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Westminsterresearch WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/research/westminsterresearch Gambling with regeneration: seaside resort regeneration and casino development James Morgan School of Architecture and the Built Environment This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster. © The Author, 2013. This is an exact reproduction of the paper copy held by the University of Westminster library. The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Users are permitted to download and/or print one copy for non-commercial private study or research. Further distribution and any use of material from within this archive for profit-making enterprises or for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. Whilst further distribution of specific materials from within this archive is forbidden, you may freely distribute the URL of WestminsterResearch: (http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/). In case of abuse or copyright appearing without permission e-mail [email protected] GAMBLING WITH REGENERATION: SEASIDE RESORT REGENERATION AND CASINO DEVELOPMENT JAMES MORGAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Westminster for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For his patience, invaluable advice and constant supervision, Professor Peter Newman my Director of Studies has my greatest admiration and thanks. My supervisors, Professor Robert Maitland and Dr Adam Eldridge, who constantly offered their expertise, advice and time, are in my debt. My thanks also go to Brett Crane who has supported me throughout the whole process of researching and writing up my thesis. The University of Westminster’s School of Architecture and Built Environment has been my second home for the last eight years. I have made many friends at the school. They have inspired me along my research journey. I would like to give particular thanks to my colleagues in the Department of Urban Regeneration and the Centre of Tourism. I take away many fond memories of my time with these colleagues and from my academic journey. i DECLARATION This thesis is my own work and contains nothing that is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others. It has not been previously submitted, in part or whole, to any other university or institution for any degree, diploma or other qualification. James Morgan, BA (Hons) March 2013 ii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1.1 GAMBLING WITH REGENERATION 1 1.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 3 CHAPTER 2 2.1 RESORT REGENERATION: ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND PLACE 6 2.2 URBAN POLICY AND THE EVOLUTION OF REGENERATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 6 2.3 NEW LABOUR AND REGENERATION IN BRITAIN 9 2.4 THE RISE AND FALL OF COLD-WATER RESORTS 12 2.5 APPROACHES TO RESORT REGENERATION 16 2.6 CASINO LED REGENERATION 19 2.7 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CASINO DEVELEOPMENT 20 2.8 SOCIAL IMPACTS OF CASINO DEVELOPMENT 23 2.9 CONCLUSION 24 CHAPTER 3 3.1 RESTRUCTURING PLACES AND SPACES OF CULTURAL CONSUMPTION 25 3.2 A RESORT REGENERATION STRATEGY 25 3.3 RESORT PLACEMAKING CONSIDERATIONS 27 3.4 SENSE OF PLACE 27 3.5 HERITAGE AND PLACE IDENTITY 28 3.6 POLITICS OF TOURISM CONSUMPTION 29 3.7 UNDERSTANDING RESORT PLACEMAKING 30 3.8 UNDERSTANDING RESORTS AS SPACES OF CULTURAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 32 3.9 CASINOS AS CULTURAL ARTEFACTS 36 3.10 CONCLUSION 39 CHAPTER 4 4.1 RESEARCHING THE CULTURAL IN CASINO REGENERATION POLICY 41 4.2 THEORISING CASINO POLICY DEVELOPMENT 42 4.3 DEVELOPING AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH 43 4.4 RESEARCH METHOD 45 4.5 INTERPRETING CASINO DEVELOPMENT POLICY 46 4.6 RESEARCHING CASINO DEVELOPMENT POLICY 47 4.7 CASE STUDY APPROACH 47 4.8 THE CASE STUDY LOCATIONS 49 4.9 SECONDARY DATA GATHERING 55 4.10 PRIMARY DATA GATHERING: SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 56 4.11 SAMPLE DESIGN AND EXECUTION 57 4.12 INTERVIEW TOPIC GUIDE 58 4.13 PILOTING THE TOPIC GUIDE 59 4.14 THE FLÂNEUR 60 4.15 DATA ANALYSIS 61 4.16 ASSESSING THE INTERVIEWS 62 4.17 CONCLUSION 62 iii CHAPTER 5 5.1 EXPLORING NATIONAL CASINO REGULATION 63 5.2 MODERNISING CASINO REGULATION IN THE UK 63 5.3 REGULATION AND CASINOS 64 5.4 NATIONAL – REGIONAL – LOCAL REGENERATION POLICY STRUCTURE 69 5.5 CASINO REGULATION AND REGENERATION 70 5.6 CONCLUSION 74 CHAPTER 6 6.1 SCARBOROUGH: A REGIONAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVE 75 6.2 BRITAIN’S FIRST SEASIDE RESORT 75 6.3 AN OVERVIEW OF REGENERATION AND PLANNING IN SCARBOROUGH 76 6.4 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 82 6.5 CASINO REGULATION AND REGIONAL POLICY INTEGRATION 82 6.6 CASINO REGULATION AS A REGENERATION CATALYST 84 6.7 SUB-REGIONAL POLICY TENSIONS 85 6.8 REGIONAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 86 6.9 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 87 6.10 LIMITATIONS OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL CASINO POLICY RELATIONSHIPS 89 6.11 LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 91 6.12 CASINO REGULATION AND LOCAL POLICY INTEGRATION 92 6.13 CASINO REGULATION AND TOURISM 93 6.14 SOCIAL AND MORAL TENSIONS IN CASINO DEVELOPMENT 96 6.15 CASINO CONSULTATIONS 97 6.16 LOCAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 99 6.17 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 103 6.18 CONCLUSION 103 CHAPTER 7 7.1 GREAT YARMOUTH: A REGIONAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVE 108 7.2 A HISTORY OF MARITIME TRADITION 108 7.3 AN OVERVIEW OF REGENERATION AND PLANNING IN GREAT YARMOUTH 110 7.4 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 118 7.5 CASINO REGULATION AND REGIONAL POLICY INTEGRATION 118 7.6 CASINO REGULATION AS A REGENERATION CATALYST 119 7.7 SUB-REGIONAL POLICY TENSIONS 122 7.8 REGIONAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 123 7.9 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 125 7.10 LIMITATIONS OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL CASINO POLICY RELATIONSHIPS 126 7.11 LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 127 7.12 CASINO REGULATION AND LOCAL POLICY INTEGRATION 128 7.13 CASINO REGULATION AND TOURISM 129 7.14 SOCIAL AND MORAL TENSIONS IN CASINO DEVELOPMENT 132 7.15 CASINO CONSULTATIONS 134 7.16 LOCAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 136 7.17 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 139 7.18 CONCLUSION 140 iv CHAPTER 8 8.1 TORBAY: A REGIONAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVE 143 8.2 THREE TOWNS ONE BAY 143 8.3 AN OVERVIEW OF REGENERATION AND PLANNING IN TORBAY 145 8.4 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 152 8.5 CASINO REGULATION AND REGIONAL POLICY INTEGRATION 152 8.6 CASINO REGULATION AS A REGENERATION CATALYST 155 8.7 SUB-REGIONAL POLICY TENSIONS 158 8.8 REGIONAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 159 8.9 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 161 8.10 LIMITATIONS OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL CASINO POLICY RELATIONSHIPS 162 8.11 LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON CASINO DEVELOPMENT 163 8.12 CASINO REGULATION AND LOCAL POLICY INTEGRATION 163 8.13 CASINO REGULATION AND TOURISM 166 8.14 SOCIAL AND MORAL TENSIONS IN CASINO DEVELOPMENT 168 8.15 CASINO CONSULTATIONS 170 8.16 LOCAL VISIONS FOR A CASINO AND ITS LOCATION 172 8.17 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: THE RESORT AND THE CASINO 175 8.18 CONCLUSION 177 CHAPTER 9 9.1 COMPARING CASINO REGENERATION POLICY IN THREE SEASIDE RESORTS 180 9.2 REGIONAL POLICY INTEGRATION OF CASINO REGULATION 180 9.3 LOCAL POLICY INTEGRATION OF CASINO REGULATION 182 9.4 CASINO REGENERATION IN TOURIST DEPENDENT ECONOMIES 184 9.5 CASINO LOCATIONS 188 9.6 VISIONS FOR CASINOS 191 9.7 SOCIAL AND MORAL TENSIONS 193 9.8 CULTURAL COMPATIBILITY: RESORTS AND CASINOS 195 CHAPTER 10 10.1 CULTURAL POLICY ANALYSIS: CASINOS AND REGENERATING RESORTS 198 10.2 REGULATING CASINO DEVELOPMENT 198 10.3 INTEGRATING CASINO REGULATION WITH OTHER POLICY AREAS 203 10.4 INTEGRATING COMMUNITY AND RESORT CULTURES INTO CASINO REGENERATION PLANS 210 10.5 A VISION FOR RESORT CASINOS 212 10.6 VISIONS OF REGENERATION 216 10.7 CASINO REGULATION AND CULTURAL REGENERATION POLICY 220 10.8 CULTURAL POLICY AND PLACE-SPECIFIC CULTURES 222 10.9 CASINO REGENERATION POLICY RESEARCH 223 v Diagrams Diagram 1: Casino Premises Licensing Process. 2 Diagram 2: Tourism Area Lifecycle. 15 Diagram 3: Circuit of Culture. 36 Diagram 4: Cultural Regeneration Policy Analysis Framework. 43 Figures Figure 1: Atlantic City. 22 Figure 2: Scarborough. 51 Figure 3: Great Yarmouth. 52 Figure 4: Torbay. 53 Figure 5: Traditional industries and tourism development trajectories. 54 Maps Map 1. Scarborough: Existing and Proposed Casino Sites. 81 Map 2. Great Yarmouth: Existing and Proposed Casino Sites. 117 Map 3. Torbay: Existing and Proposed Casino Sites. 150 Tables Table 1: Tourism and Resort policies, reports and initiatives. 19 Table 2: Restructuring resort places through casino development. 40 Table 3: Historic timeline for Great Yarmouth, Scarborough and Torbay. 50 Table 4: Historic place activities and attributes. 55 Table 5: Parameters for large and small casinos. 68 Table 6: Scarborough national-regional-local policy timeline. 78 Table 7: Scarborough regeneration initiatives. 80 Table 8: Scarborough casino policy and development perceptions. 107 Table 9: Great Yarmouth national-regional-local policy timeline. 112 Table 10: Great Yarmouth regeneration initiatives. 114 Table 11: Great Yarmouth casino policy and development perceptions. 142 Table 12: Torbay national-regional-local policy timeline. 147 Table 13: Torbay regeneration initiatives. 149 Table 14: Torbay casino policy and development perceptions. 179 Table 15: National casino regulation and regional-local integration. 184 Table 16: Casino regeneration in tourism dependent economies. 188 Table 17: Casino locations. 190 Table 18: Casino representations and identities. 193 Table 19: Cultural compatibility of casinos. 197 Table 20: Resort restructuring through casino development.
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