Norman D. Penny [*I

Abstract dae, as both these other groups are probably owlfly predators, and Odonata have actually The higher classification of New World Ascalaphi- been seen to capture Ascalaphidae in flight, dae is modified to reflect new information and many when flushed from their resting place. The changes proposed in various papers over the past 70 years. The attempt has been made to retain as much wings at rest are folded over the body and 2s possible the traditional conceptual structure, whe- long, knobbed antennae are placed in front of never warranted. Keys and synoptic descriptions are the head and parallel with the substrate, thus provided for American subfamilies, tribes and genera. giving the body a long, very narrow form [As- One new synonomy (Episperches Gerstaecker = Amoea Lefebvre), one new name (Ascalobyas for Byas Ramburl calaphinael, or wings are held out to the sides, and one new genus (Neohaploglenius) are proposed. as in Odonata [Haplogleninae). During the daytime, adult owlflies normally rest .on grass stems; small, dead tree branches, etc.; and when disturbed fly low and quickly to another resting place. Larvae rest on plant foliage or Ascalaphidae, or owlflies, are large, some- sand with enlarged mandibles open, waiting times showy insects that occasionally were for soft-bodied insect prey, or actively pursuing even placed together with butterflies in the them. genus Papiiio. Some European species are day-flying, and some have boldly patterned There are two intieresting geographical wings. However, trying to identify owlflies is anomalies in the distribution of Ascalaphidae. difficult because of the many nomenclatural This family is much more common and diverse changes in scattered literature. Little progress in south temperate America than in north has been made by specialists during the past temperate America. Argentina has 19 species 50 years to summarize these modifications into and subspecies in eight genera, while the a form that other specialists can use. The United States has only 10 species and sub-

purpose~ ~ of this paper~. is to provide neces- species in three genera. The second anomaly sary nomenclature, illustrations, keys and de- is that Chile has no owlflies. Although the scriptions for adequate determination of these country is quite diverse in habitats, the Andean neuropterans to generic level. barrier appears to have prevented the intro- duction of Ascalaphidae Ascalaphidae are often common, yet little . understood Neuroptera in the New World. They closely resemble Odonata, to the point that 6 the genus of dragonfly model can sometimes be identified. Ascalaphidae are aerial preda- The first and only good, modern treatment

4 tors, often occupying an ecological niche very of the Ascalaphidae was written by Weele similar to Odonata. Most adult feeding activity (19081. A later monograph on South American seems to be confined to dusk (and perhaps Ascalaphidae by Navas (1913) used the same dawn), thus allowing Odonata reign of the classification system as Weele (except for skies during the daytime and bats at night. placing Stilbopterygidae in Haplogleninae] and Such fortuitous dividing of feeding time is added a few more species, but lacked the de- probably a survival mechanism for Ascalaphi- tailed descriptions and illustrations of the earlier work. Since 1908 there has been no Haploglenidae Newman, 1853, Zoologist, 11: comprehensive treatment of Ascalaphidae for Holophthalmi MacLachlan, 1871, J. Linn. Soc. Lond., 11: 233 (invalid, not based on existing genusl. North or Central America. Holophthalminae Weele, 1908, Coll . Zool. Edm. Selys The subfamily classification of Weele was Longchamps, 8: 26 [invalid, not based on existing based partly on the earlier work of MacLachlan genusl. (1871). Both used subfamily names which were Verticillecerinae Orfila, 1949, Annuls SOC. cient. Argent., not based on existing generic names, and until 148: 188. recently, subsequent authors followed this Ascaloptynginae MacLeod, 1970. Psyche, Camb., 77: scheme. In conformity with Article 29 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Type Genus: Haploglenius Burmeister subfamily names have been changed to con- form to previously described, but seldom used, This subfamily is characterized by entire terminology. compound eyes; antennae short to long, but always longer than thorax; long, narrow wings; cubital fork of hindwings well developed.

Ascalaphidae Lefhbvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. Zool., 4: Ta- Weele (1908) listed 19 genera and 45 ble 92. species within the Haplogleniinae, of which 6 genera and 18 species were from the Western Type Genus: Ascalaphus Fabricius Hemisphere. Penny (1977) listed 5 genera and 26 species from Central and South America. The family Ascalaphidae can be character- In his treatment ot South American Asca- ized by: holometabolous insects of the neu- laphidae Navas (1913) further divided this ropteran suborder Planipennia. Active terrestrl- subfamily into three tribes: Albardini, Epls- al or arboreal larvae with long hollow mandi- perchini and Neuroptyngini. The first of these bles used to suck body fluids from prey; tribes contains a single American species, dorsocaudal margin of head bilobed; prominent now considered to be part of the family Stil- lateral projections on thoracic and abdominal bopterygidae. The second tribe contains the segments. Adult antennae filiform, terminating type genus of the subfamily, Haploglenius, and in an oval or elliptical club. Eyes large, glo- must take the name Haplogleniini. Banks bose, either entire or divided. Thorax stout, pi- (19151 pointed out that the type genus of Neu- lose. Legs elongate, with five tarsal segments. roptyngini , Neuroptyx McC lendon, was a syno Abdomen elongate, thin. Fore-and hindwings nym of Haploglenius, so that the third tribe usually similar with dense network of cross- takes the next available name, Verticillecerini veins. Orfila. The tribes of Haplogleniinae can be separated using the following key. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF ASCALAPHIDAE

1A. Eyes entire, not divided by transverse KEY TO AMERICAN TRIBES OF HAPLOGLENIINAE sulcus [Fig. 2) ...... Haplogleniinae New. 1A. Forewing with prominent axillary angle at base of anal margin (wing cells distal to 10. Eyes divided by transverse sulcus into axillary angle shorter than within angle) two parts, superior and inferior, equal or (Figs. 3, 6, 71...... Verticillecerini Orfila unequal (Fig. 1) ...... Ascalaphinae Lef. 1B. Forewing without prominent axillary angle at base of anal margin (wing cells distal Subfamily HAPLOGLENIINAE Newman, 1853 of axillary angle equal to or longer than

Olophthme LefBbvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. Zool., 4: Ta- along basal curve] ble 92 (invalid, not based on existlng genus). (Fig. 4) ...... Haplogleniini Newman Map 1 - Known geographical distribution of the tribe Haplogleniini.

- - .-

Review. -.. Map 2 - Known geographical distribution of the tribe Verticillecerini. Tribe HAPLoGLENIIN1 Newman, 1853 typy. Type species of Episperches is Epis. perches vacuus (Gerstaecker) by present desig- Haploglenini Newrnan, 1853, Zoologist, 11 : nation. Episperchini Navas, 1913, Broteria, 10: 206 The characters used to separate Amoea Type Genus: Haploglenius Burmeister and Episperches have been the more rounded hindwing and in males the wider basal abdo- This tribe is characterized by long, narrow minal segments. These are both characters wings without an axillary angle of the forewing. subject to much variation within bo,th genera. There has been much confusion as to the For instance, the hindwing of Amoea immacu- generic, and even tribal classification, created lata [Olivier) appears to be wider than Episper- from Weele's (1908) monograph. For example, ches arenosus Walker, but narrower than Epis- within VVeele's genus Haploglenius were perches impediens Walker. The width of the species with very distinct axillary angles of abdomen often depends on how the specimen the wings, others without. One of the key dried, and present specimens of Episperches characters to generic identification was a species are as narrow as Amoea. It being darkened costal wing margin, but all shades virtually impossible to separate the genera, can be found, from dark black to pale yellow the only reasonable solution seems to .be syno- to clear. Thus, the genera within this tribe nomy. have had to be recharacterized. In the present Amoea is confined to South and Central study, three genera of American Haploglenini America from Argentina north to Guatemala. are recognized: Amoea, Ascalobyas and Haplo- Penny (19771 listed II valid species within the glenius. genera (Amoea and Episperches] . There has not been a comprehensive treatment of the KEY TO GENERA OF HAPLOGLENllNl genera given since Weele (1908) and Navas (1913). 1A. Antennae longer than distance to second Rs fork of forewing Genus Ascalobyas new name [Fig. 41 ...... 2 [Fig. 5) 1B. Antennae shorter than distance to second Byas Rarnbur, 1842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes Nevropteres. Rs fork of forewing p. 361. [preoccupied by Byas Dalman, 1820; and Byas (Fig. 51 ...... Ascalobyas new name Morris. 1837). 2A. Hindwing with 2A present, long Type Species: Byas microcerus Rambur, by [Fig. 4) ...... Haplo glenius Burmeister present designation. 26. Hindwing with 2A absent or extremely short This genus is easily separated from others (Fig. 3) ...... Amoea Lefebvre of this tribe by shorter antennae. All known species have a dark costal margin of the wings. Genus Amoea Lefebvre, 1842 Ascalobyas is presently known from two [Fig. 2) species ranging from northern Brazil to Pana- ma. Amoea Lefebvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. Zool., 4: 6. Episperches Gerstaecker, 1893, Mitt. Vorpomm. und Riigen, 25: 98 [new synonorny). Genus Haploglenius Burmeister, 1839 [Fig. 4) Type Species: of Amoea is Haploglenius sub- costatus Burmeister, now considered a syno- . Haploglenius Burrneister, 1839. Handbuch der Zool., p. nym of Amoea immaculata Olivier, by- mono- 1000.

Review. . - Map 3 - Known geographical distribution of the tribe Suhpalacsini in the New World. Map 4 - Known geographical distribution of the tribe Ululodini. Ptynx Lefebvre. 1842, Guerin's Mag. Zool., 4: 6 (preoc- 2A. Base of wings extremely narrow; hindwing cupied by Ptynx Moehring, 1758, and Ptynx Blyth, with no apparent anal veins; forewing 1840). Neuroptynx McClendon, 1906, Ent. News, 17: 172. (syno- with CUP beyond axillary angle almost nomized by Banks, 1915). touching anal margin; costal margin clear (Fig. 7) ...... Ascaloptynx Banks Type Species: Haploglenius costatus Bur- 2B. Base of wings not extremely narrow; meister. hindwing with one apparent anal vein; in forewing CUP beyond axillary angle distant Haploglenius is placed together with from anal margin; costal margin dark Amoea and Ascaloby~sin the tribe Haplogle- [Fig. 3) ...... Neohaplo$~leniusnew g. niini. Haploglenius has longer antennae than Ascalobyas, and one' more anal vein of the hindwing than Amoea. Two species listed by Genus Ascaloptynx Banks, 1915 Weele [1908], H. angulatus Gerstaecker and (Fig. 7) H. flavicornis MacLachlan, are herein trans- Neuroptynx of authors, nec. Neuroptynx McClendon. ferred to a new genus, Neohaploglenius, in the Ascaloptynx Banks, 1915, Ent, News, 26: 350. tribe Verticillicerini. The costal margin of the wing is usually dark, but it can be very pale Type Species: Ascalaphus appendiculatus La- in some individuals, and in H. bolivianus Na- treille, designated by Banks (19151. vas is completely clear. Navas (1928) listed distinguishing characters of the eight species This genus has extremely narrowed wings known at the time. However, later addition of basally with a distinctive axillary angle in the one species and present transfer of two others forewing. Three species are known: A. appen- gives this genus seven known species ranging diculatus, A. furciger and A. juvenilis. The from Argentina north to Honduras. geographical distribution is from Arizona to Texas to Florida to North Carolina, all within Tribe VERTICILLICERIN1 Orfi la, 1949 the United States. This genus is not commonly encountered. Neuroptyngini Navas, 1913, Broteria, 10: 212 (Type ge- nus was synonomized by Banks. 1915). Verticillicerini Orfila, 1949, Annuls Soc. cient. argent., Genus Neohaploglenius new genus 148: 188. (Fig. 31

Type Species: Haploglenius flavicornis Mac- Type Genus: Verticillicerus Weele . Lachlan, by present designation. Head: Antennae longer than distance to first This tribe is characterized by long, narrow fork of Rs, but shorter than distance to wing wings and a strongly differentiated axillary margin; without whorls of setae. Compound angle of the forewings. Verticillicerini pre- eyes entire; superior margin level with vertex. sently includes three genera of New World Wings: Costal margin dark, remainder of owlflies, ranging from Argentina north to the wing clear. Origin of Rs basal of CuA fork. M southern United States. and CuA nearly'straight. CuA fork distinct. In forewing axillary angle well developed, but KEY TO GENERA OF VERTICILI-ICERINI CUP not touching wing margin. In hindwing one anal vein present. 1A. Basal part of antennae with whorls of Abdomen: Uniformly narrow, without dorsal long setae structures or whorls of setal tufts. [Fig. 6) ...... verticillicerus Weele This genus is being erected for two species 1B. Antennae completely devoid of long setae - of Haploglenius which do not appear very

[Figs. 3, 4, 5)...... :...... 2 closely related to other members of the genus. Figs. 1-2: 1) Lateral view of head of Cordulecerus elegans (Ascalaphinae); 2) Lateral view of head of Arnoea iniquus (Walker) (Haplogleniinae).

Review. . . - 399 Figs. 3-4: 3) Base of right wlngs, head and antenna of Neohaploglenius (Verticillecerini), with Sc hidden behind R; 4) Base of right wings, head and antenna of Haploglenius costatus (Haplogleniini], with Ss hidden behind R. Especially distinct are the well-developed a myrmeleontid larva and Ascalaphidae do not axillary angles of the forewing and lack of the exist in Chile. Penny [I9771 recorded 77 second anal vein of the hindwing. species from South and Central America. In The two included species are Neohaploylc- the New World, this subfamily ranges from Ar- nius angulatus (Gerstaecker] and Neohaplo- gentina north to Connecticut and Illinois in the glenius flavicornis (MacLachlan] with combined United States. geographical distribution from Panama to Me- xico. KEY TO ANlERlCAN TRIBES OF ASCALAPHINAE

1A. In hindwing, fork of CuA well-developed; Genus Verticillecerus Weele, 1908 CUP short and almost straight (hi. 6) (Fig. 8) ...... Suhpalacsini Weele Verticillecerus Weele, 1808, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Long- 1B. In hindwing, fork of CuA absent; CUP champs, 8: 54. long and usually arched Type Species: Verticillecerus gerstaeckeri [Figs. 9, 10, 11) ...... Ululodini Weeie Weele, by monotypy . Verticillecerus is a distinctive genus of Tribe SUHPALACSINI Weele, 1908 owlflies, with whorls of setae on the basal Suhpalacsini Weele, 1908, Coll. 2001. Edm. Selys Long- antenna1 joints, and darkened costal area. This champs, 8: 156. is a monotypic genus, with only Verticillecerus Acmonotini Weele, 1908, Coll. 2001. Edrn. Selys Long- gerstaeckeri Weele. This species is only champs, 8: 198, synonomized by Navas (1919). known from Paraguay and Missiones Province, Argentina (Williner, 1945). Only five specimens Type Genus: Suhpalacsa Lefebvre of this genus have been mentioned in the li- terature. This tribe has a well-developed fork of CuA of the hindwing, reminiscent of the Haplogle- niinae. Suhpalacsini remains the least known Subfamily ASCALAPHINAE Lefebvre, 1842 and most confused tribe of American Ascala-

Ascalaphidae Lefebvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. zool., 4: Ta- phidae. When Weele [I9081 wrote his mono- ble 92. graphic revision of Ascalaphidae, no members Schizophthalmi Lefebvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. zool., 4: of this tribe were known from the New World, Table 92, (invalid, not based on valid genus name). although one species of Acmonotini was mentioned from Argentina. NavBs [I9141 de- Type Genus: Ascalaphus Fabricius scribed the first species in his new genus Nephelasca from Colombia. In 1919, Navas de- This subfamily is easily characterized be- scribed a second species of this tribe in an- cause it is the only subfamily with compound other new genus, Fillus, from Argentina. In eyes divided by a median sulcus. Ascalaphi- this same article he synonomized the tribes nae is also the largest subfamily: Weele (1908? Suhpalacsini and Acmonotini, transferring the recorded seven tribes, 33 genera and 154 only American species of the latter tribe to species worldwide. Only two tribes, Suhpalac- his genus Fillus. In this same work, he in- sini and Uluiodini, are found in the New World. cluded a key to known genera of Suhpalacsini, A third tribe, Acmonotini, was mentioned by without mentioning his genus Nephelasca. In Weele (1908) but Navas (1919) pointed out the fact, this genus was not mentioned again until single species belonged in the Suhpalacsini. A Penny's check-list of Latin American Neuropte- fourth tribe, Hibrisini, was mentioned by Na- ra in 1977. The original description is of a vis (1913) based on a Chilean larva described single female, and genera within the tribe are by Brethes (1908). Stange (personal commu- separated by characters of the male abdomen, nication) states that this specimen is actually so that exact placement of this genus is at

Review Figs. 5-7: 5) Base of right wings, head and antenna of Ascalobyas (Haplogleniini), with Sc hidden behind R; 6) Ease OF right wings, head and antenna of Verticillecerus [modified from Weele, 19081 (Verticillecerini) with Sc hidden behind R; 71 Base of right wings, head and antenna of Ascaloptynx (adapted from Weele. 1908) (Vertlcillecerini] with Sc hidden behind R.

402 - Penny Fig. 8-11: 8) Hindwing of Fillus paradoxus [Weele] (adapted from Weele. 1908) [Suhpalacsini), with Sc partially hidden behind R; 9). Hindwing of Ululodes macleayana (Guildingl [Ululodini), with Sc partially hidden behind R; 10) Hindwing of ~mero~terusdelicatulus (MacLachlan] (Ululodini], with Sc partially hidden behind R; 11) Hindwing of Cordulecerus elegans Weele [Ululodini), with Sc partially hidden behind R.

Review. . present not possible. Suhpalacsini is mostly 2A. In hindwing, CUP straight confined to the Old World and Fillus remains (Fig. 10) ...... Ameropterus E.-P. the only American genus of this tribe clearly defined. 2B. In hindwing, CUP clearly sinuous (Figs. 9, 11) ...... 3

Genus Fillus Navas, 1919 3A. Hindwing long and narrow, approximately (Fig. 8) as wide at midlength as near wing base (Fig. 9) ...... Ululodes Currie Fillus Navas. 1919, Revta. R. Acad. Cient. exact. fis. nat. Madr.. 17: 289. 3B. Hindwing trianguloid, much wider at mid- length than near wing base Type Species: Fillus brethesi Navas (Fig. 11) ...... Cordulecerus Rambur

Weele (1908) described an American Genus Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922 spceies of the tribe Acmonotini, Acmonotus (Fig. 10) paradoxus. Navas (I919) transferred this species to his new genus Fillus, within the Colobopterus Rambur, 1842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes Ne- Suhpalacsini, along with describing a new vropteres, P . 360. (preoccupied by Colobopterus species, Fillus brethesi. These are the only Mulsant, 1842).

two American species in the genus. Fillus pa- Ameropterus Esben-Petersen, 1922. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., radoxus (Weele) is still known only from the 10: 621. female holotype, and could be the senior syno- nym of Fillus brethesi. The known geographi- Type Species: Ascalaphus versicolor Bur- cal distribution of Fillus is Argentina and Pa- meister, designated by Weele (19081. raguay.

Among the Ululodini, Ameropterus is easily Tribe ULULODINI weele, 1908 recognized by the straight hindwing vein CUP. Penny (1977) listed 21 species in this genus Ululodini Weele, 1908, Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Long- champs, 8: 94. from South and Central America. One ad- ditional species is known from North America. Type Genus: Ululodes Currie. Genus Ascalorphne Banks, 1915 Ululodini, characterized by divided com-

pound eyes and no development of the fork of Orphne Lefhbvre, 1842, Guerin's Mag. Zool., 4: Table CUA in the hindwing, is the largest tribe of 92, p. 7, (preoccupied by Orphne Huebner, 1825). American owlflies. In the present study, four Ascalorphne Banks, 1915, Ent. News. 26: 350. genera are recognized from Argentina north to northern United States. Type Species: Ascalaphus macrocercus Bur-

KEY TO GENERA OF ULLlLODlNl meister, designated by Weele (1908).

1A. Axillary angle of the forewing very dis- ' This is the only genus of Lllulodini with .. tinct (Figs. 3, 6, 7); antennae longer than fdistinctive axillary angles of the forewing. In forewing ...... Ascalorphne Banks this respect, they resemble the Verticilleceri- 10. Forewing smoothly curved to base, without ni of Haplogleniinae. Ascalorphne is a small axillary angle [Figs. 4, 5); antennae as genus with restricted distribution. Only four long as, or shorter than, forewing species are known, ranging from Argentina to ...... 2 northern Brazil and Bolivia. Genus Cordulecerus Rambur, 1842 of our knowledge of larval taxonomy does not [Figs. 1, 111 yet allow us to make an accurate assessment as to the validity of these names. Cordulecerus Rambur, 1842, Hist. nat. des Insectes Ne- vropteres, p. 359.

Type Species: Cordulecerus maclachlani Se- lys, designated by Weele (1908). A classifica~Ho dos taxas superiores de ~scala- phidae do Novo Mundo 6 modificado para refletir infor- Cordulecerus is a distinctive genus be- ma~desnovas, e muitas mudan~asque foram propos- tas em vBrios artigos durante os liltimos 70 anos. A cause of the trianguloid hindwings. Hindwings tentativa foi feita para conservar o conceit0 tradicional, of most species are pigmented. In Amazonia, quando possivel. Chaves e descripjes sin6pticas sHo species of this genus appear to be confined elaboradas para subfamilias, tribus e gdneros america- to forested areas, and are most frequently nos. Uma sinonomia nova [Episperches Gerstaecker = found in tree canopies. Dr. Dodge Engleman Amoea LefBbvrel, um nome novo [Ascalobyas para Byas Ramburl e um g6nero novo [Neohaploglenius] sHo pro- (personal communication) noted a large swarm postos . of more than 40 individuals of both sexes of Cordulecerus elegans Weele congregated to- REFERENCES gether at the tip of a tree branch at dusk, in central Amazonia. Ten species and one sub- BANKS, N. species have been described, ranging from Ar- 1915 - Two new names in the Ascalaphidae. Ent. gentina north to Mexico. News, 26: 350. BLYTH, 1840 - In Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., p. 175. Genus Ululodes Currie, 1899 BRETHES, J. [Fig. 9) 1908 - Descripcion de una larva de Glyptobasis ? de Chile. Revta. chil. Hist. nat., 12: 15-17. Ulula Rambur, 1842, Hist. nat. des lnsectes Nevropteres, BURMEISTER, H. p. 357 [preoccupied by Ulula Cuvier, 18171. 1839 - Handbuch der Entomologie. Neuroptera. 2 Ululodes Currie, 1899, Insects of New Jersey, p. 57. (21: 757-1017. Berlin. CLIRRIE, R. Type Species : Ascalaphus macleayana Gui l- 1899 - Neuroptera. In, Smith Insects of New Jer- ding. sey, Suppl. ESBEN-PETERSEN, P. characterized Ululodes is a large genus, 1922 - New species of Neuroptera in the British by long, narrow wings; very little development Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 10: 617-621. of fcrewing axillary lobes; and CUP arched in GERSTAECKER, A. the hindwing. Species of this genus are often 1893 - Ueber neue und weniger gekannte Neurop- collected at lights in open fields and cutover teren aus der familie Megaloptera, Burm. areas. Penny (1977) recorded 21 species and hlitt. naturw. Ver. Neu-Vorpomm., 25: 93- 173. 4 subspecies from South and Central America. HUEBNER Another two species and four subspecies are 1825 - Verz. bekannt. Schmett., 20: 314. known from North America. The genus ranges LEFCBVRE, A. . from Argentina north to northern United 1842 - Ascalaphne . Ascalaphus Fabricius . Guerin's States. Mag. Zool., 6: tab. xcii, 1-10. McCLENDON, J.F. Ungrouped genera 1906 - Notes on the true Neuroptera. 3. A cata- logue of Texas Neuroptera. Ent. News, 17: 169-173. The generic names Neulatus IVavis [I9121 from Chile and Sodirus Navas (1912) from MacLACHLAN, R. 1871 - An attempt towards a systematic classifi- Ecuador have been applied to neuropterous cation of the family Ascalaphidae. Proc. larvae placed in the Ascalaphidae. The state Linn. Soc. Lond.. 11: 219-276.

Review. . . MacLEOD, E.G. NEWMAN, E. 1970 - The Neuroptera of the Baltic Amber. 1. As- 1853 - Proposed division of Neuroptera into two - calaphidae, Nymphidae and Psychopsidae classes. Zoologist, 11: 181-204. Psyche, Camb., 77: ORFILA, R.N. 1949 Notas criticas sobre Ascalaphidae. An. SOC. MOEHRING - ! 1758 - Geslach. Vogel., p. 4, 49. cient. argent., 148: 187-194. \-/' MORRIS PENNY, N.D. *. 1837 - In Wood, Naturalist, 2 (9): 123. 1977 - Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphi- t dioptera do MBxico, America Central, llhas MULSANT Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazoni- 1 1842 - Histoire naturelle ColBopt. France, p. 165. ca. Supl., 7 (4): 1-62. NAVAS, L. 7' RAMBUR, J.P. 1912 - Sinopsis de 10s AscalBfidos (Ins. Neur.). 1842 - Histoire naturelle des lnsectes Nevropt6res. Arx. de I'lnstitut de Ciencias, 1 (31: 45-143. Paris. 534 p. 1913 - AscalBfidos [Ins. Neur.) sudamericanos. Bro- WEELE, H.W. van der teria, 10: 203-233. 1908 - Ascalaphiden. Monographisch Bearbeitet. 1914 - Neuropteros sudamericanos . Primera serie. Coll. zool. Edm. Selys Longchamps. Fasc. Broteria, 12: 45-57, 21 5-235. VIII. 326 pp., 254 figs., 2 pls. 1919 - Algunos insectos Neur6pteros de la Argen- WILLINER, G.J. tina. Tercera Serie. Revta. R. Acad. Cien. 1945 - Ascalafidos argentinos (Neurbpteros). Rvta. exact. fis. nat. Madr., 17: 287-305. Soc. ent. Argent. 12 (5): 425-437. . 1928 - lnsectos neotr6picos. 4." Serie. Revta. chil. Hist. nat., 32: 106-128. (Aceito para publica~Ioem 22/07/80)