ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Education No 117 Monica Langerth Zetterman Innehållsdesign – principer, metoder och verktyg samt tillämpningar inom utbildningshistorisk forsk- ning och undervisning Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Auditorium Minus, Museum Gustavianum, Akademigatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, March 14, 2008 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Langerth Zetterman, M. 2008. Innehållsdesign. Principer, metoder och verktyg samt tillämpningar inom utbildningshistorisk forskning och undervisning. (Content design. Principles, methods, tools, and applications in history of education). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala Studies in Education 117. 272 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-7091-3. This thesis explores content design – an area which encompasses the practices and the concep- tions of the description, organisation and manipulation of digital content. The overall aim was to identify and examine principles, methods and tools appropriate for content design within the humanities and the social sciences. Another purpose was to investigate the limitations and oppor- tunities of the identified methods and tools by means of modelling and applications of prosopo- graphical materials, designed for research and teaching in history of education. The prosopographical collection consists of three different kinds of sources: transcriptions from biographical reference books, written biographical accounts and digitalised archival sources, such as enrolment registers. These resources were encoded according to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) guidelines with the purpose to denote specific structures and semantic features of the content. The thesis demonstrates how the prosopographical collection, stored in a master file in TEI/XML format, was encoded and organised and then further transformed, migrated and manipulated by other tools and to other platforms. This resulted in several examples of applica- tions demonstrating a broad range of uses for research and teaching in history of education and alike. One conclusion is that the TEI guidelines serve well as a valuable tool for the markup of rather complex historical materials designed for multiple purposes: for qualitative analyses, and as input to multivariate statistical analyses, and for migration into relational databases. Another conclusion is that such digital collections, provided with markup, could be treated as research tools themselves, because they lend themselves much more than simply access, retrieval or read- ing. In this prosopographical collection, the markup contributes to make explicit the underlying theories and thus provides scholars, teachers and students with tools to reuse and rearrange the content for other kinds of uses in other areas. Keywords: Text Encoding Initiative, markup, markup languages, text encoding, history of educa- tion, prosopography, educational science, educational uses, methods in education, methodology, historical sources, digital collection, collective biography, electronic texts Monica Langerth Zetterman, Department of Education, Box 2109 Uppsala University, SE-750 02 Uppsala, Sweden © Monica Langerth Zetterman 2008 ISSN 0347-1314 ISBN 978-91-554-7091-3 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8464 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8464) Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, Västerås 2008 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala www.uu.se, [email protected] Till Agnes, Alice & Erik Innehållsförteckning Termlista .......................................................................................................................13 Förord ........................................................................................................................... 17 DEL I Inledning.................................................................................................. 19 1 Utgångspunkter................................................................................................. 21 1.1 Problembeskrivning .................................................................................... 24 1.2 Syfte och frågor ........................................................................................... 36 1.3 Tillvägagångssätt.......................................................................................... 37 1.4 Avgränsningar .............................................................................................. 40 1.5 Något om terminologi ................................................................................ 42 1.6 Disposition ................................................................................................... 48 Del II Innehållsdesign – avgränsning och inventering av principer, metoder och verktyg ................................................................................................................... 49 2 Innehållsdesign – några utgångspunkter....................................................... 51 2.1 Innehållsdesign – definition och avgränsning......................................... 51 2.2 Grundläggande principer för märkning av innehåll............................... 55 2.3 Open Source – öppna standarder, metoder och verktyg .......................... 60 3 Principer och metoder för innehållsdesign................................................... 70 3.1 Inledning....................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Märkspråkens utveckling............................................................................ 73 3.3 Innehållets ordning ..................................................................................... 77 3.4 SGML – ett märkspråk för industrin ....................................................... 80 3.5 XML – en verktygslåda för webben......................................................... 82 3.6 Alternativ till den hierarkiska dokumentmodellen................................. 85 3.7 Metoder och verktyg för metadata på webben....................................... 91 4 Verktyg för innehållsdesign – Text Encoding Initiative........................... 102 4.1 Inledning..................................................................................................... 102 4.2 Riktlinjerna tar form.................................................................................. 103 4.3 Från projekt till konsortium..................................................................... 107 4.4 Riktlinjernas utgångspunkter och principer .......................................... 113 4.5 Modulerna................................................................................................... 118 4.6 TEI P5 – från pizza till smörgåsbord..................................................... 126 4.7 Avslutning................................................................................................... 130 Del III Tillämpad innehållsdesign................................................................... 131 5 Prosopografisk metod, verktyg och material.............................................. 133 5.1 Om metod .................................................................................................. 133 5.2 Prosopografins utgångspunkter och karaktäristika.............................. 135 5.3 Prosopografiska tillämpningar – en översikt......................................... 138 5.4 Introduktion till projektet Formering för offentlighet ........................ 143 5.5 Modelleringens utgångspunkter .............................................................. 145 5.6 Introduktion till det prosopografiska materialet................................... 151 5.7 Kapitalbeskrivningar som verktyg för insamling av material ............. 157 5.8 Biografiska uppslagsböcker som källmaterial i prosopografin........... 162 5.9 Arkivmaterial som källor i prosopografin.............................................. 167 5.10 Avslutning ............................................................................................. 171 6 Innehållsdesign av prosopografiskt material .............................................. 172 6.1 Beskrivande märkning av kapitalbeskrivningar .................................... 172 6.2 Beskrivande märkning av arkivmaterial ................................................. 184 6.3 Verktyg för semi-automatiserad märkning............................................ 187 6.4 Metoder för migrering av filformat ........................................................ 189 6.5 Ordning och nyordning – klassificering av indikatorer....................... 196 7 Tillämpningar av det prosopografiska materialet ...................................... 201 7.1 Beskrivande statistik.................................................................................. 201 7.2 Nätverksanalys ........................................................................................... 208 7.3 Interaktiv visualisering.............................................................................. 213 7.4 Att förena bilder med text........................................................................ 216 7.5 Webbarkivet ............................................................................................... 220 7.6 Sammanfattande kommentarer om tillämpningar................................ 225 Del IV Avslutning ............................................................................................. 229 8 Sammanfattande diskussion.........................................................................