DOCSLIB.ORG

The Vascular Epiphytes of a Lowland Forest in Panama- Species Composition and Spatial Structure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Vascular Epiphytes of a Lowland Forest in Panama- Species Composition and Spatial Structure Plant Ecol (2008) 195:131-141 DOI 10.1007/s 11258-007-9310-0 The vascular epiphytes of a lowland forest in Panama- species composition and spatial structure Gerhard Zotz • Steffen Schultz Received: 4 October 2006 / Accepted: 15 May 2007 / Published online: 12 June 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract We conducted a comprehensive census of data-set for the direct observation of the long-term the vascular epiphytes in a lowland forest in Panama dynamics in a diverse epiphyte community. by means of a canopy crane. In 0.4 ha of ca. 40-m tall forest, 103 species of vascular epiphytes with 13,099 Keywords Biodiversity • Bromeliaceae • individuals were found. The orchids were the most Orchidaceae • Tropical forests • San Lorenzo crane important family both in species and individual site • Patchiness numbers, accounting alone for >40% of all species and >50% of all individuals. There was a clear vertical segregation of species with a concentration at inter- Introduction mediate heights: more than 50% of all individuals were found between 15 m and 25 m above ground. The control of alpha diversity, i.e. the number of Tree species identity, tree size and the position of a species coexisting at a small spatial scale, remains a tree in the forest ("space") all influenced species central question of community ecology, particularly composition. However, none of the two environmen- for hyper-diverse tropical rain forests. While enor- tal variables nor space alone explained more than 10% mous progress has been made in understanding the of the total variation in epiphyte assemblages in mechanisms underlying the diversity of trees in several canonical correspondence analyses. By far the tropical forests (Harms et al. 2000; Hubbell et al. largest proportion of the observed variation remained 1999; Volkov et al. 2005) this is much less true for unexplained and is arguably due to mere chance. In other life forms. Considering that "non-trees" gen- the future, our results will be used as a baseline erally form by far the larger portion of tropical phytodiversity (Galeano et al. 1999; Gentry and Dodson 1987) there is a clear need for descriptive G. Zotz (El) and experimental data on community composition Institut fur Biologic und Umweltwissenschaften, and community dynamics of the co-occurring groups Universitat Oldenburg, AG Funktionelle Okologie, of epiphytes, hemiepiphytes, lianas and vines, shrubs Postfach 2503, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] and forbs. Vascular epiphytes frequently represent the most species-rich life form in tropical forests G. Zotz (Benzing 1990; Gentry and Dodson 1987). Although Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama their contribution to local species richness is generally S. Schultz greater in montane forests (Kelly et al. 2004), they Greening Australia, 525, Heidelberg, Vic 3084, Australia still account for at least 10-20% of all vascular 4y Springer 132 Plant Ecol (2008) 195:131-141 species in most lowland forests (Baislev et al. 1998; (depending on species). The delimitation of individ- Benavides et al. 2005; Bordenave et al. 1998; Croat ual plants is often difficult in vascular epiphytes, and 1978; Whitmore et al. 1985). we followed Sanford's (1968) definition of an Here we present a complete inventory of the "individual": a group of rhizomes and leaves vascular epiphytes found in 0.4 ha of lowland forest belonging to one species, which forms a clearly on the Caribbean slope of Panama and provide delimited stand. With the exception of small seed- detailed data on their spatial distribution. A tower lings, which could frequently not be identified to crane allowed repeated access to the forest canopy and species, all plant sizes were included in the census. facilitated a comprehensive sampling of the epiphytes Species names of flowering plants follow the Flora growing on almost 1,400 trees. The paper describes of Panama Checklist and Index (D'Arcy 1987), the current composition of the epiphyte community authorities for ferns are according to Lellinger comprising > 13,000 individuals, analyses vertical and (1989) and Croat (1978), for filmy ferns compare horizontal distribution patterns, and studies the effect also Zotz and Biiche (2000). Encyclia aemula (= of tree size and tree species on the composition of Prosthechea aemula) was treated as a separate species epiphyte assemblages. Future descriptive census work following Dressier (1993). Voucher specimens are will determine whether the current patterns in this deposited in the herbarium of the Smithsonian Trop- species-rich epiphyte community are rather stable in ical Research Institute, Panama (Tupper Center). time and space, while on-going experiments explore the underlying mechanisms of these distributions. Data analysis The spatial structure and the influence of host tree Materials and methods characteristics (tree identity and tree size (dbh = diameter at breast height)) on the composition of Field site and census work epiphyte assemblages (= epiphytes on a single host tree) were explored with ordination techniques using This study was conducted at the San Lorenzo Canopy CANOCO 4.5 (Leps and Smilauer 2003). With Crane site, which is located within the former Fort canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) one can Sherman area near the Atlantic coast of the Republic partition the variation in community composition of Panama (Wright et al. 2003). The average annual among different environmental variables, allowing rainfall is estimated to be around 3500 mm. Canopy also for the inclusion of a spatial component (Borcard height of this primary rain forest is quite variable and et al. 1992). We could, however, not include all three reaches a maximum of ca. 40 m. The use of a small expanatory variables (i.e. tree species, tree size, and gondola allowed access to all strata of the forest. spatial component) in a single analysis for a number Each tree in a roughly square area of ca. 0.4 ha was of reasons (see below), but rather performed one inspected for the occurrence of vascular epiphytes. series of analyses focusing on the spatial component While the census included woody hemi-epiphytes of the and another one focusing on the role of tree species genera Ficus, Coussapoa, Clusia and Havetiopsis and identity. To reduce heteroscedasticity, species abun- abundant climbing aroids such as Philodendron schot- dance data were log-transformed before analysis. tianum, the analysis of this paper is limited to holo- The distances between trees could only be epiphytes. There are a number of species in the assessed reliably for the subset of epiphytes growing Aracaeae, which may grow either as an epiphyte or as on trunks and the branches close to the trunk. secondary hemiepiphyte (Croat 1978). In this study, Moreover, considering the usual vertical stratification both life forms were observed in individuals of Philo- in epiphyte distributions (Nieder et al. 2000; Pittend- dendron radiatum and P. sagittifolium. Again, only truly righ 1948; Zotz 2007) a meaningful analysis of a epiphytic individuals are included in the analysis. spatial component can only be accomplished by The following data were collected for each restricting the vertical extension within the forest: individual: height of attachment (minimum and we confined our analysis to epiphytes growing in the maximum in creeping species), leaf/frond number, lowermost 10 m above the ground and only to those leaf length, stem length and/or number of shoots trees with, respectively, at least two or three species 4y Springer Plant Ecol (2008) 195:131-141 133 in this region. The spatial coordinates and the dbh the number of colonized trees and the total abundance of data for this analysis were obtained from unpublished each species as an index (PI) in an analysis of covariance. plot data (Rick Condit, STRI, unpubl.). A first CCA Only taxonomic groups (families with the exception of included 2181 epiphytes on 201 trees belonging to 71 "ferns") with at least 3 species and >10 individuals species of epiphytes, another analysis encompassed each were included. Data were again log-transformed 129 assemblages with 1934 epiphytes of 70 species. before analysis to reduce heteroscedasticity. Most of the, respectively, 68 and 52 tree species of the two data sets as environmental variables were rare (e.g. 33 of the 68 species were singletons), so tree Results species identity was not included in the analyses and variance was only partitioned between dbh and a In the forest plot of 0.4 ha, we inspected a total of spatial component. The matrix of geographical coor- 1373 trees with a diameter at breast height dinates (x and y) was completed by adding all terms (dbh) > 1 cm. Fewer than 30%, or 389 trees, hosted of a cubic trend surface regression using the software at least one vascular epiphyte, while 934 trees lacked package SpaceMaker2 (Borcard and Legendre 2004). epiphytes. Trees with epiphytes had a significantly To avoid an artificial increase of the explained greater dbh than those without (f-test t = 12.5, variation by chance, the nine terms of the resulting P < 0.001). There were, however, a few larger trees equation were reduced to seven by applying the without epiphytes in the study plot, e.g. a Vochysia CANOCO procedure of "manual forward selection ferruginea with 37 cm dbh and a Marila laxiflora of explanatory variables". with 26 cm dbh. Among epiphyte-bearing trees we A second series of CCAs focused on the potential found the expected correlations between tree size influence of tree species identity on epiphyte assem- (dbh) and epiphyte occurrence (dbh and abundance: blages. Since precise spatial positions of epiphytes r = 0.59, P < 0.05; dbh and species number: r = 0.72, were only available for those growing on trunks, this P < 0.01), respectively. In the plot there were 126 analysis ignored a spatial component. The following species of trees. Epiphytes were found on 90 (=71%) requirements had to be met by a tree species to be of these tree species.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Generic and Subtribal Relationships in Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) Based on Matk/Ycf1 Plastid Data
    LANKESTERIANA 13(3): 375—392. 2014. I N V I T E D P A P E R* GENERIC AND SUBTRIBAL RELATIONSHIPS IN NEOTROPICAL CYMBIDIEAE (ORCHIDACEAE) BASED ON MATK/YCF1 PLASTID DATA W. MARK WHITTEN1,2, KURT M. NEUBIG1 & N. H. WILLIAMS1 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 USA 2Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Relationships among all subtribes of Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) were estimated using combined matK/ycf1 plastid sequence data for 289 taxa. The matrix was analyzed using RAxML. Bootstrap (BS) analyses yield 100% BS support for all subtribes except Stanhopeinae (87%). Generic relationships within subtribes are highly resolved and are generally congruent with those presented in previous studies and as summarized in Genera Orchidacearum. Relationships among subtribes are largely unresolved. The Szlachetko generic classification of Maxillariinae is not supported. A new combination is made for Maxillaria cacaoensis J.T.Atwood in Camaridium. KEY WORDS: Orchidaceae, Cymbidieae, Maxillariinae, matK, ycf1, phylogenetics, Camaridium, Maxillaria cacaoensis, Vargasiella Cymbidieae include many of the showiest align nrITS sequences across the entire tribe was Neotropical epiphytic orchids and an unparalleled unrealistic due to high levels of sequence divergence, diversity in floral rewards and pollination systems. and instead to concentrate our efforts on assembling Many researchers have posed questions such as a larger plastid data set based on two regions (matK “How many times and when has male euglossine and ycf1) that are among the most variable plastid bee pollination evolved?”(Ramírez et al. 2011), or exon regions and can be aligned with minimal “How many times have oil-reward flowers evolved?” ambiguity across broad taxonomic spans.
    [Show full text]
  • Gongora Lilianae
    Une nouvelle espèce de Gongora (Orchidaceae) de Guyane Aurélien Sambin1,* & Florence Doekoe2 ________________________________ 1Jardin botanique de Guyane O.G.E, 2805 savane Césarée, 97355 Macouria (Guyane) 2Apt 27, 7 rue Wassai. Résidence Saint-Agathe * auteur pour la correspondance : [email protected] ________________________________ Résumé Au cours d’une expédition botanique dans le nord ouest du département une espèce de Gongora aux fleurs intégralement blanches a été découverte. Après étude minutieuse l’espèce s’est avérée nouvelle pour la science. Elle est ici décrite, illustrée et comparée aux espèces de Guyane évoquées par différents auteurs et morphologiquement les plus proches, G. pleiochroma, G. maculata, G. histrionica, G. quinquenervis et G. nigrita. La plante est comparée également à G. leucochila, une espèce au labelle le plus souvent blanc et présente du Mexique au Costa Rica et à G. maculata var. alba et var. lactea, deux variétés à fleurs quasi ou intégralement blanches. Une carte de répartition géographique accompagne la description. Une clé de détermination de toutes les espèces citées est proposée. Abstract During a botanical expedition to the north-west of the department, a Gongora with fully white flowers was discovered. After careful study, the species proved new to science. It is described here, illustrated and compared to the species of French Guiana mentionned by different authors, G. pleiochroma, G. maculata, G. histrionica, G. quinquenervis and G. nigrita. The plant is also compared to G. leucochila, a species with a mostly white lip and Manuscrit reçu le 22/04/2019 Article mis en ligne le 09/05/2019 – pp. 60-70 present from Mexico to Costa Rica and G.
    [Show full text]
  • Seedling Growth Responses to Phosphorus Reflect Adult Distribution
    Research Seedling growth responses to phosphorus reflect adult distribution patterns of tropical trees Paul-Camilo Zalamea1, Benjamin L. Turner1, Klaus Winter1, F. Andrew Jones1,2, Carolina Sarmiento1 and James W. Dalling1,3 1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama; 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA; 3Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Summary Author for correspondence: Soils influence tropical forest composition at regional scales. In Panama, data on tree com- Paul-Camilo Zalamea munities and underlying soils indicate that species frequently show distributional associations Tel: +507 212 8912 to soil phosphorus. To understand how these associations arise, we combined a pot experi- Email: [email protected] ment to measure seedling responses of 15 pioneer species to phosphorus addition with an Received: 8 February 2016 analysis of the phylogenetic structure of phosphorus associations of the entire tree commu- Accepted: 2 May 2016 nity. Growth responses of pioneers to phosphorus addition revealed a clear tradeoff: species New Phytologist (2016) from high-phosphorus sites grew fastest in the phosphorus-addition treatment, while species doi: 10.1111/nph.14045 from low-phosphorus sites grew fastest in the low-phosphorus treatment. Traits associated with growth performance remain unclear: biomass allocation, phosphatase activity and phos- Key words: phosphatase activity, phorus-use efficiency did not correlate with phosphorus associations; however, phosphatase phosphorus limitation, pioneer trees, plant activity was most strongly down-regulated in response to phosphorus addition in species from communities, plant growth, species high-phosphorus sites. distributions, tropical soil resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Tiliaceae and Genustilia
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84054-5 — Lime-trees and Basswoods Donald Pigott Excerpt More Information Introduction: the 1 Tiliaceae and genus Tilia Tilia is the type genus of the family name Tiliaceae Juss. (1789), The ovary is syncarpous with five or more carpels but only and T. × europaea L.thetypeofthegenericname(Jarviset al. one style and a stigma with a lobe above each carpel. In Tili- 1993). Members of Tiliaceae have many morphological char- aceae, the ovules are anatropous. In Malvaceae, filaments of acters in common with those of Malvaceae Juss. (1789) and the stamens are fused into a tube but have separate apices that both families were placed in the order Malvales by Engler each bear a unilocular anther. Staminodes are absent. Each of (1912). In Engler’s treatment, Tiliaceae consisted mainly of five or more carpels supports a separate style, which together trees and shrubs belonging to several genera, including a pass through the staminal tube so that the stigmas are exposed few herbaceous genera, almost all occurring in the warmer above the anthers. The ovules may be either anatropous or regions. campylotropous. This treatment was revised by Engler and Diels (1936). The Molecular studies comprising sequence analysis of DNA of family was retained by Cronquist (1981) and consisted of about two plastid genes (Bayer et al. 1999) show that, in general, the 50 genera and 700 species distributed in the tropics and warmer inclusion of most genera, including Tilia, traditionally placed parts of the temperate zones in Asia, Africa, southern Europe in Malvales is correct. There is, however, clear evidence that and America.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchid Historical Biogeography, Diversification, Antarctica and The
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) ORIGINAL Orchid historical biogeography, ARTICLE diversification, Antarctica and the paradox of orchid dispersal Thomas J. Givnish1*, Daniel Spalink1, Mercedes Ames1, Stephanie P. Lyon1, Steven J. Hunter1, Alejandro Zuluaga1,2, Alfonso Doucette1, Giovanny Giraldo Caro1, James McDaniel1, Mark A. Clements3, Mary T. K. Arroyo4, Lorena Endara5, Ricardo Kriebel1, Norris H. Williams5 and Kenneth M. Cameron1 1Department of Botany, University of ABSTRACT Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, Aim Orchidaceae is the most species-rich angiosperm family and has one of USA, 2Departamento de Biologıa, the broadest distributions. Until now, the lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 3Centre for Australian National Biodiversity prevented analyses of orchid historical biogeography. In this study, we use such Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, a phylogeny to estimate the geographical spread of orchids, evaluate the impor- 4Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, tance of different regions in their diversification and assess the role of long-dis- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, tance dispersal (LDD) in generating orchid diversity. 5 Santiago, Chile, Department of Biology, Location Global. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Methods Analyses use a phylogeny including species representing all five orchid subfamilies and almost all tribes and subtribes, calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. We estimated historical biogeography and assessed the
    [Show full text]
  • Plants and Gall Hosts of the Tirimbina Biological Reserve
    DOI 10.15517/RBT.V67I2SUPL.37233 Artículo Plants and gall hosts of the Tirimbina Biological Reserve, Sarapiqui, Costa Rica: Combining field sampling with herbarium records Plantas y hospederos de agallas de la Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Sarapiquí, Costa Rica: combinando muestras del campo con registros del herbario Juan Manuel Ley-López1 José González2 Paul E. Hanson3* 1 Departamento Académico, Reserva Biológica Tirimbina. Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica; [email protected] 2 Independent consultant, Costa Rica; [email protected] 3 Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica; San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] * Correspondence Received 03-X-2018 Corrected 10-I-2018 Accepted 24-I-2019 Abstract There has been an increasing number of inventories of gall-inducing arthropods in the Neotropics. Nonetheless, very few inventories have been carried out in areas where the flora is well documented, and records of galls from herbaria and sites outside the study area have seldom been utilized. In this study we provide a checklist of the native vascular plants of a 345 ha forest reserve in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica and document which of these plants were found to harbor galls. The gall surveys were carried out between November 2013 and December 2016. We also cross-checked our plant list with the previous gall records from elsewhere in the country and searched for galls on herbarium specimens of dicots reported from the reserve. In total, we recorded 143 families and 1174 plant species, of which 401 were hosts of galls. Plant hosts of galls were found in the following non-mutually exclusive categories: 209 in our field sampling, 257 from previous records, and 158 in herbarium specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol
    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Kolanowska, Marta The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 445-462 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42531364003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511445 The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca La orquideoflora del departamento colombiano de Valle del Cauca Marta Kolanowska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. [email protected] Abstract. The floristic, geographical and ecological analysis of the orchid flora of the department of Valle del Cauca are presented. The study area is located in the southwestern Colombia and it covers about 22 140 km2 of land across 4 physiographic units. All analysis are based on the fieldwork and on the revision of the herbarium material. A list of 572 orchid species occurring in the department of Valle del Cauca is presented. Two species, Arundina graminifolia and Vanilla planifolia, are non-native elements of the studied orchid flora. The greatest species diversity is observed in the montane regions of the study area, especially in wet montane forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis with Everything
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Geosciences MOLECULAR AND ISOTOPIC INDICATORS OF CANOPY CLOSURE IN ANCIENT FORESTS AND THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS ON LEAF ALKANE EXPRESSION A Dissertation in Geosciences and Biogeochemistry by Heather V. Graham © 2014 Heather V. Graham Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 The dissertation of Heather V. Graham was reviewed and approved* by the following: Katherine H. Freeman Professor of Geosciences Dissertation Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Lee R. Kump Professor of Geosciences Co-Chair of Committee Peter D. Wilf Professor of Geosciences Mark E. Patzkowsky Associate Professor of Geosciences Erica A.H. Smithwick Associate Professor Ecology Outside Committee Member Scott L. Wing Curator of Paleobotany, Smithsonian Institution Special Member Chris J. Marone Professor of Geosciences Associate for Graduate Programs and Research in Geosciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Dense forests with closed canopies are of enormous climatic and ecological significance. Three-dimensional forest structure affects surface albedo, atmospheric circulation, hydrologic cycling, soil stability, and the carbon cycle, both on the local and global scale. Increasingly, dense canopy forests are recognized for their role in plant and animal evolution and provide a great variety of microhabitats into which much of the diversity of animal and plant life has specialized. The geologic history of three dimensional forest structure is poorly known, however, because fossil assemblages seldom reflect tree spacing, size, or branching and adaptations specific to closed-canopy forests – such as large, fleshy fruits or branchless boles – rarely preserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Gabriel Franco Gonçalves
    GABRIEL FRANCO GONÇALVES Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2017 GABRIEL FRANCO GONÇALVES Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. SÃO PAULO 2017 GABRIEL FRANCO GONÇALVES Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Vasculares em Análises Ambientais. ORIENTADOR: DR. FÁBIO DE BARROS Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo NÚCLEO DE BIBLIOTECA E MEMÓRIA Gonçalves, Gabriel Franco G635r Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero Orleanesia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) / Gabriel Franco Gonçalves -- São Paulo, 2017. 48p. il. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2017. Bibliografia. 1. Orchidaceae. 2. Taxonomia. 3. Filogenia. I. Título. CDU: 582.594.2 Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador Dr. Fábio de Barros por ter me acompanhado até aqui, por tudo que pude aprender com ele, por toda a ajuda, compreensão e paciência e pelos momentos bons compartilhados.
    [Show full text]
  • Epilist 1.0: a Global Checklist of Vascular Epiphytes
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 EpiList 1.0: a global checklist of vascular epiphytes Zotz, Gerhard ; Weigelt, Patrick ; Kessler, Michael ; Kreft, Holger ; Taylor, Amanda Abstract: Epiphytes make up roughly 10% of all vascular plant species globally and play important functional roles, especially in tropical forests. However, to date, there is no comprehensive list of vas- cular epiphyte species. Here, we present EpiList 1.0, the first global list of vascular epiphytes based on standardized definitions and taxonomy. We include obligate epiphytes, facultative epiphytes, and hemiepiphytes, as the latter share the vulnerable epiphytic stage as juveniles. Based on 978 references, the checklist includes >31,000 species of 79 plant families. Species names were standardized against World Flora Online for seed plants and against the World Ferns database for lycophytes and ferns. In cases of species missing from these databases, we used other databases (mostly World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). For all species, author names and IDs for World Flora Online entries are provided to facilitate the alignment with other plant databases, and to avoid ambiguities. EpiList 1.0 will be a rich source for synthetic studies in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology as it offers, for the first time, a species‐level overview over all currently known vascular epiphytes. At the same time, the list represents work in progress: species descriptions of epiphytic taxa are ongoing and published life form information in floristic inventories and trait and distribution databases is often incomplete and sometimes evenwrong.
    [Show full text]
  • The One Hundred Tree Species Prioritized for Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics As Indicated by Database Mining
    The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Kindt R, Dawson IK, Lillesø J-PB, Muchugi A, Pedercini F, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Graudal L, Jamnadass R. 2021. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. Working Paper No. 312. World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21001.PDF The titles of the Working Paper Series are intended to disseminate provisional results of agroforestry research and practices and to stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other World Agroforestry publication series include Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry 2021 Working Paper No. 312 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of World Agroforestry. Articles appearing in this publication series may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Different Concentrations of Jasmonic Acid on in Vitro Development of Catasetum Fimbriatum Lindl
    ISSN 2226-3063 e-ISSN 2227-9555 Modern Phytomorphology 11: 99–104, 2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1039717 CORRESPONDENCE Influence of different concentrations of jasmonic acid on in vitro development of Catasetum fimbriatum Lindl. (Orchidaceae) Juliana Antunes Silva Maia, Cristiano Pedroso-de-Moraes * Botany and Environment Laboratory, Hermínio Ometto University Center – Uniararas, Maximilano Baruto Av. 500, Jardim Universitário, 13600-000 Araras, São Paulo, Brazil; * [email protected] Received: 21.05.2017 | Accepted: 23.07.2017 | Published: 31.10.2017 Abstract In vitro seeding constitutes an indispensable tool for propagation of the main commercial species of orchids. This study aimed to analyze the in vitro development of Catasetum fimbriatum under different concentrations of jasmonic acid in Murashige & Skoog culture medium compound of ½ macronutrients. After 180 days of cultivation, concentration of 0.25 and 0.50 μL • L-1 caused a significant increase in number of roots and leaves. The concentration of 1.00 μL • L-1 showed the best result for the length of longest root and largest leaf, the total length of seedling, and the total fresh and dry masses. Nevertheless, the use of this plant regulator on in vitro culture media still requires further investigations to determine the optimal concentration in order to obtain desirable phytotechnical characteristics in different orchid species. Keywords: Catasetum fimbriatum, jasmonic acid, plant regulator, in vitro propagation Introduction et al. 2012). These deciduous, sympodially growing orchids have well developed pseudo‑ Including 7 genera that inhabit tropical regions of bulbs, related to the storage of water during the Americas, Catasetinae Lindl. (Orchidaceae) periods of drought (Dodson 1975; Moraes & spreads from sea level to locations with more Almeida 2004).
    [Show full text]