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Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information MILITARY SAINTS IN BYZANTIUM AND RUS, 900–1200 The rulers of the Byzantine Empire and its commonwealth were protected both by their own soldiers and by a heavenly army: the military saints. The transformation of Saints George, Demetrios, Theodore and others into the patrons of imperial armies was one of the defining developments of religious life under the Macedonian emperors. This book provides a comprehensive study of military sainthood and its roots in late antiquity. The emergence of the cults is situated within a broader social context, in which mortal sol- diers were equated with martyrs and martyrs of the early Church recruited to protect them on the battlefield. Dr White then traces the fate of these saints in early Rus, drawing on unpublished manu- scripts and other under-utilised sources to discuss their veneration within the princely clan and their influence on the first native saints of Rus, Boris and Gleb, who eventually joined the ranks of their ancient counterparts. monica white is a lecturer in Slavonic Studies at the University of Nottingham, where she teaches Byzantine and Rus history, the history of the Orthodox Church and Orthodox sainthood. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information MILITARY SAINTS IN BYZANTIUM A ND RUS, 900–1200 MONICA WHITE University of Nottingham © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521195645 © Monica White 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data White, Monica, 1976– Military saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 / Monica White. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-19564-5 1. Christian patron saints–Cult–Byzantine Empire. 2. Christian martyrs–Cult–Byzantine Empire. 3. Byzantine Empire–History, Military–1081–1453. 4. Byzantine Empire–Church history. 5. Byzantine Empire. Stratos. 6. War–Religious aspects–Christianity–History of doctrines–Middle Ages, 600–1500. I. Title. BX4659.B9W55 2013 274.7′03–dc23 2012033991 ISBN 978-0-521-19564-5 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information моим учителям © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information Contents List of illustrations page viii Acknowledgements x A note on translations, transliterations and names xii List of abbreviations xiv General map of Rus in the late pre-Mongol period xvi Introduction 1 1 The pre-history of the military saints 13 2 The formation of the martyr-warrior ideal 32 3 The collective cult of the military saints 64 4 The military saints in early Rus 94 5 Boris and Gleb and the martyr-warrior ideal in Rus 132 6 Military saints under the house of Suzdal 167 Conclusion 201 Appendix 1: Feast days of the principal military saints 206 Appendix 2: Reigns of Roman and Byzantine emperors mentioned in the text 207 Appendix 3: Simplified genealogy of the Riurikids 209 Appendix 4: Rus churches and monasteries dedicated to patronal figures 210 Appendix 5: Rus churches and monasteries dedicated to non-patronal figures 217 Bibliography 222 Index 241 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information Illustrations 1 Ivory triptych from the Palazzo Venezia, Rome (Alinari Archives, Florence) page 79 2 Steatite icon of the Hetoimasia (Hétimasie et saints militaires © RMN-GP (Musée du Louvre)/Daniel Arnaudet) 83 3 Ivory icon of Demetrios (© 2012. Image copyright The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence) 86 4 Frontispiece of the Psalter of Basil II (© 2012. Photo Scala, Florence) 92 5 Seal of Iaroslav Vladimirovich (© Valentin Yanin and Petr Gajdukov, photograph by Ken Walton) 112 6 Seal of Mstislav Iurevich (© Valentin Yanin and Petr Gajdukov) 116 7 Zmeevik featuring George and Theodore (Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum. Photo by Yuri Molodkovets) 126 8 Carved relief from Kiev featuring George and Theodore (© 2012. Andrea Jemolo/Scala, Florence) 129 9 Seal of Rostislav Mstislavich (© Valentin Yanin and Petr Gajdukov) 155 10 Byzantine enamel icon of Demetrios (© 2012. Photo Scala, Florence/BPK, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin) 158 11 Rus enamel pendants with unidentified martyrs (Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum. Photo by Yuri Molodkovets) 160 12 Metal icon from Riazan (© Riazan Historical-Architectural Museum-Reserve, photograph by Ken Walton) 164 13 Cathedral of St Demetrios, Vladimir: George (© M. S. Gladkaya) 188 viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information List of illustrations ix 14 Cathedral of St Demetrios, Vladimir: Theodore (© M. S. Gladkaya) 189 15 Cathedral of St Demetrios, Vladimir: Boris and Gleb on horseback (© M. S. Gladkaya) 189 16 Cathedral of St Demetrios, Vladimir: Boris and Gleb holding crosses (© M. S. Gladkaya) 191 17 Cathedral of St George, Iurev-Polskoi: frontal portraits (© G. K. Vagner, photograph by Ken Walton) 195 18 Cathedral of St George, Iurev-Polskoi: Mother of God and military saints (© G. K. Vagner, photograph by Ken Walton) 195 19 Icon depicting Novgorod’s victory over Suzdal (detail) (© T. Tsarevskaya) 202 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements The dedication of this volume is an expression of my gratitude to the mentors and friends who have guided me in my study of Byzantium, Rus and Russia. Simon Franklin, who supervised the original version of this study as a doctoral dissertation, deserves special thanks for his encour- agement, patience, advice and generosity with books ever since receiving an unsolicited telephone call from Tver about the possibility of com- ing to Cambridge to study with him. A number of other teachers have also inspired and helped me in countless ways: Phil Pomper, Susanne Fusso, Bob Whitman, Priscilla Meyer, Duffy White, Irene Aleshkovsky, William McCarthy, Jonathan Shepard, Philip Pattenden, Predrag Matejic and M. A. Johnson. Anything of value in this study is largely the result of their dedication as teachers and scholars, although any mistakes are of course entirely my own. The logistical difficulties associated with producing this book could not have been surmounted without help from numerous quarters. A schol- arship to enable me to attend the Medieval Slavic Summer Institute in 2001 furnished me with essential research skills, which were put to use during a trip to Russia funded by a Lightfoot Grant from the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge. The PhD was completed thanks to a Gunn Studentship from Peterhouse, University of Cambridge and work on the book continued during a Research Fellowship at Clare College, Cambridge, a Mellon Fellowship at Stanford University and a lectureship at the University of Nottingham. Further research trips were supported by the Dean’s Fund of the Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham. This fund, along with research funds from the Department of Russian and Slavonic Studies and the School of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies, helped offset the costs associated with the illustrations. Hospitality and general moral support during visits to libraries in Cambridge, London and Berkeley were kindly provided by Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe, Piers Baker-Bates and the White, Gordon and Hill families. Alexei Gippius x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19564-5 - Military Saints in Byzantium and Rus, 900–1200 Monica White Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements xi went to extraordinary lengths to secure copyright permissions for illus- trations of Rus materials. Tim Hill, Linda Gordon, Polly McMichael, Emily Finer, Mary Cunningham, Doug Lee and Liudmyla Sharipova helped immensely by reading and correcting the draft, providing transla- tions and books and assisting with technical matters.
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