THE ARUP JOURNAL

WINTER 1992/93 Front cover: Legal & General. Kingswood. (Photo: Peter Mackinven) Back cover: THEARUP United Overseas Bank Plaza, Singapore. Brian Simpson's Brick Model was used to analyze the soft clays in which the new 66 storey tower block was founded. JOURNAL (Photo: Ove Arup & Partners. Singapore) Vol.27 No.4 Editor: Winter 1992-93 David J. Brown Published by Art Editor: Ove Arup Partnership Desmond Wyeth FCSD 13 Fitzroy Street. Deputy Editor: London W 1P 680 Helene Murphy 3 Legal & General, Kingswood: Arup Associates' new headquarters building for Legal & General Architecture in landscape Assurance Society Ltd. was conceived as a formal and sophisticated Mike Bonner, Don Ferguson design to complement a Downland site of outstanding natural beauty.

10 ESPRIT Arup Research & Development collaborated with Thorn EMI Central Bob Venning, Steven Blackmore Research to produce an ESPRIT computer program for the accurate simulation of various lighting ettects in computer visualizations of building interiors and exteriors.

12 The Second Sevem Crossing Ove Arup & Partners' second-placed design for the new bridge Angus Low combined precast, segmental approach viaducts with a slender steel box girder main span, cable-stayed from A-frame pylons.

14 The intelligent structure 'Intelligent' electronic feedback systems are already used extensively Ian Gardner for self-monitoring of building services systems. This article discusses the possibilities of extending such active control to the structure itself.

15 'Soil behaves like This paper, drawn from the British Geotechnical Society 1992 Rankine bricks on strings' Lecture, presents a new model for the prediction of soil behaviour Brian Simpson based on an analogy with a man pulling around a set of bricks by strings.

18 Art of oak: A survey Ove Arup & Partners were commissioned to carry out a structural of the frigate Unicorn survey of the oldest British warship afloat. originally launched in 1824 Peter Ross. Ian Sandeman and now berthed at Victoria Dock, Dundee.

20 RIBA Royal Gold Medal In his acceptance speech to the Royal Institute of British Architects on Speech 1992 29 June 1992, the late Peter Rice discussed his philosophy of Peter Rice engineering design, using as a case study the stone fa9ade of the Pavilion of the Future, Expo '92 Seville.

2 Legal & General, Kingswood : Architecture in landscape

Architects: Arup Associates Mike Bonner Don Ferguson

History General's acquisition of St. Monica's freehold Construction began in 1955; the design - The Legal & General Assurance Society was only of secondary consequence to the typical of many Modernist buildings of the acquired the Kingswood Estate in Surrey in purchase of the Estate. it became the focus period - did not endear itself to the local 1937 as a long-term investment in an agricul­ for the almost continuous redevelopment at community. The building always appeared tural property. The landscape of the Estate is Kingswood over the last 50 years. alien to its environment, forming no relation­ exceptionally fine. lying on the chalk uplands Legal & General's Fleet Street headquarters ship with the existing St. Monica's, the site of the North Downs near the Epsom Race­ was destroyed in a bombing raid in 1944, and topography, nor the landscape of the Estate. course and extending to 183ha of mixed farm­ under the wartime Emergency Powers Act It adopted a T-shaped plan placed directly land and 32ha of mature broadleaf wood­ they moved out to Kingswood to occupy St. into the valley gradients, requiring major lands. It is bounded on its southern side by Monica's - enabling the girls to decant safely excavation and contortion of the existing the wooded Chipstead Valley which rises to Lincolnshire. During the immediate post­ ground forms. It turned its main five-storey steeply up onto the gently rolling plateau of war years Legal & General continued to elevation to present itself squarely across the the Downs, with long views north and east into operate from St. Monica's and the various valley towards the residential neighbourhood open countryside. temporary buildings which they erected in the beyond and, illuminated on a winter's night, it Residential suburbs have grown up since the surrounding gardens. The statt clearly en­ could be seen for miles across the Downland turn of the century and now extend along most joyed the rural working environment and the landscape. of the southern and western boundaries of the Society prospered to the extent that these ad The building, however, served its purpose Estate. An unusual feature was that, in addi­ hoe accommodation arrangements became well initially and the Society continued to pros­ tion to the two tenant farms and their asso­ increasingly overcrowded and unsatisfactory. per. A further planning approval was granted ciated cottages, a leasehold property also New permanent ottices became necessary. for extensions to the existing building in 1964 existed on the Estate's southwest side, adjoin­ However. rather than return all their commer­ and the site population grew to some 1200 ing the residential area of Kingswood. This cial activities to the City of London , Legal & statt. In the meantime, St. Monica's was con­ was an elegant Edwardian brick gabled General decided to seek planning approval verted and extended to provide a generous house overlooking the Chipstead Valley, for a new ottice building on the Estate land staff restaurant, bars and recreation spaces, occupied by a girls' boarding school and immediately adjoining St. Monica's. and the sporting traditions inherited from the surrounded by the residue of its original Although public awareness and concern over original girls' school were enhanced to terraced gardens and the various append­ planning matters in the '50s was less vocifer­ include cricket and football pitches, additional ages of the school such as tennis courts and ous than now. the application encroached on tennis courts, and the enclosure of the old an open-air swimming pool. Although Legal & agricultural land within the Metropolitan Green outdoor swimming pool. Belt and the local community raised con­ siderable objection. The Secretary of State called in the applica­ tion but. after a public inquiry, granted approval on the somewhat ambiguous grounds of being 'in the national interest'.

3 Impact of computer technology comply with current environmental standards A new building The continuing expansion of data processing required by the Building Regulations. The After careful deliberation, the Society decided and its increasing integration into the opera­ existing structure had been designed with that refurbishment was neither technically nor tion of the Society created the need for more very low floor-to-floor heights. making the financially viable, and therefore to seek plan­ advanced computer facilities at Kingswood, insertion of conventional air-conditioning sys­ ning approval for the demolition of the existing and in 1976 planning permission was granted tems difficult and expensive. Concurrent with office building and its replacement with a new for an extension incorporating a new com­ the completion of the report, the Government design more suited to their current organiza­ puter suite and associated plantrooms. In introduced VAT on refurbishment of existing tional and operational needs. in anticipation of common with many large companies. the buildings which had the effect of further -the forthcoming Financial Services Act. developments in computing technology increasing the cost of refurbishment. Arup Associates were appointed for this new continued to have major eftects on the commission in early 1985 and the brief was Society's operations and in 1984 a review expanded to include the headquarters opera­ indicated that further major expansion of tion on the whole site including new office these facilities would be required by 1987. 4. Kingswood site plan. accommodation. St. Monica's and the various This second generation of computing techno­ sports and recreational activities. There was, Key: however, the very major constraint that the logy would also bring micro-computers and 1. Kingswood Estate existing Kingswood House and all attendant screens to individuals in the oftice areas. in 2. Playing fields support facilities, deliveries and parking for its addition to the traditional centralized com­ 3. Chipstead Valley 1200 staff remained fully operational until the puter suites. 4. Cricket pavilion Arup Associates were appointed in 1984 to new office building and its computer facilities 5. Lake were completed and commissioned. study the feasibility of upgrading Kingswood 6. Central Rotunda House to accommodate this new oftice tech­ 7. Entrance avenue In addition to its status within the Green Belt nology, with particular regard to improving the 8. Upper Terrace the Kingswood Estate and its surroundings working environment of the staff and over­ 9. Lower Terrace had been further designated in recent years coming the problems of increased heat 10. Swimming pool as an 'Area of Great Landscape Value '. Even generated within oftice areas by the new 11 . Terrace lawn so, the post-war developments around St. equipment - plus associated problems of 12. St. Monica's Monica's largely ignored this outstanding lighting and glare. The resulting report con­ 13. Car parking rural landscape and introduced a municipal cluded that full air-conditioning would be 14. Approach from scale and character to the buildings and their necessary and that the building did not Kingswood Village external spaces.

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4 The building in context 5. The main entrance. edge from where it addresses the Estate Arup Associates were concerned, now a new rather than forming part of it. The precedent of opportunity existed to reconsider the head­ the Surrey vernacular tradition in respect of quarters site as a whole, that this essential the adjoining Kingswood Village is also mis­ relationship with the adjoining Estate land­ leading. The area may be perceived as scape be given full consideration and materials drawn from the immediate vicinity responding to it but actually follows the become the major architectural generator for providing close visual integration with their ubiquitous stockbroker interpretation of the new development. There is little doubt that surrounding landscape. The 'considered' 'vernacular': a dispersed suburban pattern of without the precedent of the earlier 1955 plan­ siting , however, is very much part of the alter­ individual houses in their domestic gardens ning approval, a new planning application for native tradition of the great country house: far removed from the real Downland vernacu­ a development of any size or purpose in the generally formal , sophisticated and precisely lar of closely knit groups of buildings in open Green Belt at Kingswood would have been made, often with imported materials and landscape. rejected , particularly a major corporate head­ designed as a single building standing apart To extend such a suburban pattern and quarters. This placed an additional respon­ as a counterpoint to its surrounding land­ domestic scale out onto the Legal & General sibility on the designers to ensure that the new scape. In considering the design of the new site was wholly inappropriate in relation to design was worthy of its unique setting whilst headquarters for Legal & General, Arup Asso­ both the Estate landscape and the consider­ being responsive to the surrounding com­ ciates carefully reviewed these two distinct able size of the headquarters building itself, munity and providing the client with a tech­ and contrasting precedents. particularly as the client was concerned to nically advanced building and pleasant Some years previously a not dissimilar prob­ avoid a fragmented building and to maximize working environment. lem was addressed by Arup Associates for internal communication. The overlaid landscape patterns which the CEGB Headquarters on Bedminister However, the alternative tradition of a formal evolved in southern England in the 1Bth cen­ Down, and it was decided that on such an building in a 'considered' relationship with its tury and are so typically preserved in the exposed hilltop site with a pronounced land­ rural landscape did offer a precedent appro­ Downland landscape are as much a creation scape of further hills and valleys, a discrete priate in scale and character to Legal & of society as any work of architecture. They low profile form in the vernacular tradition was General, and it was this pattern of develop­ result essentially from the economic process appropriate. That building became a visual ment which was adopted. There are of course of traditional agriculture, offset by contrived extension of the hill itself with large roof many parallels between the great 1Bth cen­ arrangements such as parkland, lakes and pitches and rural materials to distinguish it tury house and a 20th century corporate woodland coverts, and both the 'instinctive' from its urban neighbours across the valley in headquarters in terms of hierarchy, power, and 'considered' positioning of buildings. Bristol. and wealth, but it was essentially the tradi­ The 'instinctive' or vernacular form generally Initially it was felt that a similar rationale might tional relationship with landscape that was the applies to small-scale buildings grouped as apply at Kingswood, but in fact the context is underlying consideration at Kingswood and farms or villages, unsophisticated in character quite different; the site does not stand out in from which the design concept of the head­ with simple elegant construction and the Downland landscape but is located at its quarters evolved. 5 ------... -

6 Formal massing and layout Although the site is located in a rural environ­ ment. the land actually available for develop­ ment was as constrained as on many urban sites. The need to retain the existing office building during the construction period , the defined single site entrance, an existing public footpath alignment, and the site topo­ graphy, effectively predetermined the location of the main headquarters building within very narrow limits. The area available formed a rectangle of some 200m x 100m, placed on the eastern edge of the site with its long axis parallel to the public footpath and the Estate landscape beyond , and the short axis facing the wooded Chipstead Valley. Apart from the municipal characteristics of the post-war development at Kingswood, the most intrusive aspect of the 1955 building was its height and bulk. As the new building was to be considerably larger in area, it was clearly essential to minimize its apparent size relative to its predecessor, while retaining a stature which would reflect Legal & General's aspira­ tions for the new headquarters. To achieve this apparent reduction in scale, a common 18th century landscaping device has been adopted. The site is bisected by a storey­ height retaining wall on an east/west align­ ment at the point where the upland plateau drops into the southern valley. This creates two distinct and level terraces, with the lower at the original ground floor level of St. Monica's and the upper forming the entrance level to the headquarters building itself. The office accommodation is arranged within the available 200m x 1OOm rectangle standing focal point for the internal organization of the 7. A belvedere on the Upper Terrace. on this Upper Terrace. The new residential plan, which is arranged symmetrically to the training accommodation within St. Monica's is north and south around two courtyards. complemented by the social and recreational The plan form of the headquarters building is activities of the swimming pool, sports hall, heavily indented on the short entrance axis staff restaurant, bars and VIP facilities into the Rotunda, as well as on the four outer arranged on the Lower Terrace along the corners of the building to reduce its external length of the storey-height retaining wall. This bulk and articulate the fa9ades into six distinct 6. (Far left): The central Rotunda. arrangement provides a clear distinction both pavilions interconnected by the Rotunda and in terms of location and scale between the the staircase and service towers. This reflects business and social activities on the site, with Legal & General's investment requirements the more formal and institutional scale of the and provides a variety of scale responding to headquarters building itself on the Upper both the changing topography of the sur­ Terrace and the more dispersed and domes­ rounding landscape and the staff needs for tic scale of St. Monica's and the social facili­ identification and orientation within such a B. The social/recreational facilities ties on the Lower. This landscape device is large corporate building. on the Lower Terrace. extended with the provision of an additional floor to the office building located at the Lower Terrace level containing all the high security, service, and computer facilities supporting the offices above. This accommodation is entirely below the ground level of the Upper Terrace, so that when the main entrance is approached, nearly half the volume of the development is concealed from view. The formal geometry adopted for the head­ quarters accommodation made it possible to achieve a very efficient plan within the limited site area available, and ensured that the new profile above the Upper Terrace be limited to two storeys. The resulting parapet datum matches the existing ridge line on St. Monica's and so dramatically reduces the height of the new development below the five storeys of the 1955 building. This discrete profile is far more responsive to the views across the wooded valley and the open coun­ tryside to the east. A formal axis links the only permitted site entrance from the public road on Furze Hill directly across the Upper Terrace to the single main entrance to the headquarters. This is defined by a central Rotunda structure which forms the highest point on the develop­ ment, rising above the two-storey parapet datum and giving the whole site a symbolic reference point. The Rotunda also creates the

7 Architecture and landscape A major proportion of the staff who were to occupy the new headquarters were accus­ tomed to enjoying the views out of the old 1955 building, and were concerned that the deep plan form necessary to achieve the appropriate working environment for the new office technologies would limit their outside awareness. To compensate for this depth of plan, the fa9ades of the ottice pavilions are 100% glass as perceived from their interiors, which creates a fully transparent envelope and ensures that a greater visual contact with the surrounding landscape is achieved from the new building. However, the conse­ quences of such large areas of glazing is less satisfactory when viewed externally. Quite apart from the severe problems of glare and solar gain, the design team considered that an enclosing skin of metal and glass would be inappropriate on such a large scale without further articulation, and that the fa9ades of the pavilions must do more than just reflect their surrounding landscape. They had to become an extension of the landscaping itself. The articulation is provided by a freestanding screen comprising over-sized rusticated columns supporting a continuous timber per­ gola at eaves level and a timber maintenance walkway across the spandrel panels. Com­ plete transparency is retained at right angles through the screen from the interiors, whereas the colonnade visually closes down from oblique external viewpoints to create the illusion of a solid wall which responds con­ tinuously to changes of light and shadow. The pergola screen provides good high angle sun protection and supports automatic exter­ nal blinds which lower to exclude excessive low angle sun from the interiors. The rustic columns support climbing plants growing up into the pergola above; in time the fa9ade itself will become an integral part of the land­ scape in which it stands.

9. Climbing plants establishing on the pergola screen. 10. View back from open countryside.

8 The open variable character of the pavilion This arrangement makes it possible to group To minimize their visual intrusion the chang­ fac;;ades contrasts with the group of staircase together all these activities discretely with ing-rooms serving the outdoor sports are con­ and service towers which frame and intercon­ separate out-of-hours access independent of structed entirely below ground. with the nect them . These secondary elements are the working environment of the headquarters. adjacent outdoor tennis courts cut deeply into constructed without external openings in solid Views extend southwards across the simple the valley contours and the woodland stone and brickwork, their lanterns raised landscaping device of a level terrace of lawn extended to enclose them, creating a back­ above the line of the pavilion parapets to running out to a precise rim from which the drop to a small new cricket pavilion. The play­ break their otherwise horizontal silhouette and woodland drops into the valley below. ing fields extend eastwards to a line of complete the overall composition around the The formality of the terraced lawn creates a profiled earth berms defining their outer drum of the central Rotunda. unifying foreground to the diverse and infor­ perimeter. with existing clumps of mature oak trees incorporated into the composition, fram­ Landscape design mally arranged social and recreational faci­ ing the distant views. The foreground landscaping to the headquar­ lities along the colonnade, and provides a ters on the west side is arranged around a direct contrast to the irregular landscape of These distinct foreground landscapes form an formal approach sequence via a broad, tree­ the valley woodland. This had become essential part of the 'considered' siting of the lined avenue along the wesVeast axis leading severely municipalized in the post-war period building, linking its formal geometry and from the site entrance to the Rotunda. The and a new management and replanting pergola screens out into the surrounding avenue is defined by walled gardens which regime has been introduced to bring it back to landscapes and enabling the headquarters to adopt the formal geometry of the main build­ a more natural woodland state. become the focal counterpoint between the ing and enclose and conceal the majority of adjoining wooded suburbs and the Downland A small irregular lake was proposed for the landscape of the Kingswood Estate. the on-site car parking from the adjoining resi­ area immediately to the north of the head­ dential areas. Specimen trees like Lirioden­ quarters building to continue the sequence of drons and Catalpas are used in this area, with variety within the foreground landscapes of a single species of flowering cherry planted at each of its four aspects. This compensated regular spacing throughout the parking areas. ecologically for the loss of several traditional A series of pedestrian walkways from the dew-ponds from the Estate in the post-war parking areas cross this foreground land­ years and established a dramatic foreground scape, aligned directly to the staircase towers to the long views out into the countryside to and their lanterns. They are defined by the north. Grass berms and dense tree plant­ garden walls, arbours and lawns with piered ing on the far side of the water conceal a pair gateways and pergolas at their intersections of adjoining farm cottages and frame the directing them towards the entrance forecourt outward view. and the raised central Rotunda. Climbing Additional grass berms on the west side Credits plants and flowering shrubs cover the walls, conceal overspill parking from the walled Client: pergolas and arbour structures. gardens and dispersed irregular tree planting Legal & General Assurance Society Ltd. Designers: On the line of the storey-height retaining wall reinforces the old hedgerow planting which forms the boundary to the adjoining gardens. Arup Associates which defines the Upper from the Lower Architects + Engineers + Quantity surveyors Terrace, staircases and belvederes provide The sequence of these foreground land­ Landscape architects: vertical connections between these open scapes, from the formal avenue and its walled Peter Swann Associates upper level walkways and the covered colon­ gardens, the terraced lawn and natural wood­ Main contractor: naded route at the lower level. This links St. land, to the water and its reflections, culmi­ Taylor Woodrow Management Contracting Ltd. Monica's training facilities with the various nates on the most open east side of the Photos: social and recreational activities arranged headquarters with the new playing fields and 1, 4-9: Peter Cook © Arup Associates. along and within the colonnaded wall . their characteristics of a parkland landscape. 2: Mick Brundle. 3: Chorley and Handford Ltd.

9 The first step was to produce a speci­ Standard three-dimensional primitive definition and manipulation, and ESPRIT fication ot what the users of such a shapes can be generated, such as a which allowed attributes to be program would need so that it was as sphere, cylinder, polygon, slab, assigned to surfaces and objects. Bob Venning user-friendly as possible, allowing the luminaire, I-beam, and channel. The What sort of attributes? To begin with, user to choose how complicated to shapes can be chopped and split to the colour: this is defined in red , Steven Blackmore make his model and how refined to produce sections ot themselves. At green, and blue co-ordinates. Then make the analysis. each stage the model can be mani­ there is the degree of reflection or The input program (EPALM) would not pulated: it can be cloned to produce specularity; this can vary from 100% ESPRIT stands for European Strategic an array ot identical objects, fanned to Program for Research in Information only define the model to be analyzed . diffuse (like blotting paper) to 100% but would also define the attributes of produce copies about a point, copied, specular (like a mirror); there is also Technology. In 1989, Arup Research or mirrored. & Development was approached by each surface and locate the lumi­ the texture and patterning of the Thorn EMl's Central Research naires. EPALM was a development ot Data entry to EPALM can be carried surface which give the image greater Laboratories to join with them and MPALM, an earlier Arup program out in a number of ways: either realism. One disadvantage in using others in a project to produce various developed for the representation and directly using a keyboard and mouse CAD data is the amount of information programs for use in the parallel manipulation of geometric shapes; in (or a digitizer), or indirectly from DXF stored. The art of using a visualization environment of transputer -based tact the latter was completely rewritten tiles produced on a CAD system. program is to simplify the model as machines. The project that AR&D with many additional features. Whilst the latter may seem an obvious much as possible without detracting were involved with was for the accu­ EPALM is a hierarchical program: it and very quick way ot entering the from the viewers' perception of what rate simulation of the visual lit environ­ allows the user to start at a primitive dimensions ot a space, in 1989 there he is seeing. If too much detail is ment, which involved producing a level, then by grouping 'primitives' to were some drawbacks to this method, used, the processing and rendering front end program (EPALM) to define create 'objects', grouping objects to some of which still remain. At the time times are increased. The extra detail the model which would be passed on create 'sets', and grouping sets to of starting the project there were no might actually detract from the to the Lighting Visualization program create a 'world' allowing efficient CAD packages on the market that perception of the final model or might (LVS) for calculation and rendering. manipulation of sets and objects. allowed full three-dimensional object not even be seen. Once the model has been assembled, the surface attributes added, and the luminaires chosen and positioned, the data is passed to the LVS. The system allows the user to select the level of analysis to be carried out. The program works on the basis of finite element analysis for reflected light and operates in two stages. The first considers each surface as reflect­ ing sub-elements for dealing with both diffuse and specular light inter-reflec­ tion. A facility called adaptive sub­ division allows areas where the illuminance changes rapidly to be analyzed in greater detail by sub­ dividing the patches until a smooth transition can be achieved. This process can be aided manually as well allowing the user to employ his own knowledge and experience to concentrate the analysis in areas of importance. Obviously the more sub­ divisions there are, the longer is the calculation time. Finally, when the desired image is achieved, the specular imaging to a defined view­ point can be added. Only this part of the calculation need be repeated for generating subsequent images from different viewpoints of the same scene. Validation of the program took three forms: ( 1) User reaction to different levels of detail. (2) Comparison of output with photographs of the real environment. (3) Mathematical check that the values calculated relate to the 1-5 measured values. The basic primitive surfaces are 70 people helped in validation check broken down to smaller elements (1 ). The results of these checks gave for the calculation of direct lighting. indications of the degree of com­ A technique called adaptive radiosity increases the number of plexity needed to achieve accept­ patches where illuminance gradients ance, and hence the optimum level of are high so that shadows are shown . analysis, above which changes in perceived realism becomes un­ noticable. The results of check (2) can be seen on these pages. Like all similar types of program, LVS is limited in its rendering ability by the characteristics of the visual display terminal. Contrasts in the range of 10 to 1 are all that can be achieved,

10 6 & 7. An office in Arup R&O compared with a photograph of the scene.

s•

~ 11

8. A library refurbishment. g • 9. The floodlighting of a building fascia.

10 & 11 . A micro-wave training tower simulated under daylight conditions and floodlit at night.

which is similar to a stills camera. The Notwithstanding these limitations, simply and quickly. The building up of Credits: eye/brain mechanism can cope with lighting visualizations will have many a furniture data base means that Client: much larger variations. so current uses. For instance, computer models 'fitting-out' a space to give added Thorn EMI CAL screen technology can never produce can be made with more detail than, realism is quick and easy. Development engineers: Arup Research & Development images that can be a true picture of say, a 1: 20 or 1: 50 scale model which However, experience in the use of the what we actually see, only an might be used for daylight testing. Bob Venning, program and in lighting design are Mike Schrire, Steven Blackmore approximation. Another feature of the Changes to finishes are more easily essential for the optimum use of the eye/brain mechanism is that whilst it made. Evaluations can be carried out system. Continuing development will receives light from a wide field of overnight or at weekends, unattended. make the program more user-friendly. view, only a small proportion is in The effect on the visual environment of In addition EPALM has been adapted focus at any one time. The v,iew shown different finishes can be tried prior to to act as a front end program to on the screen is all in focus and building a full-scale mock-up. Flood­ FABLON , providing a more flexible consequently one 'sees' far more. lighting schemes can be carried out tool for this application.

11 The Second S• Angu

Construction has started on a new Severn • 1. Location of Bridge three miles downstream from the exist· first and second ing suspension bridge. These pages record Severn Crossings. what might have been: the design which came a close second in the tender for the contract to design, build, finance, and oper­ ate the new crossing. Ove Arup & Partners were appointed as lead designers for the joint bid by Trafalgar House and Balfour Beatty, and were responsible for the design of the bridge superstructure - all 5km of it - and overall design direction. The substructure and approach roads were designed by the bidders' own design depart­ ments. Arup Associates provided architec­ tural assistance. The brief from the Department of Transport was very detailed and included an indicative design. The alignment followed the 'English Stones route'. named after a rock outcrop which is exposed at low tide over most of the width of the Severn Estuary. At the middle of the Estuary the outcrop is cut by The Shoots, a channel used by shipping, which requires a main span of about 460m. Near the English shore the alignment was curved to reduce the acuteness of its crossing with the railway tunnel. There were rules requiring the loads from the bridge foundations to be kept well clear of the tunnel. Cleveland Bridge, part of Trafalgar House, had built the first Severn Bridge in the early '60s, and their memories of the ferocity of both • 3. Driver's-eye view tides and winds in the Estuary directed our of approach to the brief. The design was required to minimize main span. dependence on tidal working or waterborne activities. and the main span had to have the lowest possible susceptibility to wind excita· tion during construction. These requirements dictated the main fea­ tures of the Arup design.

2. Elevation of main spans.

• 5. Telford's Me in the mid-19tt reconstruction c

12 !Vern Crossing s Low

.& 6 Model of • The approach spans were to be taken up to precast the main pylons: the construction method post-tensioned dictated that their end cantilevers extended concrete anchor span into the main span. • A lighter construction was to be used for the main span, with steel box girders along each side of the deck in line with the cable planes. tapered in sectton to improve aerodynamic stability, and connected by transverse trusses supporting the concrete deck slab. • Each half of the main span was to be built as a one-way cantilever with forestays added at each stage to the new section of deck. and backstays anchored into special crossarms on the final approach spans. • It was recognized that a lighter bridge could have been built with two-way cantilevering from the pylons, but this would have been more responsive to high winds during con­ struction, as well as requiring temporary spans to connect with the material supply across the approach viaducts. • The wind stability of the main span during construction was further improved by the A-frame shape of the pylons. This construction strategy was also the basis of the visual strategy. The visually strong approach spans were to be built from large Wales, where Telford cautiously carried heavy and floated onto prepared level beds. masonry viaducts out to the pylons of the Because of the horizontal stratification of the Menai Bridge (Fig 5), thus emphasizing the rock. little site preparation was required delicacy of his main span suspended high • The caissons relied on friction to resist the above the tidal whirlpools called The Swillies in the Menai Straits. ,nai Straits Bridge, horizontal ship impact loads. For this they I century before required large vertical dead loads, which Regrettably, the Department of Transport ,t the main span were more easily achieved with longer spans. gave the contract for the Second Severn • A standard approach span of 119m was Crossing to an Anglo-French consortium of chosen which was Just long enough to clear John Laing, GTM Entrepose. and two banks. the railway tunnel on the skew. Towards the Credits Welsh shore the rockhead dipped and piles Ghent were required. Here, logic dictated shorter Trafalgar House Construction spans of 60m . . Lead designers. • The approach spans were to have precast Ove Arup & Partners post-tensioned concrete segmental decks, Archrtectural design · constructed as balanced cantilevers out from Arup Associates each pier in turn. An overhead erection gantry 11/ustrat,ons 1 Reproduced courtesy Ordnance Survey was to be used to deliver the segments. able 2 Ove Arup & Partners. 3 Georg Rotne to reach forward from a completed cantilever 4, 6 Harry Sowden to the next pier so that all deck construction 5 'Photophane' (Reproduced from a volume c.1890 could be supplied from the land. illustrating The Forth Bridge, pub. Grant Edinburgh) 13 The intelligent structure Temporary distance Hinge point sensor beam Ian Gardner c---.--irf-... - J, The status quo compensate for initial self-weight Almost all building structures through­ deflections, or the sequencing of con­ out history have contained no means struction. Limited control of movement of identifying the magnitude of the has been achieved using tuned mass loadings applied to them during use. dampers. Construction - cantilever condition Even fewer have contained any Conventional design: method of compensating for them. the passive structure For many structures. the only attempt Typical present-day structures con­ Distance Receiver sensor beam at such compensation has been the tain no means of compensating for r J __ , precambering of beams and slabs to applied loadings. Whether deter­ allow for dead load deflections. This minate or indeterminate. they merely precambering has often been any­ react passively, without 'intelligence' thing but sophisticated, the hope or means of self-modulation to :·: ,•;'" being that on removal of temporary compensate for different loading con­ formwork the resulting deflections will ditions. They have no way of deter­ cancel the specified precambers to mining the magnitudes of the applied leave the floor slabs level. Otherwise. loadings or the actual configuration of Active structure no further means have been provided the displaced structure, let alone self­ 1. to adjust the structure. On completion. adjustment to control stress levels or a structure is normally left to deflect of to maintain the structure's geometry. its own accord to find a form to match When designing such passive struc­ Stability core structure the external loadings and temperature tures, engineers go to great lengths in effects acting on it. It is accepted that analyzing movements which may Floor member curvatures. elongations and arise, and developing details to allow structure deflections will occur to enable the for them. Expansion joints are internal member stresses to balance detailed to enable one part of the Laser out the applied loadings. building to move relative to another; sensor With this approach very little feed­ equally elaborate details are provided back is gained to benefit future to cope with movements of the struc­ building designs. Unless catastrophic ture under load relative to the Hinge Joint failure occurs. engineers often have cladding and internal fixings. Often Hydraulic no knowledge of how near their struc­ these details are difficult to resolve piston tures ever get to the set design limits. fully and are amongst the commonest Commercial office buildings exemplify cause of problems during the life of this lack of technical feedback. The the building. floor loadings adopted vary widely Computer technology: from country to country and are often feedback systems influenced as much by property funds Building structures have not yet Mechanism Active structure Construction and letting agents as by structural entered the computer age. Whilst engineers. Engineers commonly their design makes extensive use of 2 accept this since they seldom have computers, the end-products - the direct quantitative feedback from structures themselves - do not. They already used in other technologies. provide the feedback loop with a previous projects. contain no electronic systems and are The public are happy to rely on such knowledge of the actual conditions. Stress-govemed or still largely built of materials available systems in aircraft. for their car This can very easily be recorded, as stiffness-govemed? before the computer age. There is no engine management systems. anti­ with an aircraft 'black box'. A similar Many structures are stress-governed. reason why this should be the case. skid braking, and even their car 'black box' in a building could be The members are sized to suit their Why should the structure not be suspension; many applications of used to record loading conditions. load-carrying capacities, which are linked into a building management electronic feedback and guidance The active stn,cture determined by dividing their failure system? The building services systems are also used in military With electronic technology, it must load by an appropriate factor of installations {lighting, HVAC. etc.) equipment. All work by continual now be possible to design a structure safety. Once the structure has been already often are. testing for a deviation from the with its own in-built intelligence. analyzed for the maximum expected Lighting systems can compensate desired condition and immediately Such a system might be a controlled loadings, and the members sized to automatically for the available exter­ initiating corrective action if any is mechanism. A conventional not exceed safe stress limits, the nal daylight to improve operational detected. mechanism is a system which design engineer can be said to have efficiency; air-conditioning can be Great flexibility can be provided by radically alters its configuration when done his job. It is known that the used to maintain tight temperature having a range of pre-set require­ disturbed. By the use of laser sensors structure will not fail. control, and also to achieve reliably ments. The same feedback system and electronic microprocessors to can provide either optimum economy However. many structures are stiff­ very critical pressure differentials provide feedback systems. it would or optimum power output merely by ness-governed, and must be between different parts of a building. be possible to detect and imme­ In 'clean room' environments, the resetting the conditions against which designed and sized to limit deflection diately compensate for the tendency the system tests for deviations. Car under load: It is not enough to know manufacture of electronic compo­ of a mechanism to displace. In this suspensions can be made firm for that their members will not fail. Often nents or pharmaceuticals can be way an active (rather than re-active) optimum handling, or soft for optimum they have to be increased in size dependent on this precise control of structure could be achieved. ride comfort, by the flick of a switch. beyond that needed to meet safe air-conditioning. In an active structure, its own intelli­ stress limits in order to give the struc­ It is also not always the case ttrat a A mechanical engineer may be gent feedback system would maintain ture sufficient stiffness. Examples of failure of the structure is more serious uncertain where in the air supply the prescribed geometry regardless stiffness-governed structures are tall than a failure of building's air-con­ distribution ductwork the most repre­ of applied loadings (or temperature buildings and long spans. In conven­ ditioning. In some modern research sentative check on diversity for the effects). tional structural design, engineers facilities the containment of potentially main air-handling plant can be made. Hydraulic pistons or other control have provided these types of struc­ lethal processes involving toxic To compensate, he merely puts in a devices would automatically be acti­ ture with sufficient stiffness. or rigidity, chemicals or bio-hazardous materials, number of monitors at different loca­ vated by the electronic feedback sys­ to keep deflections within acceptable and thus the protection of the public tions. Once the building is in use he tems to compensate for any tendency limits even when the structure is sub­ at large, can be critically dependent can switch from one to another until to displacement. (Appropriate backup jected to the maximum expected on the pressure differentials main­ the best control of the main plant is duplication of these systems could loadings. Occasionally for more tained by the air-conditioning. achieved. ensure adequate guarantees of safety sophisticated structures. jacking and Similarly microprocessors and ultra­ For any system using feedback con­ against system failure.) Simplistic post-tensioning have been used to fast electronic feedback systems are trol, frequent monitoring is required to examples of controlled mechanisms 14 An analogue 'Soil behaves Imagine a man walking around a room and pulling behind him a series like bricks on strings' of bricks, each on a separate string: Fig.3 shows some possible paths. If or active structures are shown in Figs. Brian Simpson some aspects of retaining wall he walks continuously one way the 1 &2. behaviour and their relation to the bricks line up behind and follow him On a smaller scale, long-span floor safety provisions of codes of practice (a). If he turns back (b) the bricks beams might be described as active currently under development. The initially do not move; then the ones structures if they contained a variable The annual Rankine Lecture is the Lecture then considered the observed on shorter strings start to move, prestress. In post-tensioned re­ most prestigious event in the British ground movements at British Library, gradually followed by the longer ones inforced concrete beams the tendon Geotechnical Society calendar. Brian Euston, comparing predictions made (c). If he turns through oo·. the bricks forces could be variable. In steel Simpson was the second member of during the design. Both these items initially keep moving in their previous beams or trusses a tensioning device Arups, following David Henkel 10 led to the need for better numerical direction but gradually swing round below the bottom flange could years ago, to be honoured with an modelling of soil behaviour, and a new behind him (d). The similarity to soil achieve a similar effect. invitation to present it. This article is approach to this formed the basis of behaviour is obvious, but the During construction of an active an abbreviated version of part of his the third part of the Lecture which is analogue's use is less clear. What structure. the intelligent electronic 32nd Lecture, presented in March also the subject of this article. The would the bricks and strings represent feedback system would be used to 1992 under the title 'Retaining paper based on the complete Lecture and what are the axes of the 'room'? compensate automatically for structures - displacement and was published in Geotechnique, design '. The early part dealt with December 1992. Engineers with a background in temporary construction conditions, plasticity may see in this analogue e.g. monitoring a cantilever bridge plastic yield surfaces with axes of during erection. stress space. However. the most Also, for tall buildings an active rather Introduction useful equivalence is to regard the than passive structure, with its own During the design of the British 'room' as strain space. The analogue intelligence and ability to self-correct Library, the importance of soil is remarkably useful if the 'man' is its geometry, could have advantages: behaviour at strain levels much lower (a) taken to represent the point in strain the main core structure could con­ than normally measured in laboratory space of a soil element, and each stantly stabilize itself both during con­ tests began to be apparent. This led brick a proportion of the element. struction and after completion. If initial to the development of an early model Movement of a brick represents 1 planning or rights of light restrictions of the behaviour of London Clay • plastic strain, and elastic strain is on building height were subsequently Much recent study of soil behaviour given by the difference between the relaxed , an active system could pro­ movement of the 'man' and the sum of has centred around the type of 1. The S-shaped curve. vide a method of compensating for diagram shown in Fig.1, often referred the movements of the bricks, each the increased loadings of additional to as the S-shaped curve, which weighted by the proportion of the soil q it represents. In this view. pure elastic floors or infilling of floor set-backs. shows how soil stiffness is high when (kPa) x Other benefits strains are small but reduces as behaviour only occurs on the rare 100 D occasions when no bricks are moving, The active structure approach could straining proceeds. Strain is usually (a) be used to maintain either geometry plotted on a log scale for this purpose. c 0 A i.e. immediately after a reversal of the or constant stress levels. Instead of The new proposal made here is that 200 400 p(kPa) strain path. It is assumed that only variable tensioning devices in a beam this important feature of soil behaviour -100 B elastic strains cause stress changes. to compensate for increased loading, - and several others - can be The S-shaped curve could be others could be used to vary separa­ reproduced by study of a very simple modelled in a step-wise fashion tion between compression and analogue: a man pulling around a set (Fig.4). At very small strains, the tension flanges. The lever arm could of bricks on strings! material is completely elastic; in the in this way be adjusted to support In an SERC project at City University, (b) analogue, none of the bricks is different loadings without changes in supported by Arups, Richardson2 moving. As straining proceeds, one stress. made a set of triaxial tests on recon­ brick starts to move, plastic strain The use of active structural systems stituted London Clay, concentrating begins and the overall stiffness of the to maintain geometry could contribute on accurate measurement of small soil drops. At a larger strain, another to vibration damping. The feedback strains. He consolidated specimens Shear strain y brick starts to move; there is more plasticity and a further drop in stiff­ system would detect the displace­ to point A in (p,q) space (Fig.2), 2. Results obtained by Richardson2 ments associated with vibration and where p is the mean normal effective for stress path OX: (a) stress paths; ness - and so on. The length to each act to negate them and thus enhance stress on the soil and q is the deviator (b) S-shaped curves showing tangent step is a strain, represented by the the available damping. stress (double the shear stress). He shear stiffness. length of a string in the analogue. The On a larger scale, an active structural then studied stress path OX, for which height of the step indicates the pro­ system could be programmed to limit p is constant at 200kPa. He took 3. A 'man' pulling 'bricks' portion of material represented by peak accelerations. Rather than specimens from A to OX by various attached to him by strings. each brick. attempt to prevent displacement routes. such as AOX, (AO)BOX, The model has been developed in totally, it could be used to give a (AO)COX and (AO)DOX. In each case plane strain for which volumetric building structure a level of controlled he studied the stiffness of the strain and shear strain are appro­ 'softness'. This might be particularly specimen for the final path OX. priate axes - the sides of the 'room'. useful when designing to cater for Plotting tangent shear stiffness The concept is easily represented in a seismic loadings. A tall building struc­ against log(shear strain), he obtained small program incorporating other ture could under normal conditions be the S-shaped curves shown in Fig.2. features of established soil behaviour programmed to maintain a fixed He found that the highest stiffness theory. In the work described here, 10 geometry, but under the particular along OX occurred for path DOX. 'bricks' have been used, representing loadings arising from seismic action which included a 1ao· reversal in the the S-shaped curve in 10 steps. the same control system could auto­ stress path at 0. AOX and COX, with ··Man' • 'Brick' matically switch to a different 90• turns at O came next. and BOX, response behaviour, which might which passed straight through 0, deliberately allow sufficient displace­ gave the lowest stiffness for path OX. ment to avoid the extreme peak The soil readily continues straining in Plastic values of acceleration which tend to the direction it was previously moving cause so much structural damage. (BOX), but is much stiffer if made to J~==~ 'lStep height • 1n proportion of material Summary change direction, especially for 180" I The active structure concept would turns such as path DOX. Later work I - - - provide the designer with great scope by Stallebrass3 showed that the soil to tune a structure's behaviour, and tends to keep straining in the direc­ log (strain) release him from the constraints of tion it was previously going, even stiffness-governed structures. The when the stress path changes direc­ 4. The S-shaped curve represented in step-wise fashion. only constraint would be stress. tion abruptly. 15 The examples shown will illustrate one (Fig.6). The gradient of this line deter­ way in which th is concept can be built mines Ko during normal consolidation, I (kPa) x into a more complete soil model. but for which the model predicts: there could be many others. The most significant feature is the basic concept Ko = ( 2- sin$') I ( 2 + sin$')...... (1) that the soil behaves rather like the In Fig.7 this is compared with the 50 D a) bricks on strings. well-known equation of Jaky5: c 0 A The model was first tested using Ko =1 -sin$' and with the results of 0 . plane strain stress paths equivalent to more recent observations by Brooker 200 400 s(kPa) Richardson's. Using his data, string and lreland6 and Bolton7• Equation (1) B fits these theories and observations -50 lengths and material proportions were 5. chosen to fit path DOX of Fig.2 in a remarkably well, and the Brick Model Brick model predictions step-wise fashion . With that data and thus gives an explanation for the for Richardson's tests. the Brick Concept, the program pre­ value of Ko. • -1 • DOX . • AOX dicted the stiffness of path DOX and Overconsolldated clays •• • cox the other paths (Fig.5). Paths AOX .- Houlsby and Wroth8, Viggiani9 and . • BOX and COX appear almost identical in others have suggested that stiffness plane strain and BOX has a much varies linearly with logarithm of over­ + '\ • I b) lower stiffness. These plots show consolidation ratio, and this assump­ + + " tangent stiffnesses, for which the tion has been adopted in the Model. curves appear rather bumpy, but this A constant required for this linear would not be noticeable if secant stiff­ equation has been derived from very ness were plotted, or when the model low strain work by Viggiani. Since the is used in a finite element program. area under the S-shaped curve deter - Fig.5 shows that the Brick Concept mines $'. the effect of overconsolida­ Shear strain y achieves its main purpose of model­ tion in increasing stiffness must also ling the effects of stress path changes cause an increase in $'. and reproducing the S-shaped curves l(kPa) Thus the model automatically gives a which represent the small strain 500 higher angle of shearing resistance to behaviour of clays. However, it has an overconsolidated clay than to the also been found to have a much 6. same clay in its normally consolidated Stress path predicted wider potential. state. for 1D consolidation Additional assumptions with other excursions. Fig.8 shows the behaviour of the 0 The Brick Model could be used with Model in one-dimensional consolida­ additional equations describing other tion and swelling . The consolidation features of soil behaviour. A series of curve is linear in v,ln(s) space, but the 0 500 1000 1500 assumptions from critical state soil swelling line curves slightly. At the s (kPa) mechanics has been used by 4 beginning of swelling, at the reversal Simpson to complete the model and of the strain path, the stiffness is 0.8 ,------these are briefly listed here. much higher than given by normal A consistent set of the values of para­ assumption of a linear swelling line. meters has been used for all compu­ 0.7 The stress path for 1D consolidation tations involving London Clay, derived and swelling (Fig.9) has a typical 7. mainly from the work of Richardson form . returning to the origin at low 0.6 Brick prediction for KO and Viggiani at City University. stress with a gradient given by the Ko of normally consolidated Following previous Cam-clay models, inverse of the formula for 1D normal soil compared with 10 other theories. elastic volumetric stiffness is assumed consolidation. Brems suggested proportional to current mean normal that KO for heavily overconsolidated stress. Cam-clay uses two constants soils would be the inverse of its value to represent this: A and K. in normal consolidation and this occurs in the model, so Ko tends to 0.3 A new constant was required for the 20 25 30 35 40 Brick Model, representing stiffness (A2 + sin$')/(A2 - sin$'). However, •• related to very small elastic strains . because of overconsolidation, the Working backwards down the Greek angle of shearing resistance, $'. alphabet we come to t, iota - an which was constant during normal consolidation, increases during (a) appropriate constant to represent 64 very small strain behaviour. unloading. For the data used here. the S-shaped curve dictates that 8. Consolidation and swelling are repre­ during normal consolidation the angle Brick predictions sented by log-linear equations similar v% 66 of shearing resistance is 22'. of which for 1D conso lidation to those of Cam-clay, though they are about 15' is mobilized in 1D consoli­ and swelling. given new physical interpretation by dation. In the overconsolidated state considering the way in which the peak angle of shearing resistance 68 increased normal stress gives a body exceeds 40', and the maximum value the potential for more elastic strain. mobilized in 1D swelling exceeds 30', 500 1000 1500 s (kPa) Results for normally corresponding to a value of KO of consolidated soil about 4 - typical for very heavily 600 Although the Model was initially overconsolidated clay, and in line with intended to represent overconsoli­ the findings of Meyerhofl I and Mayne t (kPa) dated clay, its predictions for normally and Kulhawy 12. 400 consolidated soil are surprisingly Use of the Brick Model in a good. It displays a constant angle of finite element program 9. shearing resistance, which is not The Brick Model is ideal for use in a 200 Stress path explicitly a constant of the Model but fini te element program such as the for 1D consolidation has been shown to be related to the Arup Geotechnics program SAFE. At and swelling. area under the S-shaped curve. It the start of each computation, the 0 also predicts the stress paths of soil's geological history is reproduced, undrained tests remarkably well. considering conso lidation from a For one-dimensional consolidation, slurry to maximum overburden and -200 0 the Model always returns to a unique 500 1000 1500 2000 subsequent unloading - thus re­ s(kPa) line in stress space. even when dis­ tracing 100M years of geology in a turbed from it by other excursions few seconds on a PC. 16 Other applications of the in stiff clay, but it seems to reproduce South Brick Model a much wider range of features of the known behaviour of soils. The re­ The finite element program is not sponse to abrupt changes in stress limited to excavations and the Model path follow naturally from the is now in use for problems including analogue and it required fairly minor Fill foundations, tunnels, interpretation of additions, using well-established London Clay field testing, and so on. It has been theories, to make a more complete 00 -1.SmOD successfully applied to back-analysis oO Victoria Line W&RClay 14 model. Failure at constant 1f and the Northern Line ·16mOD of pressuremeter tests • -20.0mOD W&RSand value of K0 for normal consolidation -24.SmOD Thane! Sand The Model can cast light on the were not explicitly included in the Chalk behaviour of retaining walls, ralating Model but were predicted by it. The Relief wells displacement both to factors of safety same Model appears to be applicable (governing the geometry of the walls) Central area South area 0 som to both stiff and soft clays, and the and wall stiffness. Its initial purpose concept can probably be extended to was to represent small strain effects granular materials as well. 10. North-south section through British Library.

The British Library excavation soft clay of Singapore which, like E B w Fig.10 shows a north-south cross­ London Clay, is of marine origin and 102 section through the new British has similar plasticity. This was the Fiii Library. The basement extends basement of a recently completed I 92 Soft clay through the London Clay and 5m into United Overseas Bank development g 82 Sand and firm clay the clays of the Woolwich and near the River 13 (Fig.13). The geology 1 Soh clay .!!! 72 Residual soil Reading Beds. These deposits have varies across the site, with a deep w Bouldery clay had several important stages in their deposit of the soft marine clay around 62 geological history: (a) deposition, section BB, for which wall displace­ initially as slurry on a sea-bed; (b) ments were measured. The soft clay consolidation by about 200m of over­ overlies much stiffer soils and is split burden; (c) unloading as the over­ into two layers by a desiccated layer 13. Cross-section through the UOB project. Singapore. burden was eroded; (d) recompres­ of firm clay and sand. sion by placement of a few metres of Field tests suggested that the clays's Displacement (mm) fill at ground level; and (e) increase of 0 800 800 800 80 160 shear strength was higher than the 102 ,-,.-~- ~ct::==-n-~~ effective stresses caused by reduc­ Model would give for normally con­ tion of pore water pressure due to solidated London Clay, so a different [ 92 underdrainage in the 19th century. In set of parameters. used at an earlier c: a finite element analysis using the ffi 82 stage for London Clay, was adopted. 1 Brick Model , each geological stage is w 72 represented. Comparison of measured and com­ puted displacements (Fig.14) indi­ 62 The basement was constructed 'top­ cates that the Brick Model represents down', installing the secant pile the overall ground behaviour quite Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 retaining walls and load-bearing piles well. More detailed measurements of first , so that floor slabs could be ground movements are not available, Fill -- Measured installed sequentially as excavation but the magnitude and shape of wall Sott clay Bnck proceeded. Fig.11 shows the com­ Sand & firm clay movements is well reproduced. Residual soil puted inward movements of the retaining walls when the basement 14. Measured and computed wall displacements for UOB. Singapore. had reached the 83 level, compared with measurements taken in the walls (8) HOULSBY, G.T. andWROTH, C.P. The at various points around the excava­ . References I variation of shear modulus of a clay with tion. The computed displacements pressure and overconsolidation ratio. Soils are slightly greater than the measured and Foundations, 31 (3). pp.138-143, 1991 . values, but the agreement is encour­ ( 1) SIMPSON. B. . O'RIOROAN, N.J. and aging, especially since no site­ CROFT, 0.0. A computer model for the (9) VIGGIANI, G. Dynamic measurement specific small strain data are available analysis of ground movements in Loncfon of small strain stiffness of fine grained for this site. Clay. Geotechnique 29 (2). pp.149-175. soils in the triaxial apparatus. Proceedings 1979. of the workshop on experimental charac­ The computed and measured ground terization and modelling of soils and soft movements for a section through the 1 (2) RICHARDSON , 0 Investigations of rocks, Napoli, pp.75-97, 1992. south wall of the site are shown in threshold effects in soil deformations. Fig.12 at completion of excavation. PhD thesis, City University, London. (10) BROMS, B. Lateral earth pressures The two displacement patterns I 1988. due to compaction in cohesionless soils. compare well, the computed ones Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Soil (3) ST ALLEBRASS, S.A. Modelling the Mechanics, Budapest, pp.373-384, 1974. generally being slightly larger. effect of recent stress history on the Soft clay in Singapore deformation of overconsolidated soils. (11) MEYERHOF, G.G. Bearing capacity Initial testing of the Brick Model PhO thesis. City University, London. and settlement of pile foundations. ASCE 1990. suggested that it represents the Displacement (mm) Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 102 (GT3), pp.197-228, 1976. behaviour of soft clays reasonably 11 Brick computed wall movements (4) SIMPSON, B. Retaining structures: well, so it was of interest to carry out a (red line) for British Library compared displacement and design. 32nd Rankine (12) MAYNE, P.W. andKULHAWY, F.H. computation for an excavation in the with measurements. Lecture. Geotechnique, 42(4), 1992. Ka-OCR relationships in clay. ASCE (5) JAKY, J. The coefficient of earth Journal of Geotechmcal Engineering, 108 (GT6), pp.851-870, 1982. North ZS- South pressure at rest Journal of the Society of +19m Hungarian Architects and Engineers. 78 SO mm (22), pp.355-358, 1944. (13) WALLACE , J.C., LONG, M.M. and HO, C.E. Retaining wall behaviour for a ' , (6) BROOKER, E.W. and IRELAND, 0.H deep basement tn Singapore Marine Earth pressures at rest related to stress Clay. Proceedings of the ICE Conference ·5.4m history. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, on retaining structures, Cambridge, 1992. 2(1), pp.1-15, 1965. {14) SIMPSON, B. Development and - (7) BOLTON, M.D. Geotechnical stress application of a new soil model for pre­ ' ' analysis for bridge abutment design. diction ol ground movements. TRRL Contractor Report 270. HMSO, Proceedings of the Wroth Memorial 1991. Symposium. Oxford. 1992. 12. Brick computed ground displacements: British Library compared with measurements - .u.alll_ 17 Art of oak: A survey of the frigate Unicorn Peter Ross Ian Sandeman

The Unicorn is currently berthed in Victoria This relatively protected existence, with little Dock. Dundee. opposite the more famous. but racking of the frame at sea, plus the cold much younger, Discovery (Fig. 5). She has waters of the Tay estuary and the copper remained in the water since 1824, when she sheathing to the hull. have all contributed to was built, which makes her the oldest British the incredible longevity of the ship, now some warship afloat. Indeed, if her condition is 168 years old . taken into account. she is probably the best­ She is now 'retired ' from the Navy and owned preserved historic timber ship in the world. by the Unicorn Preservation Society, who The history of the ship have opened her to the public. In 1991 they By the beginning of the 19th century the decided that a structural survey should be British fleet had been considerably depleted carried out 'to determine the condition of the by the long Napoleonic wars with France. and ship. its ability to be moved and the works so the Admiralty embarked upon a pro­ necessary to ensure its future '. The commis­ gramme of rebuilding. It took two years to sion was awarded to Ove Arup & Partners, construct the hull of a ship, but only two weeks together with their consulting marine surveyor_. to rig , arm, provision, and man her. Com­ The construction of the wooden ship pleted hulls were therefore not rigged but The earliest ships were of clinker construction: stored 'in ordinary', that is, held in readiness overlapping planks fastened edge-to-edge to with a temporary pitched roof built over the create the hull, with frames then fitted inside top deck. Since the launch of the Unicorn at the built shape. Although this technique Chatham coincided with an outbreak of lasted for some 3000 years, it was eventually peace. she has remained 'in ordinary' to this abandoned as it limited the maximum size of day, her temporary roof the only extant ship that could be built. By the beginning of example. Used at various times for training the 16th century, when Henry VIII began purposes, she was towed to Dundee in 1874, building warships in earnest. the sequence of and has remained there ever since. construction had been reversed.

1 Cutaway at midship section A 'rib-cage' of frames sprang from the 'back­ showing hull construction. bone' of the keel , and was subsequently sheathed with edge-butted planks. fastened to the frames. but not to each other (Fig. 1) . This system of framing and planking was para­ mount for 300 years, being used for such ships as the Mary Rose (1509) and Victory (1765). The Unicorn is one of the last examples of the system, and even so the then Surveyor of the Navy. Robert Seppings. introduced some modifications to the traditional details.

2. Gun deck with messing arrangements.

4. Some frame members were soaked in brine as an aid to preservation and marked 'SALT' 18 5. Left: The Unicorn berthed in Victoria Dock, Dundee. The Discovery can be seen ,n the background.

6. Below: The Captain's cabin.

The ship has an overall length of 150ft (the Conservation strategy The wooden ship sailed into a glorious sunset Navy remains stubbornly 'Imperial') with an It will be possible for the ship to remain afloat with the development of the 'clippers' such as unladen displacement of around 750 tons. All for some years before the incidence of rot the Cutty Sark (1860). They actually had the main frame members are heartwood oak. becomes critical, but Arups' recommendation composite hulls - iron frame, hardwood with some softwood in the decks; some of the was that the vessel be taken out of the water planking - but by the turn of the century iron , frame members were soaked in brine as an and over-roofed. This could be achieved if as in other forms of construction, had aid to preservation, and marked 'SALT' (Fig . permission were granted to use the adjacent replaced timber throughout Europe for ships 4). The planking below the water line is pro­ dry dock on a permanent basis. The ship of all but modest size . The most enduring bably elm . could never be refloated. and there would still naval image, however, is still that of a wooden Each frame is actually made up of paired be a long period of risk, but eventually the ship under sail. The Unicorn is a unique members (Fig. 1) . Floor timbers (F) are fitted timbers would dry out sufficiently to preclude survivor from that period. over the keel . followed by the futtocks (1 to 5) , further rot. While some of the timbers would and fin ishing with the top timbers (T). The not be in perfect condition. it would be pos­ Credits sible to support the hull in such a way as to Owner: joints are simple butts, with a dowel or 'coak' The Unicorn Preservation Society fitted. The obvious bending weakness of maximize the retention of original material. Unicorn Client: these joints is compensated by the staggered The conservation of the is important The Dundee Partnership arrangement of the futtocks, and by the brid­ not only because of the survival of so much of ging action both of the planking on the outside the original construction . but because she Structural engineer: Ove Arup & Partners face, and the stringers on the inside face. was one of the last of the 'wooden walls' to be built. Already the experimental installation of Marine surveyor: All the fasteners.are of metal - indeed but for James Anderson them the whole assembly would fall to pieces. steam engines in hulls had been made, linked to paddle wheels. Photos: The planking is fixed to the frames with bolts Peter Ross of copper for durability, and to avoid bi-metal­ Two further developments - the iron hull, and Illustration: lic corrosion with the copper sheathing. Des­ screw propulsion - culminated in the launch Denis Kirtley pite their name the bolts are fitted in the manner only 19 years later of Brunel's Great Britain, of a rivet, with the end clenched over a washer the first ocean-going vessel to be screw­ by hammering. Internal bolts are of iron. driven and built entirely of iron. 7. The quarter-deck with temporary roof.

3. Left: Lower deck near the stern showing frame and stringers.

The condition of the frame As the survey progressed. it became clear that all of the main frames, and indeed most of the secondary timbers. were original , and that the majority were in good condition. However. a few of the floor timbers showed evidence of wet rot, both on the surface and more signifi­ cantly within the depth of the timber. Although overall the condition was excellent. the Uni­ corn did not have the secret of eternal youth. The wet rot. especially while the ship is still in the water, is a very real problem. and tests are currently under way of methods of treatment using boron, under the direction of the Dundee Institute of Technology. Although the preliminary results, in terms of penetration of the timber. seem encouraging, further work is needed to establish the long-term effects of boron on timber. 19 There is a book of essays by W.H.Auden If you like to categorize, or find the difference RIBA called The Dyer's Hand, and in that book of between engineering and architecture, I essays he has one which he calls 'The Joker would say that the architect works in a sub­ Royal Gold Medal in the Pack'. in which he analyzes the rOle of jective way whereas the engineer is working in lago in Othello. an objective way. But this objective world of Speech 1992 lago, if you remember, destroys the love of the engineer contains many elements that you Othello and Desdemona by rational argu­ might not actually expect it to contain. It Peter Rice ment, by applying reason all the way through contains elements. of course, of exploring to every act which, particularly, Desdemona materials, which I will talk a little bit about undertakes. And in the eyes of many, the lago later, but it also includes understanding what I Peter Rice, who died on 25 October. received would call observable facts. the Royal Institute of British Architects Royal rOle is the rOle given to the engineer in modern Gold Medal for Architecture on 29 June 1992. life and in modern architecture: of actually For instance, one of the things which interests He was only the third engineer to be so reducing by reason, to destroy or to under­ me a lot at the moment is the difference honoured, after Pier Luigi Nervi and Sir Ove mine the kind of unreasonable and soaring between real and virtual surfaces: how as an Arup, since the award was instituted by ideas that architects may have. engineer, as a structural engineer, one can Queen Victoria in 1848. He was also the third But it doesn't have to be like that because. in change and destroy a space by introducing a member of Arups to receive the Medal, follow­ fact, the engineer has a rOle ; and one of the virtual surface into it which is made by the ing Sir Ove in 1966 and Sir Philip Dowson in things I want to try and explain or talk a bit structure but which has in a sense got no 1981. The transcript of Peter Rice's accept­ about tonight is what an engineer is and what continuity. These kinds of observable facts all ance speech has been edited slightly for an engineer does, because even my own become part of this objective world which an publication here; edited versions of the children ask me , 'What does an engineer do? engineer is attempting to explore. speech, the opening comments by Richard You just make the thing stand up, don't you?' An architect. essentially, is responding sub­ MacCormac, RIBA President, an introductory jectively to what his work can do. He is taking And in reality I think the rOle and position of tribute by Renzo Piano, and a response by the context of a place and he is saying 'What engineers is not really understood at all in our Richard Rogers. were also published in RISA do I feel should be put into this place?'. modern society. They are perceived. as I said Journal, September 1992. whereas an engineer is taking materials. is earlier, as rational men who have always to taking some of this subjective information, reduce everything to the point where they can and is working with it to invent rather than to be sure of justifying it by reason. create. Renzo used the word 'creative', but if But there is a way around this. When I was you think about these problems in French, young, starting out in my career, I wasn't quite there is a clear distinction between the con­ sure if I would become an engineer or not; I cept of creation and the concept of invention. ended up in the profession largely by acci­ It is this difference in concept which I think dent, chosen for me by my father. When I identifies the difference between the architect grew up in rural Ireland the word 'engineer' and the engineer. And it is this difference had no meaning to me, any more than the which identifies the difference between the word 'architect'. I didn't have any kind of subjective world and the objective world. I cultural base at all - it was all literary, not in think that's why there isn't really, and doesn't the tactile or physical arts. I discovered when I need to be, any overlap of activity. Both are started looking at the work of engineers that needed to get the best out of any situation. the work I most liked was made by engineers who were exploring things: people like the I think that in trying to understand this inven­ great Victorian engineers who were drawing tiveness which the engineer can bring to what enjoyment out of exploring these new he is doing, one has to recognize that he is materials. this new industry that had been working with and working within the frame­ created - people like Maillart or Nervi explor­ work of information which he would generally ing concrete. I realised that even when you call -as I've said before-objective. start looking. say. at Gothic cathedrals, the At its simplest, it is easiest to see this when we best and finest were the ones which were are thinking of materials. I am particularly done by people who were actually trying to 1. Peter Rice at the Sydney Opera House site interested in exploring materials. And gener­ in the mid-'60s. Having worked in the find out how to build them. These were the ally in any project I do I try - I make this London office on the building for several ones where they injected the optimism and almost a requirement of my work - and find years he joined the resident engineering the joy and the enjoyment gained from what something within it which provides me with an team in early 1963. they were doing. opportunity to explore. I feel that in exploration 2. The Opera House under construction, I realised that it was an essential ingredient you find the enjoyment and the originality and photographed by Ove Arup. in the work of engineering to be exploring. the simplicity which, because you don't know what the outcome will be, are a necessary part of communicating with the public. One of the things that interests me very much as an engineer working in architecture is the whole problem of the alienation of the public at large from the current architectural situa­ tion. Myself, I believe this is due not to the problems of style and other things which many of our critics talk about. but to the rOle of industry. I think what has happened is that the actual process of making architecture has become dominated by industry, and people cannot any longer see the connection between what is built and the people who have built it. If you go back to the buildings and the things which we like from the past. one continuous factor. one element. is constant in all of them, and that is that you can see the evidence left by the people who made it. Whether it be a Gothic cathedral or a Victorian structure, there is some element within it which leaves behind a feeling that people themselves were involved. It is this, what the French would call place de la main - the evidence of the participation of people in the process - which I think is the key ingredient in enabling us to keep contact with the public, to keep people so that they feel comfortable with and don't feel alienated 20 by the products of our industry. I think it 3. Centre Pompidou. I would like to illustrate how this actually behoves us - and particularly the engineers works. I would like to take you through a because we're the ones who can speak the And I thought that if somehow. by introducing recent project I've done which is the Seville language of industry, the ones who can chal­ elements like that, we can make people who stone arches 1 where we were seeking to lenge industry and challenge its assumptions would normally be alienated by things feel examine, to explore, how you would use stone - to tackle it and to break this dominance comfortable, it proved to me that in a way the in the modern context. Lots of things have and to try and find ways of actually com­ thing that matters is that we introduce changed recently in stone manufacture and municating the real elements and the real elements and materials into buildings in a way our capacity to cut and make stone. Also our nature of things. which reflects their real nature. And it's this current computer technology enables us to Exploring materials and exploring the use of relationship between the real nature of things explore and examine things which we materials, and inventing through this explo­ and the real nature of the element itself which I wouldn't have been able to explore 10 years ration and using the nature of the materials think is the nakedness by which we can ago, because we didn't have the right com­ themselves, stimulates and creates this con­ communicate with the public at large. puter logic and frameworks for doing it. tact. The natural characteristics of materials Now the thing about stone is that recently as a design stimulus is the ingredient which there has been an enormous improvement in provides the best way of providing the contact 4. Glass fac;:ade at The City of Science the accuracy and way in which you can cut and Industry, La Villette, Paris: between the public and the buildings that we One of Peter Rice's projects from the and make stone units, stimulated largely by build. early '80s. (Photo: Martin Charles) the large fac;:ades which are very much part of At the time of the Centre Pompidou I had one the cladding industry, and you can cut stone very gratifying moment. We were building the to accuracies of O.Smm . steel structure and I was very concerned that So I realised that it should be possible to the scale of the building and the nature and assemble stone in such a way that the pre­ face of it would be very intimidating. Particu­ vious way in which stone was thought of could larly when people are looking at things, they be bypassed. And I conceived the idea that carry with them prior prejudice. When you we could prefabricate stone sub-assemblies build a steel building all the other steel build­ in a factory and then assemble them almost ings that people have seen become part of as though they were made of precast the way they react to what they're looking at. concrete. but with dry joints. These dry joints It was then that I principally conceived the then protect the stone, for stone as a material idea of introducing the cast steel because I is really very like glass. I had realised at the wanted to break some of these prior pre­ time that we were making the glass fac;:ades at judices and produce something which would La Villette that the kind of techniques of using be unexpected, and in being unexpected shock-absorbers and prestress springs in that would challenge people to look at it, and in the project would actually be adaptable to de­ process of challenging them to look at it would signing in stone. The stone arches at Seville actually make them think: 'What is it? What is it are based on the premise that you can make that I'm looking at?' pieces extremely accurately and then by dry­ jointing them you can protect them against One day, I suppose nine months after the cracking and protect them against the un­ building was complete, I was visiting it and I acceptable stress levels that might arise. And saw an old lady, just like the old ladies who my by using that we could actually rediscover the mother knew in Ireland, dressed in black, structural use of stone and hopefully get back sitting on the fourth floor with her hand on the to a natural and real way of using what is, after gerberette just looking at it. The gerberette all, the most fundamental and basic material was the great big cast bracket which we put on earth. round the columns (there was a great trial at the time we were trying to get it approved). I (1) See also PETER RICE & ALISTAIR LENCZNER. watched her for about an hour, just sitting, Pabellon del Futuro, Expo '92, Seville. The Arup Journal, quietly, stroking the side of the gerberette. 27(3). pp.20-23. 1992. 21 <111 6. Peter Rice (back to camera) inspects prototype of stone unit for the Future Pavilion fac;:ade at the stonemason's workshop, July 1991 . It was quite strange. Obviously, when you (Photo: want to do anything a bit new everyone runs Bruce Danziger) for cover. But in the end the stone industry were very positive about it. And every single thing that we postulated came good. Once you start out on something like this, you follow your nose. The invention becomes inevitable. You look at what you 've got and the next phase of it becomes obvious and bit-by­ bit the whole process has a direct inevitability about it which is not at all subjective or even arbitrary. The original design was done with Oriel Bohigas and David Mackay from Barcelona, and they came to me one day and said: 'We've been invited to do the Future Pavilion and the client wants something spectacular'. Now that's the kind of challenge that a fellow So I went back and we were asked by David of the Future in Seville. The fac;:ade is about like me can't refuse. About a month or six and Oriel to come forward with an idea for the 290m long and it's 40m high and it's made up weeks before I'd been to a place in Lisbon Pavilion. I proposed for this long linear site this of stone pieces which are 200mm x 200mm. called the Pala9io de Ajuda and it was a build­ wall, originally designed a bit like the one in There is a remarkable thing about stone, it can ing which had been in construction at the time Portugal, but it gradually developed into the be about three or four times as strong as Napoleon had invaded Portugal way back in series of stone arches. where the stone is concrete. whenever he was around. The building was used entirely structurally. The stone in fact in this case is granite from half complete and there was one complete There were two or three reasons for that: stone Galicia in north-western Spain. If you go up to wall which was built, but the building behind it technology is at its most advanced in Spain; Galicia you find that, all over the place, they had never been built. It was quite big and as I Spain is currently the home of stone technol­ have these standard posts used for holding stood and looked at it I thought 'Well , if that ogy even more than Italy, and it seemed quite their vines up or as gateposts which are thing can stand there for 100 years I should appropriate that we should attempt to do 200mm by 200mm and about 1.3m high. I be able to design something like that'. something like that for a thing called a Pavilion decided that if we were going to build in stone

<111 7. Underside view of the 'Nuages' canopy structure (within the 'Grande Arche'. La Defense. Paris) for which Peter Rice was responsible.

8 .• Kansai Airport Terminal. one of the last major projects on which Peter Rice worked, under construction on the artificial island at Osaka, Japan, November 1992. (Photo: Stuart Cowperthwaite)

22 that was the piece of stone we should use. So sceptical and they thought that maybe when into equilibrium. even though it can be under we assembled that type of piece of stone into th ings got rough I'd do a bunk. So I just kept some very non-symmetrical and different sub-units, O.Bm x 0.8m , using this quality of saying 'Ove Arup, Ove Arup, biggest in the types of loading. accuracy that we felt we could get in the world' - all that kind of thing - just to re­ It's this combination. if you like, of current cutting process. assure them, but they weren 't entirely thinking and software. much of which we convinced. The cut and shape of the various elements adapt and write ourselves. stimulated by the was no problem for the stone industry. In fact, However. bit by bit, they launched them­ requirements of the project - this mixture of they were a little bit disappointed that we selves. They had a couple of very good engi­ that and the advances in material technology didn't ask them for anything more challenging neers that were working on it, and they itself and cutting and manufacturing tech­ than we did. They felt that we 'd underesti­ launched themselves. and of course once nology - which I think represents the con­ mated their capacity. We had different types they were launched they were caught up on tribution and the way in which we can get of units, all made up of sub-assemblies; their own pride and we were able to proceed. back to introducing materials and allowing everywhere there is a change in section We had a few rough rides. as you might say, materials to exist in our buildings in their there's an epoxy joint with a dowel in it. We particularly with one unit which cracked the fundamental, authentic form. I often think, for developed a computer program which repre­ first time they put it up, but that was because instance, that when the critics and people sented the opening and closing of the joints in they carefully chose not to listen to anything who don't like modern architecture criticise it. extreme conditions, such as earthquake or we told them so that it was only really when they are criticising what I was saying before extreme wind and the like. things went wrong they came back and said - they are criticising the separation between I wanted not just to make the pieces as you 'Well, what was it you were saying the last the process and the product. would traditionally think of stone, but to actu­ time?'. We convinced them to do it the way we By going backwards into the materials, and wanted them to. Once they got going it went ally identify what I would call a current modern actually using the materials as authentically inevitability of the technology we have today. up very, very well and very easily, and with as they can be used, we will recover some of It's not just using stone as it might have been great precision. this lost ground, and that's probably the used. say 100 years ago, and showing that it The stability of the whole structure is guaran­ contribution that the engineer can make to can still work. It's actively going out and teed by two things - guaranteed by itself in a architecture and to the art of building because exploring what stone can become today. And sense. It's not a prestressed stone arch; there it doesn't have to be a reducing by reason , that's something that also interests me very is a certain amount of weight applied to some forever saying 'Well, that's not possible, all much, the idea that working as a technologist of the arches, which is the weight of the roof you can do is what I'm telling you can do'. You you are actually working with the technology system which was supported from behind . can actually get yourself into a situation where of today and that what you do could not pos­ But there are some of them which have little or you can go off and you can fight with the sible have been done, say 10 or 20 years architects sometimes. before, as I think is probably the case in this no weight on them and it's only really the self­ particular structure. weight of the stone system itself which is hold­ So, if I have a philosophy, if I have a belief, it is ing up this almost 40m high fac;ade . Its that the contribution that we can make and the As I said a moment ago, when you start out on out-of-plane depth and thereby stability is contribution that we should make is not to be this process you make certain critical deci­ provided by elements providing the action of quasi-architects; people often call me an sions at the beginning, but then it's a question vertical cantilevers with the steel members 'architectural engineer', but that's a load of of following your nose; the material itself tells behind and the stone fac;ade in front. rubbish - I'm an engineer, plain and simple. I you what it wants to do. You don't actually think of myself contributing in an inventive All of that is possible because this structure siS have to think too much about what's required framework based on objective information, works not as a structure where you analyze because the nature and character and physi­ and this objective information, as I've said, stress and strain and all that, but where you cal properties of the material become the can come from all sorts of different sources. It analyze the geometry. And it's the geometri­ motive force for just about all your decisions. doesn't have to be the kind of thing you first cal change which must take place before any The most difficult part of any innovative new think of as objective information. I find any­ kind of collapse can be precipitated which project is persuading the contractor to build it. thing that's observable and that you can see guarantees the safety of the whole th ing. The contractors feel they are personally taking and understand becomes objective in itself. the risk - and I understand that - for some So that what we have done is analyze the And I think that's where we have to work, hairbrained idea of somebody else's. Particu­ whole system with all these joints opening up that's where our contribution is. It is by being larly as th is was the first time I had worked in and closing, and the geometrical change inventive in that kind of world that we can Spain, I didn't really have any kind of track which that induces or that requires is more contribute and help, I believe, architecture record with the Spanish, so they were very than sufficient to bring the whole system back recover some of its rOle in society.

23

COMMENT AWARDS Bob Emmerson Many projects received awards during the pa t three months. Among them were: This issue of Arup Focus tells of the growth of our ISE Structural Awards offices in the United The Institution of Structural Engineers gave a States and the work they Structura.1 Awa.rd to Ove Arup & Partners for (Right): Chapel at Fitzwilliam College are doing. I would like their work on the Briti. h Pavilion and Pavilion Cambridge (architect: MacCormac Jamieson Pritchard), one of four Arup to say something here of tl1e Future, Sevi.Lle, and a commendation for projects to receive Civic Trust about what I believe to tl1eir work on Central Plaza, Hong Kong. Awards. The others were Stansted Airport Terminal, Royal Insurance be the reasons for our Silver Jubilee Cup Award of The Royal Town House. Peterborough. and Avenue de success i:n a country noted for its competitive Planning Institute for 1992 Chartres, Chichester. climate and during a period for half of which This award, which aims 'to throw a public the American e onomy has been in poor potl.ighc on the po itive achievements of the shape. town planning profession', was made to the We brought to America what we call building Broadgate development, for which Arup engineering: integrated multidisciplinary Associates were masterplaimers. The judges design by integrated multidisciplinary project described it as representing 'a model of high teams. And, equally importantly. we brought density for city centre redevelopment'. a different - or, at any race, an unusual - attitude cowards the projects and the owners and architects with whom we work. It is an (Right): Usine de L'O real. at Aulnay-sous-Bois (architecc Denis Valode and Jean Pistre) was awarded attitude more interventionist, seeking Prix de l'Equerre d'Argent by dialogue and collaboration, anxious to be Le Moniteur. involved in developing all aspects of the design from the very earliest days of the project; an attitude chat seeks the solution best for the project even though the earc:h may be a d.ifficuJt one. In short, the Arup attitude. We are helped by many things. Loyal owner HONGKONG and architects are h.igh on the List, and their generous recommendations have been of great value. We are helped also by the support AIRPORT RAILWAY we get from colleagues in various branches of the Arup family around the world, who share Two new lines of me Mass Transit Railway will at Hong Kong Central. On Lantau the terminal with us their experience and sometimes even link Hong Kong to the island of lantau and the is at Tung Chung, a new town adjoining the their staff Aud we are helped by the breadth new airport at Chek Lap Kok. Ove Arup & airport. Arups' commis ions are for the of Arups' skills. several of which we have Partner Hong Kong competed for and won stations at Hong Kong. Kowloon, Tsing Yi and been able co bring to America: transportation commission as civil and strucmral engineers Tung Chung. and traffic planning. communication and for four major new stations on these lines. and The Mass Transit Railway Corporation in information technology, industrial the runnels and viaducts associated with them. partnership with the private sector has a record engineering, and a branch of Arup Acou ties The Airport Express Line will run berween the of succes ful property development, and i in Los Angeles. airport terminal building (for which Arups are taking fuJI advantage of the wider commercial The 'American Experience' is also benefiting concept and specialist Structural engineer ) . opportunities olfered by the new stations. all 50 offices in other parts of the world. Not stopping at Tsing Yi, Kowloon and Hong Kong Most will have major road interchange only the practical experience of American Central. The lantau Line follows the same facilities along witl1 shops, hotels, flats and construction and management techniques, but route, with intermediate stations and will offices in multi-level podiums and high-rise also their 'can do' attitude of mind. Our provide interchange facilities with the existing buildings above or adjacent to the stations. American offices are currently collaborating Tsuen Wan line at Lai King and the Island Line with local Arup offices on projects in England, Hong Kong Station,

Germany, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, • ARUP Projects for which Arup S.ingapore, Malaysia and Japan. As ociates and Rocco Design Partners are Finally, our continuing success in the United the architects, will be States would not be possible without the located on a 3.2ha dedication of our staff there. Every time I visit prestigious site on America I am impressed by their newly reclaimed comminnent, their energy and thei.r land in Hong Kong enthusiasm as part of tl1e Arup family. Central, in front of Bob Emmerson is Chairman of Arups' American practice. Exchange Square, and connected by a Ove Arup Partnership, subway to Central 13 Fitzroy Street, Station, both earlier London WlP 6BQ Arup projects. The station itself will Tel: 0716361531 include three Fax: 071 580 3924 MTRC: l.a ntau & Airport Railway Route Map underground levels CHAIRMAN'S REPORT John Martin In ovember I presented my Annual Repo rt to the Partnership Our Civil Engineering ac 1i vi 1ie have become and I am pleased 10 ha1·e the opportunity no1 10 publish mcrea ingly important to us. We hav obtain d extracts which may be of interest 10 our clients and other more work in environmental ervice . friends. transportation, highways and bridge . and a reasonable flow of work in infrastructure and Th re e ion ha greatly increased international geotechnics. During the year ome 20 of our acti iiy in the cons1ru t.ion industry. Thi ha staff have worked a part of th e Briti h Ra il team been true for u : international competilion ha as essing the Channel Tunnel rail link route affected u everywhere we pra ti e. Our oversea opUon o that a recommendation can be made work has grown and, increasingly, we form or to Government. It remains to be een what our join team to make de ign/con truc1 bid . It has future involvement might b . been an exciting and a demanding year, but the width of our bu ine and th range of our kill We increa 111gly find our elve in a po ition to have enabled us to cope remarkably well. make a fundamental contributi on on planning and development matter , Our , ork in continental Europe has grown, and there i scope fo r particularly in Germany, where, e have project building on our kill in in Berlin, Koln, Ore den, Du eldorf. Frankfurt, environmencal Leipz.ig and Stuttgart. In France we have a variety engineering and s ien e, of technically d manding job , including La Tour acou ties, planning and Sans Fin , which will be the tallest building in economics. The . Europe. Last year we completed ·everal notable combined with our project in Spain, among t them the Barcelona longer establi hed kills in Tower, the Thy . en An Gallery in Madrid and civil engineering and the UK Pa ii ion and the 'Pavilion of the Future' geote hni , have brought for Expo '92 in Seville. u a good deal of Our Hong Kong office ha b en th e fo u of interesting and valuable much activity, with projects and po sibilitie not work, including only in Hong Kong. but also in mainland China environmental and parts of South-East A ia. Among major as e ment and development of particular importance are the apprai al . land new Hong Kong Airport and M tro stations and r clamation, waste tl1 e Bangkok Elevated Tran port Syst m. Barcelona Tower di po al and ite and two levels of podium with five office and Architect: Sir Norman improvement chemes. Our work in Japan and witli Japanese companie hotel towers up to 46 storeys high. Foster & Partners ha been val uable. The relationships we have Th ere is talk of change to Kowloon Station. de igned by Terry Farrell & built and the experi nee we have gained should meet changing need . Certainly the nature of the Co with Ho & Partner , covers I 4ha on newly be a good inve trnent. Particularly noteworthy work available is changing. which can be reclaimed land. and will have two are the Kansai airport, now under con truction, timulating, but al o the environment in which underground and three podium level . Al o the Toyota factory at D rby. with 230 OOO m 2 of we work is genjng tougher, more competitive included are I 2 34-storey office and hotel production space completed to lime and budget and more litigious. This means that we are towers and 26 high-rise residential blocks. chi year, and Bracken Hou e, a speculative office having to change our habits, which is probably no bad thing. But we must take care that we do T ing Yi Station (archite t: Wong Tung & development for Obayashi now leased to the not lose ight of our aim ; we are driven by the Partner ) is an elevated cation within a seven Industrial Bank of Japan, and awarded the Briti h quest for excellence in our work and in our torey major hopping and town centre Construction lndu try Supreme Award. dealings with our own and other people. We poditun covering S.4ha. Above the podium In Building Engineering, apart from the increase hould rememb r, too, that although we will will be 12 residemial towers. in our over ea activitie . we have been helped always eek to diversify in our activities, becau e Tung Chung terminus is a two-level through this difficult year by the Glaxo project at it is in our nature to explore the fields adjoining underground ta.lion with an above ground Stevenage, for which we are the prime agents. It our own, we must not neglect our roots. We are concour e integrated with adjacent commercial ha a construction value of £SOOM and at the een to tand for excellence in de ign, and I and re idential developments covering 22 .Sha. peak 210 of our staff were engaged on it. The believe we must continue to ee that thi The architectural design i by MTRC with experience gained on this project will have a underlies all we do. Arup a ting a team leader to co-ordinate the con iderable influence on work of all con ultant . our working methods in the future. Although the building will be the mo t conspicuou a peers of the e cations, the civil Industrial Engineering engineering work - viaducts, runnels, has steadily grown in ubways - repre em a major part of Arup ' cope and in the commi sions. The railway i a key element in geographical spread of it Hong Kong's 'Airport Core Project 'and its work. The Toyota factory infrastructure programme. Design work is now at Derby i being followed under way by Arups Hong Kong with by another in Turkey. additional ta.ff from their offices in Taiwan, Work has continued in Au tralia and the UK. Tend r will be invited Germany and projects later this year and construction start early in have been gained in 1994. Completion i planned for 1997. Hungary and in Rus ia. Torgauer Strasse, Leipzig, a 4.Skm urban highway and bridge project. PROJECT NEWS NEW

Work commenced last year on the £1 60M NEWCASTLE QUAYSIDE COMMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT which will regenerate a 20 acre steeply-sided site on the banks of the ICE RINK, VIENNA River Tyne. The Tyne and W ear Development Corporation are funding the project and OAP have been appointed to advise on a OAP Newcastle are prime agents and engineers for the infrastructure and car parks. new ice rink in Vienna which will be used for national and international The Christmas issues of the WESTERN MORNING NEWS were launched from the championship events. Architect: Sepp paper's new HEADQUARTERS in Plymouth. OAP were engineers for this £ ISM ship­ Muller and Alfred Berger. shape building. Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners. LEWIS'S DEPARTMENT STORE, OAP were engineers for the fit out of EMBANKMENT PLACE which started in January BLACKPOOL 1992. This has now been completed and Coopers & Lybrand have moved in 3500 people. OAP Manchester have been commissioned The communications design, also an OAP project, reaches a level of quality and economic as structural engineers for the efficiency, and the installation is now fully operational. refurbishment of this department store fo r Work on site is now progressing on CONGREXPO. Lille, a project comprising a 5000 Chartwell Land, part of the Kingfisher seat rock concert hall, a 20 000m2 conference centre and a 20 000m2 exhibition hall, Group. This involves partial demolition of the five storey building with ground floor adjacent to the new TGV station development. O AP are structural and services engineers tenants in continued occupation. for the project. Architect: Rem Koolhaas. Architect: Leach Rhodes Walker. O n 25 November 1992 the Turkish Prime Minister opened 92km of the TRANS JUSSIEU LIBRARY, PARIS EUROPEAN MOTORWAY from Selimpasa to Luleburgaz, west of Istanbul, together Arups with Rem Koolhaas have won the with five link roads connecting the motorway to the existing Edirne to Istanbul road. OAP design competition for this £30M project, Coventry Highways Group are designers for this design and construct contract, and also for on the site adjacent to the Arab Institute the IS Okm long Edirne-Kinali Motorway. Construction of the remaining section to Edirne is in Paris. now in progress. METHANE: RISK ASSESSMENT Arups have completed two stages of preliminary engineering for a CONCRETE OAP in association with DVn Technica GRAVITY SUBSTRUCTURE (CGS) for the BRITANNIA field. This is the first time a have been appointed by the Construction joint field operatorship has been considered in the North Sea. Industry Research and Information PORT WAKEFIELD, the £1 50M, 350 acre railfreight terminal and freight village has been Association (CIRIA) to establish and provide guidance for appropriate strategies granted outline planning permission. OAP Leeds, working with Arup Urban Design, Arup for assessing the risk of methane and Environmental, Arup Transportation and the Manchester office, drew up the masterplan and associated gases to construction. took this project through a fo ur week Public Inquiry. FIRE STUDY Arup R&D Fire Engineering team are involved in a pilot study of the health and PARTNERSHIP NEWS safety risks associated with fires in MARGARET LAW of Arup warehouse was a re~ection of PETER BRE.SSINGTON and occupied buildings for the Building Research Establishment. R&D Fire Engineering received Arups' commitment to Bristol. MARTIN KEALY, both of AR&D Fire Engineering, were the MBE in the New Year The OVE.ARUP APPRAISAL OF SIX Honours List FOUNDATION PRIZE., one involved in a BBC TV CITIES/REGIONS IN RUSSIA documentary 'Tomorrow's OAP have been commissioned by an DEREK SUGDEN ex­ of the 1992 Partnership World', which examined atrium international manufacturing company to Chairman of Arup Associates Awards, re~ects Ove Arup's own f,re suppression systems. They undertake a desk study of socio-economic and current consultant with commitment to the directed f,re tests at the and environmental conditions in six Arup Acoustics, has succeeded advancement of education Hammersmith Ark and Fire Russian cities/regions. The aim is to assist the Lord Bancro~ as Chairman associated with the built the client in siting new factories as part of Services College at Morton-in­ of The Building Centre Trust environment This year's prize, a business plan development for joint 'Creativity in Engineering Design the Marsh. ventures with Russian manufacturers. The Institution of Structural for the Built Environment', has The Ove Arup Partnership and EARTH CENTRE PROJECT, Engineers recently made a been awarded to Hilary Smith the British Council were Service Award to GRIFF SAGE, SOUTH YORKSHIRE of the Department of Civil sponsors of PROJECT in of OAP Leeds office have been commissioned OAP Cardiff, recognition his Engineering, University of Leeds. IMAGINATION MOSCOW: 27 years' service to the Welsh to carry out an engineering study of a Ove Arup & Partners are among a series of workshops involving colliery site in Cadeby for development as Branch throughout the period architectural students and a tourist attraction and visitor centre to 1963-1990. the winners of the BCB CONSUL TANT OF THE. architects, held in Moscow in present best innovations and alternatives for a sustainable future for the area. DAVID LOOSE.MORE. of YEAR AWARD 1992. This is November. The participants included Chris McCarthy of OAP Architect: Feilden Clegg Design. OA P Civil Engineering in recognition of outstanding of Infrastructure group is one of contributions made overseas and Mick Brundle Arup CKT STUDY, TOKYO the 'conciliators' listed by the both to the country where the Associates. OAP are undertaking a structural Institution of Civil Engineers in engineering concept design study of a 30 projects are undertaken and to The Ove Arup Partnership has connection with their seminar storey reinforced concrete residential Britain's invisible earnings. contributed to a charitable trust 'Conciliation and the ICE building in Tokyo for Midi Architects. Ove Arup & Partners were one for Construction Industry Relief Conditions of Contract - A New of eight featured 'case study' & Assistance for the Single Stage in Dispute Resolution'. companies in a report Homeless (CRASH), ARUP FOCUS is published quarterly by OAP BRISTOL OFFICE. INNOVATION - THE. BE.ST dedicated to reducing the Ove Arup Partner hip. received a Business Energy PRACTICE., compiled by a number of people sleeping on Written by: Patrick Morreau Award 1992 for their own office joint CBIIDTi task force which the London Streets through the Helene Murphy building. The citation stated that aims to encourage innovation conversion of empty buildings Editing/ Layout: David J. Brown this conversion of an old throughout British industry. into temporary shelters. Helene Murphy Winter 1992/ 93 ARUPS IN THE-USA In March 1985, Ov Arup & Parmer opened an office in San Francisco, expanding to Lo Angele in the foUowing year and to ew York City in 1988; they have ince grown to be 130 trong. They are not a firm which open offices 'on pee' : the mo e LO the United States came from a project commi ion - in this case, their appointmem by the San Franci co architect An hen & Allen to be trucrural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineer for the 120-bed Clovi Community Ho pita! in California' Central Valley. That project wa followed by other medical facilitie , including the Lucile Packard Children' Ho pita! at Stanford University, the City of Hope Kaiser Fresno Medical Center (Ratcliff Architects) National Medical Center in Southern the extension to the Salk Institute for Lo Angele . the SwissAir HQ in ew California, and everal projects for Kai er Biologi al Studie in La Jolla, California, York, building at the American Airlines Permanente, one of America' large L for laboratories for Amgen Inc, a weU a Terminal at JFK, and project such as fum health care provider . In all, Arups have laboratories at Stanford Univer ity, the archives for Warner Bro , Paramount carried out commi ion for over 7 SOM Univer ity of Southern California and Pictures and MOMA in New York. of health care several campuse of the University facilities in the New Directions of California. USA and now are Arup ' approach to building engineering recogni ed as one Indeed, university work generally has de ign - multidi ciplinary, integrated, of the leading been an important element in Arups' work involved - ha been well received in the con ulting in America. One of their earliest jobs wa United State . The growth of the practice engineer in a child care center at the Univer ity of is one indication of their success. Other this field. California at Lo Angeles, followed by are the publicity they have received, more work at that campus and other in which includes features in Architecture and Laboratories and the University of California system Architectural Record and the awards made to Education including seismic upgrading of the PoweU their project - most recently an AIA Their experti e and Library at UCLA, a S70M nursing tower at Award to the 747 Soutl1 Flower Street experience in UC Davis, a 19 500m2 ports centre at UC Tower in Los Angele - and to the firm health care lead to San Diego, and buildings at Berkeley, it elf when, at their 1992 convention, the commis ions for Riverside and Irvine. Altogether, ome 60 American In titute of Architects honoured research projects on 22 university campuse acros Arup a a 'distinguished engineering firm laboratorie and the USA . known for its innovative and influential similar project . solutions'. Civic and Corporate Ove Arup & Since Ove Arup fust set up in San Arup are engineers for everal civic and Parmer have been Francisco, American architects have cultural buildings: the new Chicago involved in more increasingly eized opportunities in other Museum of Contemporary Art, a than 30 buildings countries. One result of this is that Arups lightweight roof canopy at the Santa Fe of thi kind for in ew York and California are now Opera House, the ational Inventor Hall indu trial and working with American architectural of Fame in Akron, Ohio, a library in pharmaceutical practice on projects in Europe, the Phoenix, Arizona, and performing arts companies, Middle Ea t and A ia, frequently working center in ewark, J. and Cerrito and univer itie . jointly with their local office. Thi kind of Escondido in Southern California. re earcl1 in titute active international collaboration in and the Federal Corporate and commercial project are an seeking and executing projects throughout

747 Flower Street. LA Government. They important part of Ove Arup ' practice in the world marks a further direction for Wolf+ Architects are engineers for the USA. Their work include offices in Arups in the USA.