend and re-emanate this revelation. We believe that this is a plausible and useful way to understand Edwards’ entire corpus. iv Acknowledgements I acknowledge the contributions of many people in the making of this doctoral thesis. David Fergusson, my advisor at Edinburgh University, is a scholar and a gentleman known among the New College community almost as much for his remarkable success with his many research students as for his own eminence as a theologian. MTh advisor Susan Hardman Moore made me a more careful researcher and better writer. Secondary doctoral advisor Stewart J. Brown ensured that the project design would be in keeping with his own high standards of scholarship. Review board member John McDowell provided incisive interrogation. Next door at the Free Church College, Donald Macleod supervised a paper that would provide the foundation for some important aspects of this thesis. Further north at Highland Theological College, Andrew T. B. McGowan commented on the second chapter. Edwards scholars on both sides of the Atlantic were of great help. Over three lengthy meetings and countless emails, Gerald R. McDermott offered encouragement and provided critical interaction on key issues. In common with virtually every other study done in the last two decades, I can report that I have received assistance from Kenneth P. Minkema of the Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University, including numerous transcriptions of unpublished manuscript material. Oliver D. Crisp gave me thoughtful comments on philosophical issues. Paul Helm sent constructive criticism on several aspects of this project. Stephen J. Nichols gave much friendly guidance during the formative stages of the project. Douglas A. Sweeney’s ‘minor’ comments on my initial proposal and his personal example as a godly scholar have been of great help. Robert E. Brown, Stephen R. Holmes, Michael McClenahan, and Stephen J. Stein all provided helpful critique and counsel. Robert W. Caldwell sent me a pre-production electronic copy of his book. One could not have asked for a better welcome into the Edwards ‘vineyard’, nor a better specialist academic community of which to belong. Others teachers who have had an important influence include Douglas Renfrew Brooks, who tried to turn a Marine into a scholar of religion, and Anne Merideth, who tried to turn an evangelical into a critic. More recently have been John M. Frame and Douglas Kelly of Reformed Theological Seminary and Vernon S. Poythress of Westminster Theological Seminary, who have taught me as faithful theologians and have offered their comments on my project at crucial junctures. As I v acknowledge the contributions of so many distinguished teachers, I can only regret that I have not made better application of their efforts. Finally, I thank my peers at New College and the Free Church College— particularly intellectual and physical workout partner James ‘T.’ Eglinton, fellow EPCEW minister John Scott who scrutinised the draft thesis, and, representing Deutschland, fellow Edwards scholar Michael Bräutigam. This project was made possible financially by the United Kingdom Overseas Research Counsel, the University of Edinburgh College of Humanities, the New College School of Divinity, and by personal grants from: my best man in truth Bradley Cashion, fellow Westminsterian Albert L. Scharbach, fellow DPCers Christopher ‘B.’ Bowerman and Michael ‘E.’ Bullock, and fellow church-planter William Fowler. Hope Trust annual book grants permitted purchase of several Yale Edition volumes. Kin Yip Louie graciously lent to me long-term what I lacked in my personal Edwards library. All errors and shortcomings remain my own. As for anything else, soli deo gloria. vi Table of Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements v Introduction 1 I. Background and Scope of Study 1 II. Situation of Study 2 III. Assumptions, Approach, and Sources 6 IV. Summary of Chapter Contents 7 1. Divine Communicativeness and Edwards’ Theology of Revelation 11 I. Introduction 11 II. Communicativeness as a Divine Attribute 12 III. Communicativeness and Creation 16 IV. The Content of Revelation 18 V. The Process of Revelation 24 VI. Conclusion 27 2. The Harmony of Creation 28 I. Introduction 28 II. Edwards as Scientist 32 1. Edwards as Naturalist 32 2. Edwards as Physicist 33 3. Harmony in Nature 36 4. Edwards’ Approach to Science 37 III. Nature as the Express Apprehension of the Divine 40 IV. Nature as Types 44 V. Natural Revelation and Natural Theology 46 1. Edwards’ Reply to Tindal 46 2. Edwards’ Use 49 3. Miller and Butler 50 VI. Conclusion 53 3. The Necessity of Special Revelation 54 I. Introduction 54 II. Signposts from the Literature 56 III. Chubb 59 IV. Conventional Arguments 62 vii V. The Relational/Communicative Argument 64 1. Communicative Revelation 64 2. Conversational Revelation 66 3. Conversational Scripture 68 4. Two-sided Conversation 69 VI. Precedents in Reformed Theology 72 VII. Edwards’ Antagonist: Locke? 73 VIII. The Necessity of Revelation in Edwards’ Apologetic Programme 79 IX. Conclusion 82 4. The Harmony of Scripture 83 I. Introduction 83 II. The Authority of Scripture 85 1. Edwards’ Beliefs vs. Apologetics 85 2. Edwards’ Position on Biblical Authority 86 3. Conventional Arguments for Authority 89 III. The Harmony of Scripture 91 IV. The Inspiration of Scripture 93 V. The Canon of Scripture 100 VI. The Illumination of Scripture 105 VII. Locke’s ‘Fundamentalism’ 106 VIII. Brown on Edwards’ Relation to Biblical Criticism 110 IX. Conclusion 116 5. The Harmony of History 118 I. Introduction 118 II. Historiographer of Super-nature 119 III. Typology, Harmony and Prophecy 124 IV. The Development of Edwards’ Use of History 129 V. The History of the Work of Redemption 131 VI. Current Events and The Christian History Periodicals 136 VII. The Redemptive-Historical Beatific Vision 138 VIII. Zakai on ‘Miscellany’ 777 143 IX. Conclusion 147 6. Edwards’ Project of Interpreting the Harmony of Reality 148 I. Introduction 148 II. Edwards’ Theology 150 viii III. The Great Works 152 IV. Edwards on Himself and His Vocation 154 1. The Minister’s Project 154 2. The ‘Personal Narrative’ 160 V. This Theory in Relation to Others 164 VI. Conclusion 167 Bibliography 168 I. Primary Sources by Edwards 168 II. Primary Sources by Edwards’ Predecessors and Contemporaries 170 III. Secondary Sources on Edwards 173 IV. Other Sources 184 ix Introduction I. Background and Scope of Study For many years, it has been more or less the custom to begin studies on Jonathan Edwards with remarks about the amazing profusion of scholarship in this field, along with some attempt to explain it. The field, or ‘vineyard’ as it is known, remains incredibly active today, and such statements are still being made.1 However, with the completion this year of the most comprehensive primary works project in American history—the Yale Edition of The Works of Jonathan Edwards2—and the recent publication of The Princeton Companion to Jonathan Edwards and The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards in addition to the continued proliferation of ever more specialised studies and reinterpretations, perhaps it is time now to talk about Edwards not as a phenomenon in need of explanation but as a permanent fixture in the academic landscape.3 His students have at last succeeded in establishing him not merely as America’s pre-eminent theologian, but as one of the world’s great thinkers. Edwards thus belatedly takes his place in the company of perpetually important figures, wherein no feature of his thought is without some merit for serious study. Indeed, although a fuller recognition of this status may be more recent, Edwards scholars have been proceeding as if it were true since Perry Miller, and a search of the thousands of books, dissertations, essays and articles will indicate that there are precious few areas that have received no treatment whatsoever.4 So for the present generation, the question of direction is no longer simply ‘what has not been done?’ The considerations are now ‘what is underdeveloped and in need of sustained investigation?’, ‘what is fragmentary and in need of synthesis?’ and ‘which existing theories are in need of revision?’ 1 See, for example, Harry S.