Die Governance Der Energietransformation Von Deutschland Und Österreich Im Vergleich

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Die Governance Der Energietransformation Von Deutschland Und Österreich Im Vergleich Die Governance der Energietransformation von Deutschland und Österreich im Vergleich Niclas Wenz, M.A., geboren in Viernheim Darmstadt, den 13.02.2020 Am Fachbereich Gesellschafts- und Geschichtswissenschaften der Technischen Universi- tät Darmstadt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) genehmigte Dissertation. Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Michèle Knodt Zweitgutachter: Apl. Prof. Dr. Björn Egner Wenz, Niclas: Die Governance der Energietransformation von Deutschland und Österreich im Vergleich Darmstadt, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Jahr der Veröffentlichung der Dissertation auf TUprints: 2021 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.02.2020 Veröffentlicht unter CC BY 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis iii II Abkürzungsverzeichnisverzeichnis v 1. ..... Einleitung 1 1.1. Forschungsstand und Forschungsfrage 3 1.2. Vorgehensweise 7 2. ..... Governance 9 2.1. Governance-Mechanismen 13 2.2. Governance-Formen 15 2.2.1. Hierarchie 15 2.2.2. Wettbewerb 16 2.2.3. Verhandlungen 20 2.2.4. Netzwerke 22 2.3. Governance-Systeme 25 2.4. Governance-Strategien 28 2.5. Governance-Analyse und Hypothesen 36 3. ..... Methodik 40 3.1. Forschungsdesign 40 3.2. Länderauswahl 43 3.3. Datenerhebung 47 3.4. Datenanalyse 49 4. ..... Die Performanz der Energietransformation 52 4.1. Die Energietransformation im internationalen und europäischen Kontext 52 4.2. Deutschlands Energiemix und die langfristige Planung der Energiepolitik 56 4.3. Österreichs Energiemix und die langfristige Planung der Energiepolitik 63 4.4. Die Performanz der Energietransformation im Vergleich 67 5. ..... Die Governance der deutschen Energietransformation 72 5.1. Das spezifische Politikerbe der Energiepolitik in Deutschland 72 5.2. Handlungsfelder der Energietransformation 82 5.2.1. Energiebereitstellung 83 5.2.2. Energieverteilung 92 Seite i 5.2.3. Energienutzung 102 6. ..... Die Governance der österreichischen Energietransformation 111 6.1. Das spezifische Politikerbe der Energiepolitik in Österreich 111 6.2. Handlungsfelder der Energietransformation 117 6.2.1. Energiebereitstellung 118 6.2.2. Energieverteilung 126 6.2.3. Energienutzung 132 7. ..... Die Governance der Energietransformation im Vergleich 140 7.1. Energiebereitstellung 141 7.2. Energieverteilung 144 7.3. Energienutzung 148 7.4. Die konfigurativen Unterschiede der Governance-Systeme 150 8. ..... Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick 156 9. ..... Literatur 160 Anhang: Liste der Interviewpartner 181 Seite ii I Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Ausprägungen des Wettbewerbs ....................................................................... 20 Abbildung 2: Verhandlungsarten und Entscheidungskosten ................................................... 22 Abbildung 3: Netzwerktypen ................................................................................................... 24 Abbildung 4: Überblick der Governance-Formen .................................................................... 25 Abbildung 5: Wohlfahrtseffekte im Rahmen von Governance-Strategien .............................. 30 Abbildung 6: Innovationsfähigkeit von Governance-Strategien .............................................. 35 Abbildung 7: Modell der Governance-Analyse ........................................................................ 37 Abbildung 8: Der konzeptionelle Analyserahmen ................................................................... 39 Abbildung 9: Forschungsdesigns zwischen Fällen und Variablenanzahl ................................. 41 Abbildung 10: Forschungsdesign im Rahmen des MSSD ......................................................... 42 Abbildung 11: Die Performanz der EU-15-Staaten im Vergleich ............................................. 45 Abbildung 12: Systematisierung der Interviewpartner ........................................................... 48 Abbildung 13: Weltweiter CO2 Ausstoß und Energieverbrauch in mil. t ................................ 53 Abbildung 14: Deutschlands Energiemix in Mtoe .................................................................... 60 Abbildung 15: Deutschlands Elektrizitätsbereitstellung 2016 ................................................. 61 Abbildung 16: Österreich im Energiemix in Mtoe ................................................................... 64 Abbildung 17: Österreichs Elektrizitätsbereitstellung 2016 .................................................... 65 Abbildung 18: Organisationsstruktur der Energiestrategie Österreich 2020 .......................... 66 Abbildung 19: Energiestrategische Ziele von Deutschland und Österreich ............................ 68 Abbildung 20: Die Performanz der Energietransformation im Vergleich ................................ 69 Abbildung 21: Anteil erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland in GWh ..................................... 85 Abbildung 22: Einspeisetarife zur Förderung Erneuerbarer Energien ..................................... 87 Abbildung 23: Erneuerbare Energien 2016 .............................................................................. 91 Abbildung 24: Stromimporte und Exporte in Terrawattstunden .......................................... 100 Abbildung 25: Sektoraler Energie-Endverbrauch in Petajoule .............................................. 105 Abbildung 26: Nettovergütung des Ökostroms durch die OeMAG in Euro ........................... 122 Abbildung 27: Einspeisetarife zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien in Euro ...................... 124 Seite iii Abbildung 28: Elektrizitätsimporte und Exporte in GWh ...................................................... 131 Abbildung 29: Sektorale Verteilung des Energieverbrauchs ................................................. 133 Abbildung 30: Governance-Performanz von Transformationen ........................................... 152 Seite iv II Abkürzungsverzeichnisverzeichnis ACER Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators ACK Amtschefkonferenz AEA Österreichische Energieagentur AGEE-Stat Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik AK Arbeiterkammer AKW Atomkraftwerk APG Austrian Power Grid BDI Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt BINE Bürgerinformationsdienst Neue Energietechniken BIP Bruttoinlandsprodukt BJ Basisjahr BMLFUW Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft BMNT Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus BMU Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit BMVIT Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie BMwA Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Angelegenheiten BMWFJ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Familie und Jugend BMWi Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie BMWV Bundesminister für öffentliche Wirtschaft und Verkehr BNetzA Bundesnetzagentur BP British Petroleum BSI Bundesverband Solarindustrie BWE Bundesverband Windenergie CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Seite v ČEPS Česká energetická přenosová soustava CO2 Kohlenstoffdioxid CSU Christlich-Soziale Union Dena Deutsche Energieagentur DGS Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie E-Control Regulierung der Elektrizitäts- und Erdgaswirtschaft EE Erneuerbare Energien EEffG Energieeffizienzgesetz EEG Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz EEÖ Erneuerbare Energien Österreich EEWärmeG Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz EG Europäische Gemeinschaft EGKS Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl ELES Sistemski operater prenosnega elektroenergetskega omrežja ELG Energieliberalisierungsgesetzes ElWOG Elektrizitätswirtschafts- und Organisationsgesetzes EnEG Energieeinsparungsgesetz EnEV Energieeinsparungsverordnung EnLAG Energieleitungsausbaugesetzes ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity EnVHV Energieverbrauchshöchstwerteverordnung EnVKV Energieverbrauchskennzeichnungsverordnung EnWG Energiewirtschaftsgesetz ETS European Union Emissions Trading System EU Europäischen Union EVPG Energieverbrauchsrelevante-Produkte-Gesetzes FDP Freie Demokratische Partei Seite vi GEG Gebäudeenergiegesetz GROWIAN Große Windenergie Anlage GWh Gigawattstunden HeizAnlVO Heizungsanlagenverordnung IEA Internationalen Energieagentur IEKP Integrierten Energie- und Klimaprogramms IEU Leipzig Institut für Energetik und Umwelt Leipzig IGBE IG Bergbau und Energie IV Industriellenvereinigung Iwo Institut für Wärme und Öltechnik KMU kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen KOM EU-Kommission KSG Klimaschutzgesetzes LEEN Lernende Energieeffizienz-Netzwerke LK Landwirtschaftskammer MAVIR Magyar Villamosenergia-ipari Átviteli Rendszerirányító Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság MDSD Most-Different-System-Designs MSSD Most-Similar-System-Designs Mtoe Millionen Tonnen Öleinheit MW Megawatt NABeG Netzausbaubeschleunigungsgesetzes NAPE Nationale Aktionsplan Energieeffizienz NEP Netzentwicklungsplan nTPA Negotiated Third Party Access OECD Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung OeMAG Ökostromabwicklungsstelle Seite vii ÖGB Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund OIB Österreichisches Institut für Bautechnik OPEC Organisation erdölexportierender Länder ÖSG Ökostromgesetz ÖVP Österreichische Volkspartei PCI Projects of common interest PJ Petajoule RegTP Regulierungsbehörde für Telekommunikation und Post rTPA Regulated Third Party Access SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland SPÖ Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs SRU Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen StrEG Stromeinspeisungsgesetz TERNA Trasmissione Elettricità Rete Nazionale TRANSNET-BW Übertragungsnetz in Baden-Württemberg TYNDP Ten-Year
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