THE ARUP JOURNAL

AUTUMN 1992

ARUJP Front cover: View from beneath canopy suspended from fac;;ade of Pabellon del Future, Expo '92, Seville (Photo: Fernando Alda) THEARUP Back cover: JOURNAL The UK Pavilion (Photo: Reid & Peck) Vol.27 No.3 Editor: Autumn 1992 David J . Brown Published by Art Editor: Ove Arup Partnership Desmond Wyeth FCSD 13 Fitzroy Street, Deputy Editor: London W1P 680 Helene Murphy 3 UK Pavilion, Ove Arup & Partners were the structural and services engineers for the Expo '92, Seville UK Pavilion, Expo '92 in Seville. This was constructed to conform with Ian Gardner, David Hadden 'The Age of Discovery' theme.

8 Frankfurt School Arup Associates prepared a design for a day care centre in Frankfurt. Greg Pearce, Peter Warburton one of the objectives being to achieve a 'low entropy' building.

9 Usine Thomson CSF The brief for the Thomson Factory, 15km south west of Paris, required Richard Hough, John Hewitt open spaces, a clear approach to circulation and scope for future expansion. Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. were subcontractors to Renzo Piano Building Workshop for the superstructure.

10 Usine l'Oreal The new production and administrative headquarters building for Richard Hough, Mike Santi French cosmetics manufacturer l'Oreal in north-eastern Paris was carefully planned for an owner-occupier client. Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. were bureau d 'etudes for the steel superstructure.

14 'II Grande Blgo', Genoa The Bigo. built to celebrate the Columbus quincentenary, is now a Peter Rice, Alistair Lenczner well-known Genoese landmark, for which Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. were design engineers.

16 From intelligent buildings Ove Arup & Partners used CFO (Computational Fluid Dynamics) to intelligent planning extensively in plans for the internal environments of the proposed Tom Barker, Munich Airport Centre and Centre of Contemporary Art, Luxembourg, Andy Sedgwick. Raymond Yau with the aim of creating environmentally satisfactory buildings.

20 Pabellon del Futuro The Pabellon del Futuro was a major pavilion at Expo '92. Ove Arup & Expo '92, Seville Partners International Ltd were invited to collaborate in the design of Peter Rice, Alistair Lenczner the pavilion's roof and dramatic stone fac;:ade .

2 UK Pavilion, Expo '92, Seville Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd.

Ian Gardner David Hadden

Introduction In December 1988 the Department of Trade and Industry invited nine firms of architects and designers to submit proposals for the United Kingdom Pavilion at Expo '92 in Seville. Within Expo's theme of 'The Age of Discovery' the DTl's objectives were to: • Promote the UK as a strong, resourceful and open economy by displaying British enterprise and excellence • Strengthen international trade and com­ mercial relations with the UK • Highlight our active participation in the 1. Night time view from south east. European Community Funding was provided by central government In fact construction began in June 1990 and, • Alert visitors to Britain's appeal as a place and sponsorship from private companies: with more overlap between the base building for leisure and business British Steel in particular made a major contri­ and exhibition fit-out works than originally • Enhance Anglo-Spanish relations bution. envisaged, the Pavilion opened to the public • Stimulate a high level of business contri­ on 20 April 1992, the first day of Expo '92. butions to the Pavilion Initial brief In addition to their thematic objectives the Principal design objectives • Demonstrate the excellence DTI also set out certain operational and phy­ of British design. From the outset Grimshaw and his team were sical requirements. These included: determined to create a piece of 'serious' To achieve these the DTI called for proposals • Maximum freedom for the Exhibition architecture and avoid the Disneyesque. The which emphasized Britain's leadership in designer with generous unobstructed 1851 Great Exhibition Building and the areas of technology and services, while con­ floor space Festival of Britain pavilions 100 years later veying an image of cultural excellence in a • One-way circulation for up to 20 were seen as more appropriate points of ref­ forward-looking democracy. A 620Qm2 site OOO visitors per day, seven days per week, for erence. Off-site prefabrication of major build­ was secured at the junction of International Expo's six-month duration ing elements, preferably in the UK, was con­ Boulevard (now Acacia Way) and European sidered essential. A responsible energy • Access for the disabled Avenue, locating the Pavilion near those of policy, and a strategy for re-use either of the the other major industrial nations. • A separate entrance for VIPs whole Pavilion or components, were impor­ In March 1989 Nicholas Grimshaw and • Shaded external queuing areas tant. And within this framework the single Partners Ltd. and Ove Arup & Partners were • Strong UK identification on most significant factor in the evolution of the asked to develop their proposals to scheme the Pavilion exterior engineering design was Seville's climate, the design stage; Arups' initial appointment was • Offices and welfare facilities for location in southern Spain making it virtually as structural. geotechnical and building ser­ Pavilion staff unique in Europe. For much of the year and vices engineers. Subsequent DTI commis­ particularly from April to October, the period • VIP reception, dining and kitchen areas sions were for fire engineering, telecommuni­ of Expo '92, hot, dry southwesterly winds are cations, acoustics and lighting studies, as • Concession areas for fine dining and funnelled across the region by adjacent well as the structural and services engineer­ retail sales mountains. Summer temperatures are regu­ ing for the Exhibition fit-out works. Arups also • Consideration of dismantling and re-siting larly in the upper 30s"C and can exceed designed the north and south fabric walls for the Pavilion after Expo '92. 45"C. July and August rainfall is normally the works contractor. The initial programme for the construction of minimal, so it was ironic that in this of all years In addition to the UK professional team, the the Pavilion was as follows: the typical weather pattern was broken, with DTI also engaged EXHIBIT, a Spanish service some heavy rainfall and relatively low temper­ Appoint UK atures during the first half of Expo. company set up specifically for Expo '92, to management contractor: February 1990 assist the UK team with Spanish and Expo '92 People have, of course, lived comfortably in Commence construction: regulations, submissions to the Expo '92 September 1990 Seville and Andalucia for centuries without authorities. and advice on local construction Complete base building: August 1991 the benefit of air-conditioning. The traditional practice. Complete exhibition fit-out: March 1992. local approach to the harsh summer is to use

EXPO '92

60 400

so 3,0

2. Left: 300 Prevailing winds. April to October. 250 200 3. Right: Normal climatic O a: range in Seville. 00

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3 Floor levels Lower ground floor (gross area 245om2. level -1 .7m) Pavilion management offices Commissioner General's suite Main plant, switchgear and telecommunications rooms VIP reception 4. Architect's sketch of interior pods Restaurant. kitchens and public toilets and service risers. Internal water feature Concourse (gross area 137Qm2, level +2.Sm) Welcome area Sponsors ' display area, shop and information point Green room Entrance and exit bridges Service risers Lower pod level (gross area 58Qm2, level +7.Sm) shading in the form of inward-looking court­ Overall form Lower central feature display deck yards. external shutters on windows and fab­ The rectangular external envelope had* inter­ ric awnings over narrow streets; heavy nal plan dimensions of 64.Bm x 32m, and a Visitor circulation/escape walkways masonry walls to stabilize internal tempera­ height of 24.Bm from lower ground floor to Service risers tures; and water in fountains and ornamental roof. Early press articles referred to it as 'the Upper pod level pools to cool the air by evaporation. It was size of Westminster Abbey' - in cross-section (gross area 11oom2. 1evel + 12.Sm) logical to adopt these principles for the at least a valid comparison. The longitudinal Enclosed theatre pods Pavilion. The challenge was to do so in the axis ran north-south, with the east wall as Upper central feature display deck context of modern materials and industrial principal public elevation and the west wall techniques in a prefabricated building with facing various service buildings. Visitor circulation/escape walkways modern user needs. Only the lower ground floor occupied the Service risers whole plan area. The partial floors above VIP/eve/ housed the principal exhibition spaces within (gross area 36Qm2 level+ 17.Sm) the protection of the envelope. The two VIP suite 5. Travelators and east wall. enclosed theatre pods were located towards VIP kitchen and toilet areas the north and south end walls, with two open Escape walkways decks between them to provide access to the Service risers central feature exhibit. Visitor entry was via a bridge over an external lake onto the concourse level. The Pavilion had no internal stairs; visitors proceeded to and from the upper floors by inclined travela­ The solution was to provide a moderated tors. each 50m long and arranged in pairs on environment within the envelope to which visi­ opposite sides of the building. From the con­ tors could adjust before entering the fully course they could exit directly via a bridge at conditioned inner spaces. Typical internal the north elevation or descend by a ramp to temperatures were 28°C on the Concourse the restaurant below. Two 13-person hydraulic level and 23°C in the pods and offices, but scenic lifts took VIPs from their own entrance these were not fixed and reflected seasonal to the VIP Suite on top of the south pod. changes in external conditions. Environmental control The Pavilion orientation meant that direct and the building fabric solar radiation fell on the east wall for only 2-3 Rather than treating the interior as one space hours each day after public opening; the roof, with uniform conditions throughout, the south elevation and, in particular, west eleva­ arrangement of envelope and specialized tion were exposed to the sun's full strength for areas allowed a hierarchical approach to most of the day. The constructional forms of environmental control. Visitors queuing for an the principal surfaces of the building were in hour in the sun could be discomforted by a response to these conditions and extensive dramatic temperature drop on entry, but computer modelling with the Oasys ROOM clearly 200 people seated in a compact program evaluated their effectiveness. theatre would produce a significant heat gain. Roof •At the time of wnttng. the Pavilion's future was uncertain This was a lightweight sandwich of metal decking, insulation and waterproofing to mini­ mize loads on the long-span roof members. At night the relatively thin insulation allowed 6. Passive cooling techniques. some interior cooling. By day, curved 7. Hierarchy of environmental control. south-facing shades on light steel frames

Prevailing winds from south-west

~ Evaporative cooli ng J< surface at wet Positive pressure / bulb temperature (windward)

/ 2500 kW cooling for / 90kW pumping Ven1cal air plant

Cool

Tank wall Waterwall: Water running down glass surface West East 4 Au conditioning

8. Left: Air-handling unit for envelope space feeding Ventilation ==+======P=~=c]oo~/1n~g~co~n~s1a~n~1 primary elliptical duct. ~ Cons1an1 ~~--==r:=J 9. Right: Energy saving Llgh1ing Saving due 10 hghl lhrough fron1 wall and sails breakdown.

Travelator Constant

Small pQWer Conslant

145W/m2 100WJm2

and insulating them , heat absorption was Electrical engineering limited. The wall 's internal face remained With 2MW installed capacity the electrical almost static at c.30°C, while external tem­ systems provided considerable flexibility for peratures varied daily by up to 25°C. the users. An overall allowance of 150W/m2 in End walls the exhibition areas gave a wide range of Tensioned fabric formed the north and south options for audio-visual equipment and light­ skins, softening incoming light by day and ing. Busbar systems in the west wall risers allowing these elevations to glow spectacu­ and horizontal distribution routes in the walk­ larly at night. To improve the thermal per­ ways and floor voids supplied these areas. formance of the south wall a layer of external Due to the glazed east elevation, light fabric fabric 'flysheets' provided shade to the wall end walls , and translucent ventilation louvres, itself. This additional line of defence was not the building was well served with daylight. At required at the north end. night the lighting design created a spectacu­ lar sight. Sunspot luminaires at the top and Mechanical engineering bottom of the end walls made them glow and and energy usage similar fittings at high level illuminated the The mechanical systems which comple­ structure. The rooftop shades were uplit by mented these passive temperature control area floods and underwater spotlights en­ measures were concentrated in the west hanced the lowest 5m of the water wall. The wall. Four vertical air-handling units totalling interior was lit by fluorescent luminaires in 22m3/s capacity drew fresh air in at high level walkway skirtings, handrail lights on the tra­ shielded the roof from the sun and, with natur­ and distributed it through horizontal elliptical velators, and downlighters recessed into the al air movement across, limited its tem­ ducts below the pods across the Pavilion. undersides of the pods and central decks. perature rise. The shades themselves were These units also recirculated air from high Public health engineering level inside the building. mostly light-coloured fabric panels, although A unique feature of the public health design approximately 30% of the shade area was The offices and restaurant area at lower was the absence of rainwater drainage from provided by banks of photovoltaic cells which ground level had their own west wall AHUs the roof. Rainfall during the summer is usually supplied power for the east water wall. supplying cool air though pressurized floor low and by allowing water to pond to 75mm East wall voids and circular floor diffusers which then depth all but the most severe storms could be The main public face of the Pavilion was spilled onto the concourse level. The north contained. In extreme conditions water dis­ glazed for its entire length with water pouring and south pods and VIP Suite each had their charged off the roof without control but was continuously down the outside. Patterns form­ own plant above, drawing air from the gen­ normally lost by evaporation, further con­ ing in the falling water gave the glass a eral Pavilion space and conditioning it further tributing to cooling of the envelope. before discharging it back into the envelope dynamic, translucent quality which enhanced Seven of the west wall tanks formed part of views in both directions. In engineering terms still cold enough to contribute to cooling. the potable supply system as well as being the water also limited the maximum glass Air was exhausted naturally through high elements of the building fabric. temperature to around 24°C so that it re­ level louvres into a negative pressure zone Structural design mained below skin temperature, thus con­ created by the building shape. A sensor and construction sequence tributing to visitor comfort. monitored wind direction and opened the The key objectives were for an assembly of Submersible borehole pumps, powered by louvres on the leeward side accordingly. The identifiable parts, conveying to the observer rooftop photovoltaic cells operating in parallel upward movement of air within the envelope how they were made and how they func ­ with mains-driven units, raised the water promoted stratification with the optimum con­ tioned, to be erected simply on site, with the 17.5m from a lake along the east elevation, ditions at concourse level. prefabricated elements easily transportable. inside and outside the Pavilion, to distribution In line with measures to modify the micro­ The steel superstructure demonstrated the pipework at the top of the glass wall. Nozzles climate across the whole Expo site. cooling philosophy of precise offsite fabrication by a then directed it onto the glass; at 5m above water was taken from a central raw water sys­ skilled workforce in harness with erection re­ the lake it ran into a gutter and fell the remain­ tem, thus eliminating the need for cooling quiring minimum temporary works. Many con­ ing distance in fine jets. Filtration and chemi­ towers or condensers. Untreated water, ex­ nections between steel members were made cal treatment were handled in a dedicated tracted from the Guadalquivir upstream of with a single pin. thus defining the structural underground plantroom. Solar energy provid­ Seville, was passed through two parallel action while allowing rapid assembly with ed around 50% of the 90kW required for chiller units and discharged into a collector pote.ntial for subsequent dismantling. This pumping. Loss from the wall and lake was up drain to return it to the river . approach contrasted with that adopted on to 100m3/day, equating to around 2500kW of The high internal heat gains from exhibits, several other pavilions where extensive site evaporative cooling to the Pavilion and its and the organization of internal spaces welding was ust:id, sometimes with a lack of environs. required by the client, meant that the Pavilion finesse in the end product. West wall was not the 'ultimate' low energy building. Foundations Neither time nor architecture permitted the However, within the constraints it demon­ The site lay in the Guadalquivir's flat flood­ creation of a genuine masonry wall on the strated how these techniques, some long­ plain, between the original watercourse and a west side. Instead. water-filled stacked steel established, are appropriate in the context of relatively recent man-made canal: an area tanks provided enormous mass to act as a modern materials, industrial methods, pre­ previously used for low intensity agriculture. 'thermal flywheel ' which, together with the fabricated buildings, and modern user The stratigraphy consists of fairly soft alluvial concrete concourse and lower ground floor needs. Energy savings of about 1/3 relative to deposits over a layer of dense gravel at 18m slabs, helped stabilize internal temperatures. a more conventional building of similar size depth with marl below. Ganeral level was By painting the tanks' outer surfaces white and purpose were achieved. 8-9m above normal river level. 5 10. Above: Pod structure being erected. 11 . Right: Free-standing east wall structure. 12. Far right: External structure being assembled around internal pods.

The limited load capacity of the upper strata Internal pods and decks External envelope and the concentration of column loads along The first superstructure elements to be erect­ Once the main internal elements were in main elevations and below the pods led to the ed were the north and south pods and central place, erection of the envelope could pro­ use of 800kN driven cast in situ concrete decks. Each comprised two identical floors, ceed. This consisted of 10 identical tubular piles wi th toe levels in the dense gravel layer. one Sm above the other. The upper central steel frames at 7.2m spacing , each compris­ Concrete substructure and concourse level deck was at the same level ( + 12.Sm) as the ing two vertical wall trusses 21 .?m high to Conventional reinforced concrete pilecaps, lower pod floors. Each floor included a con­ support a 32m span roof truss. The latter, the ground-bearing lower ground floor slab. crete slab with composite metal decking sup­ which had radiused lower chords. were con­ and suspended concourse deck, followed ported on the bottom flanges of steel universal nected to the wall trusses by single pins at piling. A locally obtained granular material beams. The void between top of slab and the each junction . Each frame acted not as a known as albero, widely used in the region for raised floor was used for services distribution. portal but as a pair of vertical cantilevers footpaths, sub-base and in bullrings, formed The floor beams were carried by two parallel linked by the roof member. Transverse hori­ the sub-base on which the ground-bearing tubular steel Warren trusses spanning 20m zontal forces on the envelope were thus slab was cast. Horizontal loads on the super­ between a pair of columns. each of which resisted by bending in the wall trusses and structure were transmitted to the ground by consisted of two thick-walled tubes battened axial force in the roof truss. The central bay of friction between the sub-base and the slab. together. The trusses acted compositely with the envelope contained cross-bracing in both the concrete slab and reduced in depth walls and across the roof to stabilize the towards their supports. By splitting each structure longitudinally. This single stability bay, which aligned with the internal central Build Strong Build column the visual bulk of an equivalent single away~ centre~ away deck system, had two important benefits. bay member was avoided and the trusses passed between the two legs, allowing a Firstly it allowed the envelope to adjust to single pin connection between supported thermal expansion and contraction without and supporting members. Extending the 'locking in' additional stresses. Secondly, upper trusses beyond the columns enabled once assembled it provided a fixed point a cantilever support system for the inter­ from which erection of the rest of the enve­ connecting walkways and travelators to be lope could proceed on two fronts without devised. Thus the access routes to the upper temporary works.The wall trusses north and south of the central bay were tied to it by 13. Longitudinal stability. exhibition spaces related structurally only to the pods and decks which they served and slender horizontal tubes. Purlins spanning Prop between the roof trusses tied them to the Wind load visitors on the travelators had unobstructed views of the water wall. central bay as well as carrying the roof deck­ ing and finishes. 150T'~~~~;::~:,:·:,:,:s,~,:s~~~~:::::::-- The pods and central decks derived their east-west lateral stability from pinned con­ West tank wall The west wall water tanks were 7.2m long, 1m Seismic load 75 T nections to the envelope west wall at the tops ____.,. of the pod columns. Independent bracing to wide, and 2.Sm high, stacked on top of each the pods in this direction would have in­ other to a height of 15m. This prevented the hibited concourse level circulation. with use of standard pressed steel ; instead each moment frame action unacceptably increas­ tank used freight container-type side panels, ing the pod column dimensions. As the pods internal posts and corner blocks. These and central decks were offset towards the mini-containers were locked to their neigh­ west wall , linking the structures could be bours at each corner to give a wall of con­ achieved without visual ambiguity. siderable in-plane strength, and tied to the 14. Lateral stability. envelope structure for out-of-plane restraint. North-south stability of the internal structures 15. West tank wall. made up of mini-containers. was provided by vertical cross-bracing be­ East wall glazing supports tween the columns to the central decks. The The upper 12.Sm of glazing was suspended, two pods were linked to this restraint system with each 1.8m wide by 2.Sm high pane by the interconnecting walkways at + 12.Sm carrying the weight of those below it. Along level. Erection of these structures was rela­ the top edge a series of cantilever steel rec­ tively straightforward and commenced with tangular hollow sections supported the whole the assembly of the central deck frame. With of this load, including the frictional drag from its permanent bracing in place th is was the water pouring down the glass. Wind stable north to south. The adjacent pods loads acting on the glass were taken back to could be immediately stabilized in the same the envelope frames by horizontal extruded direction by linking them to the central frame. aluminium transoms. Temporary guys and restraint from the con­ North and south sail walls course level slab secured all three structures 25m high and 32m wide, these consisted of east to west until they could be linked to the PVC-coated polyester textile membranes in external west wall. 4m wide bays between nine tension braced masts, each with a cuNed tubular steel spine 16 Above Junchon of with tapered tubular spreaders proJecting envelope structure. from each side The ends of the spreaders glazing transoms. and were linked by continuous steel rods. one on water delivery pipework. each side of the spine and terminating at the 17 Right. top and bottom of the mast. The rods were Top of east wall prestressed against the axial stiffness of the spine. Each mast was in effect a vert1cally­ spanning beam subject principally to wind loading. and resisting 11 by changing the pre­ tonnes in weight by road from Warwickshire pumps. solar panels and west wall tanks stress forces in the rods - one increasing and to Plymouth, ferry to Santander 1n northern becoming a water supply and $t0rc:1ge system the other decreasing according to the wind Spam, and by road to Seville. On a good run for a village 1n the developing world Ideally direction The masts were restrained laterally the whole Journey took five or six days the bu1ld1ng would remain 1n use on site and by horizontal rods at the ends of the the DTI have appointed agents to promote its spreaders anchored back to the end frames Fire safety strategy The Expo '92 regulations were understand­ sale. It may even be dismantled and rebuilt of the envelope. At the top of each mast the elsewhere and the 'kit-of-parts' approach to connection to the envelope roof allowed rela­ ably onerous regarding fire safety require­ ments. Had they been applied at face value much of the structure, seN1ces and fabric tive vertical movement to prevent the transfer could make this idea viable. Ultimately, 11 illus­ of vertical loads to the Pavilion the resistance periods called for would have made 1mposs1ble the clear trates that there is no inherent conflict The membrane was fitted as a set of panels expression of the structure which was between high technology and 'green' issues. directly between the tubular spines by rivet­ achieved. Utilizing fire engineering methods and 1n any future use this fundamental state­ ted luffing grooves on each side of the tubes. Arup R&D were able to demonstrate that with ment should not be lost. each panel being biaxially prestressed to appropriate measures to control fire size and give damping and stiffness The cuNed form smoke generation and the provision of suit­ Credits of the membrane provided the necessary able escape routes. occupant safety could Client load carrying capacity be ensured with reduced periods of struc­ Department of Trade and Industry Roof solar shades tural fire resistance Thin mtumescent coat­ Architect Pressed steel tapered V-frames earned the ings could then be used to protect the super­ Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners Ltd rails supporting the fabric roof shades and structure steelwork Structural and services engineers Ove Arup & Partners Aochard Haryot Ian Gardner the photovoltaic cells which supplied power Construction contracts Dav,d Hadden. Mannew King (structure). Mart,n Ha . to the water wall The V-frames were stabi­ Pavilion construction was procured and Peter Berryman. Jonathan Ca rns (mechanica serv,ces) lized via a moment connection to the roof organized by a UK management contractor Tom Hams. Er,c Bud,,s, (electnca1 serv,ces) Bnan Sherr,lf. purlins which. being continuous. resolved Furthermore all but five of the 40 works pack­ Glen Mason (public health) wind-induced moments by their reactions on ages were carried out by UK firms. often after Cost consultants the roof trusses compet1t1ve tendering by both Spanish and Davis Langdon & Everest British contractors. The locally handled activi­ Exh1b1t1on designer Seismic design RSCG Conran Design Ltd In addition to gravity and wind loads the Expo ties were bulk excavation. external works. '92 rules required the Pavilion structure to general bu1lderswork and waterproofing - 1t Water wall designer withstand an earthquake of Intensity VII as was truly a pavilion made 1n Britain and Wtll1am Pye Partnership defined in the Spanish se1sm1c code The assembled in Spain. VIP area designer building form meant that 1n the north-south The Pavilion YAM Interiors direction relatively straightforward equivalent during and after Expo '92 Management contractof' static load analyses for the internal and exter­ Throughout the duration of Expo the Pavilion Trafalgar House Construction Management Lid nal structures could be earned out In the attracted excellent crowds and high praise Steelwork works contractor transverse east-west direction. however, the from many quarters In June 11 received an Tubeworkers Ltd linking of the pods to the envelope made this award from the Energy Pavilion for its imagi­ Mechamcal and electncal works contractor approach inappropriate. A dynamic analysis native use of solar power and water to control Rotary International Ltd of a typical frame was therefore carried out by internal conditions. Photos setting up the input data using the Oasys In the Building Category of the British Con­ 1, 5, 17 Cover Reid & Peck. 8 P Berryman GSA program and transferring 11 into PAFEC struction Industry Awards 11 also received a 10-12 15 David Hadden 16 John Edward Linden for execution High Commendation as well as a Special 1/lustra/lons Transportation Commendation as an outstanding ambas­ 2, 3. 9 Trevor Slydel 4 Nicholas Grimshaw & Early on, the design team discussed with sador for British design and construction. Partners Ltd 6, 7 13, 14 Geoff Lavender leading fabricators and British Steel the strat­ As yet its post-Expo fate 1s not known . The egy for transporting structural members from original design compet1t1on entry idea of the UK to Spain. The route finally adopted reusing components of the building else­ was to take elements up to 25m long and 7 5 where could take the form of a package of 7 Introduction glare can be achieved while main­ In 1992 Arup Associates were Frankfurt School taining solar gain. The concept allows selected as one of six European all rooms in the building to benefit Architects: Arup Associates practices to participate in an from daylight from any direction. International Design Competition Greg Pearce Peter Warburton The artificial lighting gives a good sponsored by the City of Frankfurt. colour rendering, an adequate level The competition. for a day care centre for reading and writing, and a level of in the suburb of Sossenheim, aimed Architectural concept Low entropy concept glare control that maintains visual for a 'low entropy' design concept, The daycare centre is conceived as a The brief required the design to keep comfort. To meet these requirements attempting to minimize not only the brightly illuminated. climate-controlled the surface area of the building low. and also to minimize energy amount of energy required to operate glass envelope with a variety of minimize the volume of low energy consumption and lamp replacement the building but also to construct and activities occurring in a loosely consumption building materials and costs there are discharge lamps eventually demolish it. Competitors structured space. Small, intimate heating energy and maintenance throughout the building. To minimize were also required to suggest places are set within larger. more requirements. and maximize use of energy usage. control of artificial solutions for an extension to an open and active places. The entire passive solar heating and re-usable lighting is achieved by central manual existing primary school on an roof over the main spaces would be materials. and time controlled switching. During adjacent site, and to masterplan translucent (of Kapilux. which gives a school hours local switches are the whole of the combined site. To achieve this. the curved. south­ shimmering. diffused light). facing passive solar glass wall with provided to all areas. Site organization sun screening and night shutters is The site is within a residential district The clear glazing of the classroom Excavation has been kept to a also a ventilation pre-heater. When adjacent to a planned motorway roofs interrupts the main roof. Here, minimum to save energy and to combined with an efficient ventilation by-pass. Pedestrian access is from daylight is modulated by operable prevent entering the high water table. external louvres combined with system the insulation material content Excavated earth is re-used against the north via a walkway from Am of the walls and ground can be Kunzengarten. and from the south smaller. internal louvres set the north wall of the building to optimized to achieve the 50kWh/m2 boundary adjacent to the motorway. perpendicular to those above, giving reduce heat energy consumption. target heating energy. In summer the a clear light without glare. The small As natural gas is not available. an oil­ In the Arup Associates plan the two large group room roofs open to enclosed group spaces. darker than fired combined heat and power (CHP) new buildings are situated against the provide natural ventilation to the their surroundings, are intended for plant is installed, sized on the northern boundary of their respective smaller. more intimate and sedentary whole building . sites in order to optimize southern maximum heating demand of 70kW. activities. On the ground floor, these Ventilation air is supplied by a exposure while creating south-facing The electrical power would feed the rooms may be darkened completely C0 -controlled variable air volume playground areas. Planted earth 2 building and into the supply for the for day1ime naps. 0.9m3/s plant with solar pre-heating covers the north face of each Sossenheim area in parallel as from solar panels and the thermal building, with double-skin glass The internal space is designed to be demands change. Heating within wall, heat recovery coils, and heating favades on the southern exposures to shaped and adapted by the each space is a low thermal capacity coils fed from the CHP plant. shield traffic noise. A new north-south occupants themselves to suit hot water system with individual room pedestrian route is linked to the changing requirements. The small Substantial daylighting through the control feed from the CHP plant. Each primary internal circulation axis of group spaces incorporate devices for glass wall and roof should reduce space incorporates thermal capacity each building by a covered entry opening and shutting or lightening electricity consumption, even on to even out the swings in temperature tower. and a footbridge is proposed and darkening the rooms to make overcast days. The clear glass so that passive solar gains are more to give access from the neighbour­ ever-changing special places for the rectangular roofs incorporate internal useful. Hot water is solar pre-heated hoods opposite the motorway. children. On the ground floor these screens to control high summer sun­ from the solar panels and is further rooms are treated as 'hide-away angle direct glare, but maintain useful heated in heat exchangers fed from Spatial organization houses' for the younger children. solar gain. The glass wall incorpor­ the CHP plant. The day care building is organized Above they become 'tree-fort ates external daylight penetration around four basic elements: the The footprint area of the building has look-outs' for older ones. with reflectors just above head height to 'lean-to'. the 'wall'. the 'thermal been kept small to allow rainwater to retractable tent roofs and shutters. direct daylight deep into the ground snake'. and the 'glass box'. The wall enter the ground naturally; hard Sliding panels and acoustic screens floor rooms. It also incorporates is the building's primary organizing landscape surfaces drain to gJavel allow the classrooms to be trans­ internal glare control louvres split element, and defines the circulation strips. The roof drainage is collected formed by the teachers and students between high and low level so that spine. To the north, the lean-to above ground in gutters and channels into appropriate environments. independent control of daylight and huddles against it and is covered to discharge into a collection tank, (top. bottom and sides) in planted used for garden irrigation in the earth. The lean-to contains shared summer months. To minimize cold support facilities and protects the water use, the hand washing taps are primary spaces from the northern spray type. we suites are low water exposure. Over the wall, on the usage type and urinal cisterns are southern side. the primary spaces are valved. to operate only when the enveloped by a semi-circular glass building is occupied. box orientated due south. Within the A central hot water storage vessel is space. the rooms are defined by a heated from the solar energy system massive serpentine wall - the 'thermal with instantaneous boost from the snake'. If the glass box is a solar CHP plant. Hot water distribution to energy 'generator' then the ground fittings is by gravity (not pumped) with floor slab and the thermal snake are flow and return pipework. Hot water its 'batteries'. storing and releasing circulation is automatically shut down heat throughout the day. during non-use of the building. The kindergarten (3-6 years) is on the Conclusion ground floor, with day care (6-12 2'f 3'f Two first prizes were awarded to two years) on the first floor. The radial Frankfurt practices; Arup Associates' planning arrangement not only tracks scheme was subsequently selected the sun's path. but also reinforces the for the exhibition 'Kindertagesstatte social structure of a school with the als Niedrigentropie-Haus' held during communal hall as its focus. August and September 1992 at the Galerie und Arkitekturforum AEDES in Berlin.

1. Architects' model: Credits view from new motorway bypass. Client: Stadt Frankfurt am Main 2. The four basic elements. Designers: Afup Associates Architects + 3. Aerial axonometric. Engineers + Quantity Surveyors

8 Usine Thomson CSF

Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop Richard Hough John Hewitt

Layout The 1989 brief for a new factory for the French electronics manufacturer Thomson CSF, at Guyancourt, 15km south-west of Paris. called for generous open spaces. a clear approach to circulation, and allowance for future expansion. As architect, Renzo Piano proposed using '/e shed', in parallel rows , oriented to allow northlights (Fig .1) . The varying lengths of the sheds met initial layout requirements, while inviting future expansion 1. towards the car parks. On the east edge, the sheds nestle against the curved 'mur tech­ nique' which contains the main plantrooms, while on the west edge courtyards and gar­ dens finger in and out amongst the sheds. Between the 14.4m wide production spaces, secondary 3.6m zones provide for circulation of people and materials at ground level, and of services at high level. Air-handling units occur on the flat roofs, and some services reach across the production space following the soffit of the curved roof (Fig .2). Craneage 2. Section through end bay. 3. Roof arch section. takes many forms. often free-standing. but sometimes on travelling bridges which span between the rectangular frames, thereby The arch thrusts are balanced. more or less, Structure at low level also appears externally, allowing the curved shed roofs to function bay to bay, along the full 17-bay (300m) to frame the walls and to identify bay widths simply as lightweight enclosures. Generous length of the building, and are finally received and interior floor levels. amounts of natural daylight are reflected off by external propping at the end walls (Fig.4). In order to expose the structure in this way, the curved roof cladding and through the tall Since each bay absorbs its own thermal the cladding passes from outside of structure inclined glazing, but with the external movements by a small flexure of the arch. to inside of structure at various locations. cladding overhang available to control direct there was no need to consider expansion requiring consideration of (amongst other sunlight. joints, despite the building's length. Out-of­ others) differential thermal movements. The Structure balance arch thrusts can arise from wind V-arch configuration helped in this respect Factories depend for their proper functioning drag, or variable wind suction, snow load or by allowing the (external) pyramids to be on such considerations of orientation and suspended loads, and these are taken by separately and individually stabilized by layout, circulation and servicing , 'climatiza­ rigid frame action in the rectangular portals internal structure, so avoiding long lengths of tion' and lighting. Structure often plays a very straddling each circulation zone (Fig.3). The longitudinal stabilizing members at different minor role. It is typical of Renzo Piano's archi­ choice to 'twin' the arch members in a V-con­ temperatures. tecture that the structure exists in support of figuration led to the more interesting pyra­ mids of tubes at the front edge, as well as Fire walls divide the interior space into com­ these other requirements, yet still enjoys a life partments. North-south walls and partitions fit of its own. shorter spans for the glazing and sunshade cladding systems surrounding the pyramids. between the two legs of a V-arch. Gable walls The intention here was to use the efficiency of fit similarly, allowing a roof overhang for shad­ an arch roof, shaped to incorporate the day­ ing of the gable glazing. Both there and for lighting and shading. Tensions in the front shading the northlight glazing, it is only the tubes T (Fig.3) close the arches and fix the external skin of the double skin cladding that leading edge of the sunshade cladding. The extends out beyond the insulated body of the bending that results in the curved tube is sheds. The internal sheeting spans 7.2m proportional to the structure's offset from the between arches (Fig .5). The external sheet­ dotted thrust line, and is much less than in a 4. Left: Props at end bay. ing is then fixed to longitudinal purlins that simply supported beam over the same span. 5. Right: Placing the inner cladding deck. occur between sheets.

I \ -

9 Usine l'Oreal Architect: Valode et Pistre et Associes Richard Hough Mike Banfi Introduction Following an architectural competition in 1987, Paris architects Denis Valode and Jean Pistre were commissioned for the new pro­ duction and administration headquarters building for French cosmetics manufacturer l'Oreal, at Aulnay-sous-Bois in north-eastern Paris. The image they used in their proposal was of the three white petals of a flower (Fig.1) ; each petal draped over one of the three unites de production. OAP International Ltd. were included in the groupement maitre d 'oeuvre as bureau 6. Installation of ties. d'etudes tor steel superstructure, and also acted as subcontractors to Valode et Pistre for technical services on the petal cladding system. Contracts Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd were decking. Because of the V-format of the arch­ Geometry subcontractors to Renzo Piano Building es, the top flange of the I-section arch was The white petals were to be achieved by an Workshop for a bureau d'etudes service on not in the same surface as the decking, and a external open-jointed panel system, support­ the steel superstructure, but with site phases specially pressed closing section was inter­ ed by an external purlin grid above the water­ limited to checking of contractor's submis­ posed between decking and I-section. proofing membrane, and oversailing the body of the building below. Decisions on the panel sions. The tender for steelwork accepted by There remained the process of discussing geometry were needed first because they the client was from the French contractor and agreeing modified joint details with archi­ affected the layout of the buildings beneath. Durand, who was also chosen for the main tect, contractor and bureau de contrOle , and The panel surface was to be a surface of rev­ cladding package. This had the substantial soliciting and checking calculations. The olution, generated by two opposed circular advantage of simplifying matters at the struc­ Parisian bureau d'etudes dealing with sub­ arcs joined at a common tangent, with a verti­ ture/cladding interface, although it involved structure and services, GEC lngenierie. took cal axis of revolution at the centre of the accepting one or two of their non-conforming responsibility for supervising workmanship courtyard garden. proposals on the structure. In particular, they during fabrication and erection. The building proposed lightening the already light arch won an architectural award from Le Moniteur Doubly curved surfaces are most easily members by underslinging ties in the fashion in 1991 . understood at sections and edges. Thus the of a shallow kingpost truss (Fig.6), and choice to cut the surface on straight lines at changing the arch members from tubes to its junction with the lower, perimeter, boite I-sections. Both of these changes could be Credits structures revealed its reverse curvature, as accepted within the wider parameters that Client: did cutting it at the radial corner corridors. had been set for the structure, and the client Thomson CSF and the gable ends. The jointing pattern for decided to accept them as part of Durand's Architect: the panels (Fig.2) was chosen because it had offer. Renzo Piano Building Workshop a high degree of symmetry. hence repetition Their more detailed proposals included an Bureau d 'etudes superstructure: of panels, and contained within it the lines even closer integration of structure and Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. needed to accommodate the parallel-sided cladding: for example the sub-purlins Bureau d 'etudes substructure et fluides: corner corridors. GEC lngenierie between the two layers of metal decking on Bureau de controle: Space frame : Analysis the curved roof surface were to be fixed CEP With panel geometry determined, the walls through the lower deck and into the arch Entreprise charpente metallique: and space frame layout could be fixed . The member, to serve as points of stability for the Durand production processes made a clear-span arch, thereby minimizing the number of Photos: structure desirable. The length of radial explicit longitudinal ties visible beneath the Ove Arup & Partners spans near the gable walls (over 60m) made two-way spanning desirable. at least for the corner zones. A radial and circumferential grid of V trusses was developed (Fig. 5), sus­ 7. Gable end. pended between wall posts set inside the glass walls on all four sides. In choosing members for the space frame. the intention was to accentuate the inverted pyramids (P in Fig . 5), with their four tubular fingers propping the underside of the roof surface. Inclined ties reach down from both radial and circumferential directions to pick up the bottom. apex joint. of these pyramids. The bottom chords of the radial trusses within the space frame also became tie-rods when the wind tunnel test results proved favourable

1. The winning model. 2. Roof panel jointing system. 3. Strain gauge testing of prototype joint. 4. Site fabrication of radial truss. 5. Half-model of one roof unit. 6. Mid-span propping during erection. 7. Installation of interior deck and insulation.

10 in terms of peak suctions across the roof. The pass on to the cladding contractor, and the circumferential bottom chords remained as load take-down to pass on to the foundation compression-capable tubes, however, be­ contractor. SMB chose to subcontract OAPIL cause of high local suctions near gable ends, for the non-linear analyses involved in those which required the circumferential trusses to studies. Arups' post-tender role under the receive some negative bending. client contract was to check SMB's submis­ With such a large proportion of tension mem­ sions and proposals, and check conformity bers, and with frequent local reversals of with the specification during fabrication and shear and torsion in the trusses under differ­ erection. ent loadcases causing tensions to appear The detailed design item of most interest was and disappear, a non-linear analysis was the large casting at the apex of the pyramids. called for, and this was carried out on the In discussions with the architect, the number Fablon program. of variants was reduced by permitting the Wind tunnel welding on of gusset plates to receive the in­ Bristol University's wind tunnel was used to clined tension members. The casting method investigate suction patterns across the roof, proposed by SMB left rather less bridging particularly at the bluff gable edges, and with metal inside the joint than expected. To verify various orientations of incident wind . Arups structural adequacy, it was agreed that strain were able to relax their initially conservative gauge testing would be a more effective interpretation of the limited code advice, so route than finite element analysis, so a 500 that by the time of final negotiations with tonne rig was fabricated, and prototype cast­ steelwork contractors, a steelwork tonnage ings were fitted with strain gauges at all the saving was tabled that covered the cost of predicted points of stress concentration (Fig . the wind tunnel test and re-analyses of the 3). The gauge readings settled down to a space frame, plus a small net saving for the pattern that implied stress variations under client. service load well within the yield strength of the steel. In addition, the castings had suf­ Space frame: Design fered no gross deformity at twice maximum In Arups' pre-tender role, they specified all service load. It was considered that reason­ member sizes and drew indicative joint able criteria for fatigue and for ultimate details to secure their appearance. The suc­ strength had been met. cessful tenderer, SMB of Bretagne, was responsible for joint calculation, plus checks Space frame: Construction on residual erection stresses arising from Of the various proposals tabled at tender, the method of erection. movement calculations to final choice of construction method was to fabricate entirely on site, using a ?Orn long jig for the radial trusses (Fig . 4) . Because of the need for accurate alignment, the castings with their threaded tie-rods were installed first, followed by welding of the pyramid tubes and top tubes. For the inclined ties , SMB chose to combine a threaded tensioner with the pin detail. For erection, SMB's proposal was to prop the radial trusses at just one , midspan, location, before inserting the circumferential members and de-propping (Fig. 6). Analysis showed that this proposal left a residual self-weight stress pattern in the space frame, but not sufficient to require a change to any member. Panel construction Panel types investigated before tender included powder-coated, aluminium-faced honeycomb, aluminium plate, grc, grp, and enamelled iron. A detailed performance specification was prepared, aimed mainly at aluminium panels. The successful tender was from SMAC Acieroid , using Alucobond with stiffening ribs. The roofing build-up started with internal acoustically perforated metal deck, spanning up to Sm between the top chords of the radial trusses in the space frame. To receive the

11 8 lntenor from v1ew1ng gallery

deck, the tubular top chord was fitted with a T-section on top. Steel stools stood up from the top chords, at node points of the space frame. ready to receive the external purlin system. Insulation, vapour barrier and bitumi­ nous waterproofing membranes were then fit­ ted around the stools, up to the waterproof cap. The external, galvanized purlin system was then mounted on the stools, with frequent expansion joints in both directions to release any build-up of differential thermal strain between internal and external steelwork. Panels were fixed to the external purlins by a stainless steel fixing which clamped to the top flange of the purlin, allowed three-direc­ tional tolerance in position, and allowed the release of differential thermal strain between panel and purlin system beneath. With so many functions to fulfil , the fixing became the subject of a lengthy design development and testing process. Apart from its geometric capabilities 11 also had to take a point load downward and a wind suction upward. Choosing a viable setting-out and tolerance control system for the panels also involved some discussion, as the ongoing loading of the space frame, due to erection of the under­ slung catwalks. temperature effects, and application of the panels themselves, all led to small horizontal and vertical movements of the roof at any location. Combining the cladding and structure contract packages might have made co-ordination easier. Equally of course it might have hidden from the maitre d 'oeuvre the nature of the careful co-ordination that was in fact needed.

9 Inside the courtyard.

10. Roof neanng completion (panels at cleaning cradle tracks yet to be installed)

12 X ....+------11 . Administration building on ornamental lake.

Other structures The bo'ites that flank the unites de production are long sheds containing plantrooms and process rooms that serve the activities in the unites. Ducted and piped services run from the former to the latter via floor-mounted frames. This way the space frame and clerestory glazing are kept clear of services: only the circumferential viewing walkway is suspended from the roof. For structure, the bo'ites use a portal frame with trussed horizontal beams and trussed longitudinal beams, of the same depth as purlins. The space frame roof bears on the portal columns via the V columns in the clerestory glazing zone. Stability for the space frame is provided some distance away by braced bays in the radial walls, near the garden. The V columns thus experience small rotations due to thermal and wind effects, and so applying horizontal forces to the top of the portals. An access bridge for cleaning and maintain­ ing the petal roofs travels on two circumferen­ tial rails set into the panel layer. A substantial structure in its own right, it is housed off the roofs, over one of the radial corner corridors. Contracts OAPIL engaged Thorne Wheatley Associes to help with pre-contract budget control, and an engineer from SETEC to assist with some of the site meetings. Apart from regular site attendance at Aulnay-sous-Bois, OAPIL made visits to Bretagne for steelwork fabrication, St.Dizier for the castings. and Cholet for the cladding panels. The bureau de contr6/e mis­ sion primarily addressed safety and security. The client engaged a pilote to help with site co-ordination and programming , but relied on the ma'itre d 'oeuvre team to manage the com­ pletion of the design in the post-contract phase, rather than on separate paid manage­ ment of the projecVconstruction management kinds. The client also had key figures who stayed close to the project and to the in­ dividual contracts. It was very much a case of a carefully tailored product for an owner/occupier/user client.

Credits: Client: L'Oreal Architect: Valade et Pistre et Associes BET superstructure: Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. BET Substructure, fluides: SETEC B~timent Bureau de contr6/e: Socotec En/reprise charpente metallique: Societe Metallurgique de Bretagne Entreprise panneaux petales: SMAC-Acieroid Photos: 1: The architect 3, 4, 6-11 : Ove Arup & Partners

13 'II Grande Bigo' Genoa Architect: Renzo Piano Peter Rice Alistair Lenczner

Genoa, Italy's most important port since with incrementally increased slopes. The for the vertical support cables is located medieval times. was the birthplace of largest boom, which supports the cable-car underground in the quayside, which also con­ Christopher Columbus. Although his voyage lift, is over ?Orn Jong. tains counterweighted balance beams to of discovery in 1492 was made from Spain. The tent roof is supported from four tubular ensure constant tension in the lateral support the Genoese still consider him as one of their section arches which are in turn suspended cables. The lift-car itself rotates about a own. Thus. whilst the Spanish decided to from the tips of a pair of booms via sets of vertical axis on its 'cotton-reel' support chas­ mark the 500th anniversary of Columbus's cables fanning from a special node detail. sis which is itself guided on the pair of lateral discovery of America with Expo '92 at Seville, support cables. The rocking cradle support the Genoese themselves chose to celebrate it The lower boundaries of the tent are ten­ frame suspended from the end of the largest with a slightly more modest exposition dedi­ sioned against a series of inclined props boom ensures equal tensions in the lateral cated to the sea. around its perimeter. Particular attention was support cables. given to the design of the connection The architect Renzo Piano, himself Genoese, Alongside the harbour-quay wall , next to the between the tent membrane (a PTFE-coated was chosen to design the various exposition Bigo itself and mounted on 15m masts. are a glassfibre material} and the boundary cable, buildings in the heart of the old port, the pro­ series of nine wind-mobiles designed by the ject being seen as an opportunity to revitalize as this would be readily visible from ground Japanese sculptor, Shinju, with Arups acting level. parts of the harbour front area which had as engineers. The sculptures spin about hori­ fallen into a state of decay over recent years. Skylight strips are created between adjacent zontal and vertical axes in the wind to create Piano's scheme involved the renovation of tent membrane areas attached below and on an animated visual effect. some of the old warehouse buildings and each side of the arches. These openings are The Bigo structure has already become a included a brand new aquarium (the world's covered by a series of glass barrel-vault well-known landmark within the city of Genoa second largest). However, as a thematic forms supported from spine-tubes fixed since the opening of its 'Colombo 500' expo­ centrepiece. he wanted to build a large between the tent suspension points. A care­ sition on 15 May 1992. permanent structure emulating a ship crane, fully designed 'pantograph' mechanism in­ which would support both a fabric membrane corporated into the suspension points en­ Credits roof over a public piazza and an elevator ride sures that each glass vault's inclination is End client: to provide panoramic views of the city. The automatically adjusted to fit the geometry of Ente Colombo '92 old Genoese word for a ship crane, bigo, was the tent surface each side as it moves under Project developer: adopted for the structure, for which Ove Arup changing wind or snow loads. lritecna & Partners were invited to be the collaborat­ Because of the unusual form of the tent struc­ Architect. ing design engineers. ture and its location in the old harbour of Renzo Piano Building Workshop (Genoa) Genoa, design wind pressures and distribu­ Structural engineers: The final design solution for the Bigo was Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd . arrived at after studying various alternative tions were derived after detailed analysis of Peter Rice. Ahstair Lenczne,, David Kufferman, proposals. Essentially it consists of two inde­ the statistical wind data for the area and a Sarah Meldrum. Sophie Le Bourva. Bnan Fotster. pendent sets of cable-linked, cigar-shaped wind tunnel test at the University of Bristol. Edward Forwood, Darren Sn· Tharan assisted in Italy by Sidercad SA booms fanning out from a small 'island' Combinations of wind with hypothetical snow­ Joadings were also considered. Steelwork: podium located in the dock water itself. One CMFSud set of booms supports the tent roof over a The cable-car elevator. as far as its designers Tent roof. harbour pier, covering the piazza, whilst the were aware, was the first outdoor vertical Canobbio other set carries a vertical cable-car passen­ passenger lift that had been designed to be Photos: ger lift from the quayside. Both sets are supported laterally on only two cables; its 1, 4-7: Alistair Lenczner anchored down to foundations beneath the unusual nature caused difficulties in finding a 2-3: C. Spandonari harbour water. suitable manufacturer prepared to build it (it The tapering cigar-like form of the boom is wasn't clear whether a car-cable or a lift achieved by a series of rolled conic sections specialist should be used). The motor room 14 3. Left: Close-up of tops of boom supporting tent roof arches, showing fan cluster nodes suspended via single rod links.

1. Left: View of Bigo from landside with mast-mounted wind mobiles in foreground. Rotating cable car lift is seen during ascent. 2. Below: Close-up of top of largest boom which supports the cable car via a rocking cradle frame.

5. Right: View looking down from cable car lift towards Bigo island podium and tent roof. 6. Below: General view from waterside showing tent over pier in front of Bigo with cable car behind.

7. Right: Interior view of tent edge detail at cusp points. showing pantograph device and glazed covers.

15 From intelligent buildings Munich Airport Centre to intelligent planning Tom Barker, Andy Sedgwick, Raymond Yau

Introduction Art in Luxembourg . The new design The proposal for Munich Airport German energy conservation Buildings need heating and/or cooling approach is to use powerful analytical Centre, designed by Murphy/Jahn standards). The concourse. however, dependent on the local external tools during the design stage to Architects Inc ., USA. is an example of might have been treated like the climatic conditions and functional provide less technology in the architecture engineered to avoid public areas of most shopping malls requirements. If the site demands a completed building, not more. Or, put installing equipment. The Centre as a big , artificially heated, cooled deep-plan building or if high internal differently, the future of building comprises a number of narrow-plan and lighted volume, but the design heat gains require close services engineering may lie in the low-rise buildings arranged to form an team carefully considered the users. environmental control, then air­ concentration of complex, advanced internal rectangular plaza which is to Most will be dressed for the weather, conditioning is usually required. technology in the design process. not be covered by a large vaulted and occupancy periods will be short. Automatic management and control the final building. lightweight roof several stories high, These conclltions suggested that the of the complex heating, ventilation The resulting built forms will producing a vast enclosed volume. It concourse could be covered to keep and air-conditioning plant are increasingly use passive solutions. provides access both to the lower out rain , snow and wind, but left open essential to make the system work. In levels of the complex. which includes to the air. On the other hand, if addition, an 'intelligent' building a railway interchange, and to the enclosing the space proved automation system can also supervise surrounding buildings, to house expensive. office rents would have to automatically security surveillance, office, conference and exhibition be high. However, by enclosing but fire protection, telecommunications, facilities. The offices are conventional not air-conditioning the plaza, it office automation and lighting. An (although they comply with strict became more competitive. 1. example of this type of intelligent building is the new Lloyd 's of London (right), completed in 1986. However, with the increased concern for lower energy consumption by buildings and protection of the environment by reducing their emission of ozone-depleting CFCs and greenhouse gases like C02, there is a growing emphasis on the use of technology to design more environmentally-efficient buildings. These demands, or change of design attitudes, are resulting in new initiatives such as the prototype Green Building in the heart of the City of London, the Munich Airport Centre, and the new Centre of Contemporary 2. Computer-generated image for Munich Computational fluid dynamics Airport Centre.

Computational fluid dynamics (a turbulence model) must be (CFO) is the representation of the added. This involves solving fundamental conservation additional convection-diffusion 3. Computational mesh equations for momentum, energy equations for the kinetic energy of for CFO. and mass in mathematical form turbulent fluctuations and its and the solution to predict fluid flow dissipation rate. A model of this and convective heat transfer. type predicts the diffusion coefficient as a field variable Applied to buildings, the method rather than as a constant. can predict detailed air velocity, 4. Daylight penetration temperature and contaminant In order to solve the differential into interior of office, distribution fields. The equations equations they must be generated by the are based on the fundamental laws represented in numerical form. RADIANCE light visualization program. of physics and are represented in The most common method used is partial differential equations. called 'finite volume' which is a The momentum and energy form of the finite difference equations are known as approach. The strong non­ convection-diffusion equations linearities demand that an iterative since they describe how the method be used, where an initial velocity (in component form) and estimate of the solution is enthalpy (usually as temperature) assumed at the start of the are convected with the flow and calculation which is improved diffused throughout the flow upon at each iteration. At solid domain. To these, equations or boundaries, such as walls. wall relationships which define the function expressions are used to magnitude of the diffusion predict shear stress and characteristic in turbulent flow convective transfer coefficient.

16 An analysis based on computational fluid dynamics (CFO) and dynamic thermal models was performed to determine the distribution of temperatures and air movement patterns and account for buoyancy effects generated by the height of the 5. Air speed vectors space and temperature differences during extreme between the plaza space and summer condition. external ambient. The analysis also took into account the throw-away cooling from the air-conditioned buildings around the perimeter and the cooled kiosks at concourse level ; the pulses of relatively cool air brought in by the trains would improve further the conditions. Overall , the air temperature inside is marginally less than the external air temperature, but the dry resultant temperature, which is the correct measure of comfort, is up to B'C cooler. The same factors would operate in winter but in reverse . Heat losses from the surrounding buildings 6. and the kiosks, along with the Temperature relatively warm air introduced by the contours during trains, help to elevate the plaza dry extreme summer resultant temperature to 5'C above condition . ambient under overcast conditions. In sunny weather, the temperature would increase by a further 2'C: quite an accomplishment for a room made up mostly of open walls. CFO models proved useful in examining other environmental aspects of the space. Since the plaza is not to be entirely enclosed, CFO models were used to assess the effects of wind at different heights above the concourse, and with various wind breaks in place near openings. For a normal wind speed of 3m/sec, the air velocities in the 7. occupied zone vary between Air speed vectors 0.25m/sec and 0.9m/sec, indicating during extreme an attenuation of 70% to 92%. winter condition. Detailed lighting analyses were also performed to examine the lighting level within the space as a result of having solar control on the roof.

8. Temperature contours during extreme winter condition .

17 Centre of Contemporary Art, Luxembourg

9- 12 Munich Airport Centre Fire study 13. Architect's model of Luxembourg Art Museum

The new Centre of Contemporary Art shown, for instance, that a wider in Luxembourg, designed by the range of conditions will be acce11ted 1f American Architects Pei Cobb Freed building occupants have some choice & Partners. 1s planned to include a over their environment. This choice large south-west facing glazed may be provided by openable enclosure. This enclosure forms three windows and other simple operable major spaces: devices or, in transient spaces, by ( 1) Central Hall - used for orientation having a number of zones at different and museum entrance, also temperatures and radiant conditions. occasional parties and receptions Also, if people are in direct contact (2) Winter Gardens - containing a tea with the external environment, then room and interior planling the reason for the prevailing (3) Indoor Sculpture Court. conditions is so much more apparent Several ventilation strategies to them. as a result those conditions including none, natural, mechanical, are more likely to be accepted. and a hybrid system were examined The analysis showed that even with using CFO and thermal modelling the presence of mechanical air­ techniques, and a detailed thermal condi!loning , i.e. a conventional comfort analysis was performed with mixed air distribution system or low the assistance of Dr. David Wyon, a level displacement system, the dry thermal comfort expert with the resultant temperatures at low level Swedish Building Research Institute. inside the spaces were found to be Wider parameters affecting occupant several degrees higher than the dry comfort were studied • it has been bulb (air) temperatures which are

14 Model for thermal analysis of glazed enclosure.

12 Temperature contours 60 seconds after fire starts (eX1ernal wind effect on fire 1s included).

Fire 1s also a concern, even in a semi­ Credits enclosed space. To avoid the costs of Client sprinklers or other extingu1sh1ng Munich Airport Authority devices, and 1n coniunction with fire Architect engineers, several predictable fire Murphy/Jahn Architects Inc • USA scenarios involving fire originaling on Engmeers: a train at the platform were performed Ove Arup & Partners Tom Barker. Mahadev Raman. Raymond Yau . Richard Gargaro. Geoff using CFO. The transient smoke Exhaust air Whlltle (mechanical). Andy Sedgwick. Steve al high level propagation analysis demonstrated to Walker (l1ghhng). Greg Hodkinson. Tnstram the fire authorities how hot a real fire Carfrae. (structural). Paula Seever (fire) 15. Hybnd vent1la11on strategy would be within the space and the Illustrations combination of natural likely propagation of the smoke plume 1 Photo: Roger R1dsdill Smith ventilation and local in time. The analysis showed that 4 Visualization software spot cooling . there was ample time for concourse UC Berkeley. California Parasol 10 cul Outside air off direct sun occupants to escape even 1n a very 2. 3. 5-12 Ove Arup & Partners In through hot and fast-developing fire. open window The developer, Munich Airport Authority, is currently looking for pro­ Local spot cooing speclive tenants for the Centre and planning perm1ss1on 1s being sought. O 2 3 4 5m From atr·handhng unit

18 16. Percentage frequency distribution of outdoor dry bulb temperature in a year.

maintained at 21-22'C. A reasonable Provision of local spot cooling level of complaints could be enables occupants to choose whether anticipated. to expose themselves to sunshine or The results from the natural ventilation shade. while remaining more or less strategy showed that by simply in the same area, or traversing more opening the windows at low level , the or less the same space. The peak dry dry resultant temperature is resultant temperatures were found to significantly reduced by 10'C from be around 2rc. 48'C (sealed box) to 38'C, compared According to Dr. Wyon. opening the to a reduction of 16'C achieved by a windows and having a view outside conventional mechanical ventilation will change the occupant's level of system. The temperature difference expectation. This applies to both between a peak temperature of 38'C transitory visitors and staff working and a comfort temperature of 28'C is there permanently. The former - who - Low level shade 10% - Low level shade 50% - Low level shade 90% - Ex1ernal Air Temp 1o·c. which is equivalent to that in the will be there only for a short period - - Wyon : Visttors - Wyon : Employees. sland - Wyon: Employees. stt conventional mechanical ventilation have the choice to leave the space. 19. Summer simulation (July): low level resultant temperatures . system. Therefore, similar levels of Those staying for longer, such as complaints are anticipated. staff, have the choice to move out of A hybrid system combining natural the sun for a period of time but still acr,ieved. Occupants will feel Credits ventilation and local spot cooling at accept 27'C and 28'C dry resultant comfortable based on a combination Client: low level within certain locations temperatures with only some degree of the choice of shade/sun. a view Administration des Batiments Publics, inside the space was examined. The of dissatisfaction. With this system, outside, openable windows, local Ministere des Travaux Publics. Luxembourg locations can be shaded from direct 20'C air temperature and 27-28'C sensation of air movement and local spot cooling. Architect: sun by having a parasol on top. resultant temperature can be Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, USA The Luxembourg Parliament is now Engineers: considering the future of the Centre. Ove Arup &Partners Tom Barker. Raymond peed I m/s ~ Yau (mechanical); Andy Sedgwick (lighting) Clobal Illustrations: 1.04 mas1 .13J8 mln 0.0006 13. Photo.· Roy Wright, courtesy Pei Cobb Freed & Partners 0.94 15. Illustration: Jon Shillibeer 0.85 14, 16-19. Ove Arup & Partners 0.76 0.66 0.57 Conclusion 0.47 Some of the analytical tools now The new design philosophy can be being applied to the design of typified by the following objectives: 0.38 1.27 m/s _,,, 0.28 current buildings are techniques • Not using computers for digital 0.19 ,. borrowed from other industries such control of VAV boxes to ventilate 0.10 3.06 m as aerospace, nuclear and office buildings. telecommunications. Through the • Use of computers to design 18. Summer airflow simulation hybrid system: • (a) air speed process of technology, transfer building forms tor successful natural natural ventilation and local spot cooling: • (b) temperature building designers are able to share ventilation of offices. design methods with the traditional • Not using computers to switch high technology industries. The early electric lights on via signals from an use of these sophisticated tools can infra-red sensor. lead to a reduced requirement for • Using computers to optimize the technological devices in the design of building fa<;ades to maxi­ completed construction. mize entry of sunlight and sky light.

References (2) YAU . M.H.R. andWHITILE, G.E. Air flow analysis for large spaces in an (1) WHITILE, G.E. Computation of air airport terminal buildings: CFO and scale movement and convective heat transfer model tests. Seminar on CFO for within buildings. International Journal environmental and building services of Ambient Energy. Vol.3, pp.151-164, engineers, Institution of Mechanical 1986. Engineers, 26 Nov 1991 .

19 Pabellon del Futuro, Expo '92, Seville

Architect: Martorell, Bohigas, Mackay

Peter Rice Alistair Lenczner

Introduction Ever since the Crystal Palace was put up in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851, international expositions around the world have been commemorated by innova­ tive structures. The Eiffel Tower, the most famous example, was built for the Centennial Exposition held in Paris in 1889. Ove Arup & Partners were given the opportunity to help further the tradition of innovative engineering of past expos by designing the stone fai;;ade cathedrals for example. Hence the common vertical tubular mast set back from the stone­ structure of the Pabellon del Future at Expo preconceptions persist of how stone is used work via sets of eight steel tie bars around a '92, Seville. structurally. The whittled-down form of the transverse tubular prop projecting forward stonework used at the Pabellon del Future will from the mast between the cross-bars. The decision to hold an expo at Seville goes therefore surprise many observers. Together with the stone columns, the triangu­ back to 1976, when King Juan Carlos of The demand for precision-cut stone cladding lated steel lattice structure effectively com­ Spain suggested that such an event would be pletes a composite tower which behaves as a a fitting celebration in the year of the fifth cen­ blocks in the modern construction industry has led to the development of fast and accu­ vertical cantilever from the ground to provide tenary of Columbus's discovery of America overall horizontal stability to the columns. after having set out from Seville. Expo '92 SA rate cutting machines, capable of producing wa~ set up as the state body responsible for hundreds of units in a tiny fraction of the time On top of the columns a secondary set of organizing the event on the Isla de la Cartuja, it would previously have taken . This techno­ 'partial' stone arches spring from the bases of a flat piece of land between two branches of logy, combined with the existence of strong the primary arches to create a kind of capital the Gualdaquivir River just west of the city and reliable adhesives, was exploited to feature which produces extra dead weight itself. In addition to the pavilions representing create the pavilion fai;;ade's open stone units, compression in the columns. The three­ more than 100 nations from around the world, which are made up of smaller stone sub­ dimensional steel tie-rod system is extended which made it the largest-ever event of its units, arranged to minimize the volume of up from the column into the capital to provide kind , Expo '92 itself wanted to build a series stone whilst maintaining the overall geometric out-of-plane stability to the primary arches of thematic pavilions around the general dimensions necessary for structural stability. which are otherwise self-stable within their theme of 'discovery'. The job of designing Although the geometric stability theory of a own plane. the Pabellon del Future was awarded to stone arch is quite simple in principle, in Suspended within each primary arch is a ring the Spanish architects Martorell. Bohigas, practice the calculations required to demon­ of short steel bars concentric with the stone Mackay (MBM), who invited Arups to colla­ strate stability with a satisfactory safety factor arch and linked to it by a series of radial tie­ borate in designing the roof of the building are complicated by the fact that stone arch rods at 15" intervals. Long hanger ties project and, more especially, a dramatic fai;;ade. behaviour is non-linear once incipient hinges vertically down from each side of the ring to Concept occur about either the intrados or extrados, pick up the suspended loads of the rooi (or MBM's basic idea was to create an tall , im­ the inside (concave) and outside (convex) canopy) trusses below. The radial configura­ pressive structure running north-south along surfaces of the arch. Thus laborious numeri­ tion of the rods between the steel tension ring the long eastern side of the building, facing cal and/or graphical methods have been used and the stone arch assures a near perfect onto the adjacent ornamental gardens and in the past to justify arch stability. However, loading to achieve a thrust path with the stone beyond to the old city of Seville across the the availability of Arups' own FABLON pro­ which follows the shape of the arch itself river. The fai;;ade would be used to support gram, which allows the analysis of non-linear and transmits purely vertical load onto the the wave-form roof over the north and south structural behaviour by dynamic relaxation , columns below. Any difference of load be­ pavilion halls behind, and also the canopy made possible a more direct analysis of the tween the pair of suspended beams within over the central plaza between them. The behaviour of the stone arch. any arch is carried by one of the out-of­ continuity of the fai;;ade gives unity to the The problem of modelling the mechanical be­ balance ties which pass from the ends of the pavilion as well as being a dramatic back­ haviour of a joint within an arch which could tie ring to the column towers on each side. screen to the garden. The architects allowed hinge either about its intrados or extrados Stone units and Jointing Arups a virtual free hand to formulate ideas (depending on the position of the thrust-line) The open format of the 0.8m x 0.8m section for the fai;;ade structure. The original inspira­ was solved using sets of 'flip-flaps'. Each flip­ stone units, similar for both columns and tion for the planar fai;;ade of the Pabellon del flap in the computer model consists of a flat­ arches. is achieved by an assembly of alter­ Futuro came from the image of a fai;;ade wall tened pair of diagonal elements between a nating sets of four corner posts, each with a of the Ajuda Palace in Lisbon, which has complementary pair of short edge elements, section 0.2m x 0.2m, with solid slab units. The been left freestanding within the unfinished all of which are only able to resist compres­ units were fabricated by the stonemason building. It was decided to use stone as the sive loads. Arch models analyzed in FABLON Arquiedra at their works near Vigo in north­ pavilion fai;;ade's primary structural material, using this modelling feature for the joints west Spain using a granite called Rosa Porina, but in a completely new way to demonstrate correctly demonstrate the classic collapse from a local quarry. This granite was selected how it could be brought into the 'future' . The mechanisms for unstable stone arches when for its consistent mechanical properties as natural characteristics of stone could, with the loaded with a critical load-case. It was thus well as its natural pink appearance, which benefit of modern analytical, fabrication and relatively simple to check a large number of was enhanced by flame-texturing the outside construction methods, be exploited to create hypothetical loadcases to justify a given faces of the sub-units. The individual sub­ a minimalized structure distinct from the mas­ design configuration. units were fixed together by a thin layer of sive stone edifices of the past. General description epoxy adhesive on their interfaces. The only The use of stone: The basic form of the fai;;ade consists of 11 metal components used in the units are short fabrication and analysis semi-circular stone arches, each with a stainless steel dowels used to help locate the Over the past few decades, stone within centreline radius of 8.66m, spanning between components and provide mechanical shear modern buildings has been used primarily for 12 pairs of stone columns spaced at 22.4m connection across the glue planes. The com­ non-structural cladding and decorative pur­ centres in a single flat vertical plane. Each pleted units were subsequently packed and poses. However, expansive surfaces clad in pair of columns, 28m tall , is linked by tubular transported to the Seville site by lorry. stone still suggest the presence of a massive steel horizontal cross-bars at Sm intervals, the Within the primary and secondary arches, bulk behind, as was truly the case in the past first of these being 3m above ground level. solid block units are used between adjacent when stone was used structurally - in great These cross-bars are, in turn, connected to a open units. The joints between the arch units, 20 3. Arch stonework detail with radial tie connection. Ill>

<11 1 . Completed structure showing roof form.

2. Steel components in tension ring inside arch. Ill>

approximately 30mm wide, were cast in situ Fa9ade steelwork details Roof steelwork using a pourable grout. A de-bonded stain­ The mechanical connection between the The roof form desired by MBM was a curved less steel dowel bar passes centrally across stone columns and the steelwork is made by wave, descending down towards the canal the joint to provide a mechanical shear key. special steel castings which pass into slots behind the pavilion. Its structure consists of a The grout joint created will not resist tensile made in the stone units at their joints every series of parallel S-shaped steel trusses forces . and therefore prevents significant ten­ Sm . Vertical shears are transmitted by the equally spaced at 11 .2m centres. Successive sile stresses developing within the stone units steel tie-rod system to the stone columns as pairs of trusses span simply from suspension on either side. The arch's strength is thus part of the vertical cantilever truss action. The points below individual arches in the stone primarily dependent on its inherent geometric tie-rods' geometric system point is offset fac;:ade , over the pavilion hall space and stability. O.Sm from the centreline of the stone column down to simple steel tripod supports at the The joints between the stone column units and therefore the cast steel pieces at each rear of the building. The form of the shear differ from the arches. Each Sm unit works end of the cross-bars have to resist the bend­ bracing used on the sides of the trusses was effectively as a pin-ended column which can­ ing moments induced due to this eccentricity. inspired by the axle linkage system used in not transmit shear loads across it (the shear Because the tie-rods within the steelwork Spain's articulated 'Talgo' trains. loads are transmitted via the steelwork). The make numerous different spatial angles with The solid roof cladding over the exhibition vertical loads pass between stone units via the connection nodes, it was convenient to spaces is replaced by a slatted sun-shade four bridge-type laminated bearing pads use an end connection which had radial system above the central plaza and beyond (neoprene and steel sandwiches) placed in symmetry about the rod axis. The standard the northern and southern enclosures of the each corner of the cross section. threaded sleeve connection design for the building. The flexibility of these bearings prevents sig­ project has the additional advantage of auto­ To prevent the possibility of uplift under nificant shear loads being induced in the matically adjusting for any small angular high wind loads. the support trusses for the stonework due to any small imposed sway imperfection between the axes of the con­ canopy have counterweights added at their deflection to the column tower . necting pieces as well as absorbing length suspension points from the stone fac;:ade . tolerances as the sleeve is tightened . The fabrication of th is kind of rod-end was found to be significantly cheaper then the more classic pin/fork rod-end alternative. Another steelwork detail specially developed for the project is the load-setting device for putting small pretension in the sets of tie-bars to alleviate possible de-tensioning from ther­ mal effects. Using pairs of special load cali­ brated conical 'spring' washers, a threaded turning block on the end of the transverse props was tightened against the end node to a predetermined precompression. This auto­ matically creates known pretensions in the eight ties connected to each prop. Once the washers are squashed hard against their respective components, the total stiffness of the system becomes the same as if the washers were 'solid'.

5. End detail of transverse prop with load setting device. Ill>

21 T B. Lifting of a 5m tower module as other modules are assembled at ground level. Construction sequence 6. AtoG

T A. Ground assembly of 5m tower module incorporating a pair of open stone units and triangulated steel elements.

• C. A tower ·capital' • D. 'Capital' being module nearing lifted into place completion of ground after being turned level pre-assembly. to the vertical at ground level.

• G. A completed tower and pair of arches ready for load transfer of the temporarily propped roof trusses.

""F. Arch being lifted to span between the capitals of two adjacent towers.

22 T 7. Completed arch.

Getting it built

Although the chiefs at Expo '92 were impressed by the proposal for the stone fa9ade, they were initially sceptical about its technical feasibility and whether it could be built. It was only after Arups had made several visits to Seville to explain the design in detail and discuss questions raised by the Expo '92 engineers that the client was finally persuaded to allow the project to go ahead as proposed. In order to alleviate worries expressed about the apparent fragility of the stone structure, Arups analyzed various severe hypothetical loadcases to prove its robustness. These included accidental breakage of individual stone elements and very large geometric imperfections. Arups also proposed a construction method for the fa9ade which was sufficiently devel­ oped to include detailed descriptions of special lifting jigs with adjustable parts. This showed how it could be built without the use important reassurance to Expo '92, especially Credits of any temporary support scaffold, with stone when the contractor encountered some diffi­ Client: and steel elements preassembled together at culties with some of their lifting methods. The Expo '92 SA ground level and then lifted as a complete stone fa9ade was successfully completed in Architect: Martorell, Bohigas, Mackay (MBM) self-stable unit into its final position. To avoid time for the roof loads to be transferred well before the opening of Expo '92. with Jaume Freixa construction programme problems it was pro­ Structural engineers: posed that the roof over the pavilions could Conclusion Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd. be temporarily propped at its fa9ade end , At the inauguration of the Seville Expo on 21 Peter Rice, Alistair Lenczner, Tnstram Carfrae. Bruce Danziger, David Glover. Darren Sri-Tharan with its weight transferred to the stone fa9ade April 1992, the Pabellon del Futuro stood out Contractor: once it was completed. Arups' proposed as one of the most prominent features. The method was eventually to be adopted (with Entrecanales y Tavola SA building is destined to be one of only a few of Stonemason: some minor modifications) by the contractor, those on site expected to remain after the clo­ Entrecanales. Arquiedra SA sure of Expo '92 in October 1992. It is hoped Photos: Arups' continuous on-site supervision of the that the fa9ade structure will be a recogni­ 1: Reid & Peck. 2, 3, 6G : David Glover. construction of the stone fa9ade provided zable memento of the event in years to come. 4, 5, 6A-F, 8: Bruce Danziger. 7: Alistair Lenczner.

23

PROJECT NEWS NEW The EUROPEAN TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL at Cologne is nearing completion, COMMISSIONS on time and within budget, to provide the European aerospace industry with advanced ST. HELIER HOSPITAL, aerodynamic test facilities. The Industrial Engineering group are part of the industrial CARSHALTON , ENGLAND Autumn 1992 Architect team formed by a consortium of companies from the four contributing nations OAP have been appointed as structural and chaired by Mike Shears of Arups. The Queen visited the ETW on 20 October 1992. and services engineers for a £ I OM CRANFIELD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY opened recently. OAP paediatric hospital for St. Helier NHS were structural engineers for this £7.SM building, designed by Sir Norman Foster & Trust. Construction is due to begin in spring 1994. Architect: Avanti Architects. Partners. Work began in December 1989 and it was handed over in September 1992. MAKING THINGS MOVE M25 WIDENING 2 THE STOLICHNY BANK. MOSCOW, a 3000m office building designed by Murray The DoT have appointed the Highways Infrastructure play an important part in O'Laoire Associates of Limerick, started on site in September. OAP Limerick and London Group in Coventry to design and super­ are undertaking the engineering design and completion is expected in October 1993. vise the widening of 40km of London's creating - or reviving - economic prosper­ On 16 September the £44M contract for the Hall I O complex at the NATIONAL M25 between junctions 23 and 28. It will ity. It takes many forms, from water be increased by four lanes in both EXHIBITION CENTRE, Birmingham, was topped out. OAP Birmingham provided distribution in developing countries to the directions within the existing fencelines. structural engineering scheme design and performance specifications and monitored design development of new rail and air networks. Construction commences in autumn 1994. and construction on this 39 000m2 extension to the existing facilities . Architect Seymour Ove Arup Parmer hip i playing its part in SCOTTISH EQUITABLE HQ Harris Partnership. the e project throughout the world, The Arup Communications group have The refurbishment of HOLBORN BARS, the Prudential Assurance headquarters designed been commissioned to prepare, design and particularly in the field of transportation. by Victorian architect Alfred Waterhouse, was recently completed. OAP were structural implement a communications strategy end Trains aGrand Vitesse system for Scottish Equitable's new and services engineers for the project, one of the largest of its kind in London. Some of Arup ' tran portation commis­ headquarters in Edinburgh. Architect EPR. sions have been reported in previou BRIDEWELL, LONDON The STEVENS BUILDING, ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART, was opened on 8 July 1992. Arup Associates have been appointed by issues of ARUP FOCUS: the Bangkok OAP were structural and services engineers for the new and refurbished listed buildings on Haslemere Estates to prepare scheme Elevated Transport System (right), work the site. Architect John Miller & Partners. design proposals for a new development on London Underground's Cro sRail Planning permission has been granted for Thames Water's first SEWAGE SLUDGE on a large site at Bridewell in the City of and Che! ea-Hackney line , and their INCINERATOR in East London, and planning committee approval has been given for a London. appointment by the French Government second. Neither involved a public enquiry. Arup Economics & Planning managed the KCRC HQ, HONG KONG to evaluate the S CF propo al for the The Kowloon-Canton Ra ilway production of the Environmental Statements for both proposals, with technical 300km TGV route linking Valence, outh contributions from several Arup groups and external specialists. Corporation are relocating their Channel Tunnel Link British towns and counties Corporate Headquarters from Sha Tin of Lyons, to Montpellier and Mar eilles, In October I 991 , the Secretary of State Throughout Britain, communitie are to Fo Tan in the New Territories. Arups with future extensions to the Cote d'Azur have been appointed as civil/structural and Barcelona. The TGV commission for Transport announced the Govern­ looking for ways of reducing congestion , consultants for the 12-storey building to examined the relative merit of improving ment's decision to adopt the route improving their public services, and be constructed in the Permanent Way services on existing railway corridor or of proposed by Ove Arup & Parmers for fmding new methods of moving people PE.TE.R RICE., one of the depot, which is also being upgraded. the high speed rail link between London around. Ove Arup & Parmers is engaged in PARTNERSHIP NEWS Architect: Ng Chun Man & Associates. building a completely new route. Arup ' great structural engineers of and the Channel Tunnel. everal studies to improve transportation EUROPA HOUSE, FRANKFURT report has been submitted to the Minister The NEWCASTLE. OFFICE., the Institution of Structural his generation, died on 25 in various part of the country. The OAP have been appointed for the of Tran port and their recommendation This route i now being developed by under the leadership of MIKE. Engineers for his performance in October. During his many multidisciplinary engineering design of this will be part of the data submitted to the an Arup team working within British Rail. Edinburgh Western Corridor Busway BROWN, recently celebrated the 1992 Part 3 Examination; years with Arups, he was 2 I 00 000m commercial development with public enquiry. A a result of this work, The is ue include options for the Thames Study examines fast bus links between the its 25 th anniversary. STE.VE.N LUKE. of OAP principal designer for many architects Murphy/Jahn. The design work airport and the city centre; al o in Cardiff. this year's branch prize projects, contributing some the firm has been appointed by the City cro ing, various nature con ervation 'The Idea of Building~ a book by will be carried out in New York and Edinburgh, Amps are replanning the St by the Institution of Structural of the most original and of Avignon to study the possible and archaeological ites, station ite , STE.VE.N GROAK, Technical London and also in Sweden by Skanska Andrew Bus Station and, in Doncaster, Engineers Wales for the best imaginative concepts in T eknik who Arups employ as a relocation of the SC F-TGV tation freight terminals, and potential Development Co-Ordinator for de igning a public transport interchan ge. paper within the year; and 20th century structural subconsultant for the substructure design. clo er to the city centre. development along the route. Arup R&D, has been published FRANC COLES of OAP Bristol engineering. He had been The firm is working on a m ulti-modal by E & FN Span. Commissioned TECHNO CENTRE, VALENCIA received the annual Stevens honoured by the building transport model of the Southampton by The Building Centre Trust to OAP are working with Sir Norman Foster Award for the best paper by a professions, most recently & Partners on a new 7500m2 Spanish urban area, and in Wales has developed an mark the 60th anniversary of non-member of the Institution of becoming the 1992 RIBA headquarters and warehouse facility in integrated transport strategy for We t The Building Centre, it is a wide­ Lighting Engineers. GE.OFF Royal Gold Medallist in June. Valencia for Techno SPR - the a high-tech Glamorgan which relies less on major ranging analysis of the PE.A TTIE. and SAE.ED furniture company. The brief calls for a road construction and more on contemporary context for low-energy building and a capacity for MOJABI, also of OAP Bristol, building design. tripling the accommodation on site. improvement to exi ting public transport. were awarded the Frederick DAVID GORDON, the JO KENNE.DY of OAP Building Palmer Prize by the Institution of Director leading the Arup IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM Multiple skills Engineering was transferred to Civil Engineers for their paper Civil Engineering Following their award winning Phase I, Project such as the e require Arup Associates have been ap pointed to the class of Fellow of the 'The Design and Construction of Infrastructure Group, and transportation speciali ts. But often those design the first stage of Phase 2. Institution of Civil Engineers on the Basement of the Galleries Deputy Chairman of Civil specialist need the support of economists Engineering, died suddenly on 9 June 1992. She is the fourth Shopping Centre, Bristol'. ERA and planners, of acou tical and vibra tion , 22 September. He joined the OAP have been appointed by woman Fellow and only the civil and geotechnical engineers, of project second in the last 20 years. She Each year, the Partnership Partnership in 1973 and was Environmental Risk Assessment Ltd. to and construction managers; all the e are to has also been appointed as a sponsors two of its staff to be appointed as a Project advise on the consequences of contamina­ tion and measures to overcome them. be found within the Parmer hip. In recent trustee of the Science Museum. Project Managers on Raleigh Director in 19 79. In 1980 he Interna tional expeditions to joined the Hong Kong office year , Arup have become one of the Several OAP engineers have teach volunteers and supervise where he was a Director and ARUP FOCUS is published quarterly by world' leading transportation received AWARDS for technical Ove Arup Partnership. construction. This year, remained until 1984 when he consultancies. They have achieved this by papers: Written by: Patrick Morreau ANDREW KIRBY went to returned to Ove Arup & Helene Murphy combining their various kill into BARNABY JORDAN of OAP, Partners London. Sarawak and TIM MCCAUL Editing/ Layout: David]. Brown effective project teams. Their growth is London, the AE Wynn Prize of to Zimbabwe. Helene Murphy evidence of their success. The Arup Tra nsportation group designed- the pedestrian circulation at Liverpool. Street Station, London. 1 MORE MUSEUMS COMMENT TOWARDS THE OLYMPICS 2000 AND GALLERIES stadium, the focal point of the Games. The Nigel Thompson Birmingham office are engineer for one of During this year. the ftrm received everal the shortlisted entries in the design-build In the Spring issue of commis ions for museum projects around the competition for the Velodrome, to be the ARUP FOCUS, I wrote world. In Oxford, it completed a feasibility ational Cycling Centre when the Game in in this column of the study for an extension to the Ashmolean Manchester are over. difficult times faced by (architect: Stanton Williams); in the USA, it is appointed for the Cy Twombly Gallery at the the construction indu try Berlin Menil Foundation in Texas (architect: Renzo and the design profes­ While the winner of the competitions in Piano). while the ew York office are engineers sions associated with it. Manchester have not yet been elected, results for the 15 OOOm 2 Chicago Museum of Six months later, times were announced during the summer for some Contemporary Art ( architect: Jo ef Klei hues). are as hard as ever, but I am pleased to say of the Berlin Olympic 2000 competitions. our efforts to overcome the decline in our Arups took part in three: for the Boxing Hall, Arup in Auckland are engineers for the Museum traditional markets are proving successful. where they were ftfth; the Velodrome and of ew Zealand, and OAP Japan are structural Some of that success is reported in this ARUP Swimming Pool, which they won with the engineers for the Museum of Fruit in Yamana hi FOCUS. In Germany, we worked with the French architect Dominique Perrault; and the by the architect ltsuko Hasagawa. This extensive winning architects on competition entries for Olympiaquartier, which include a 15 000- complex devoted to fruits, their cultivation and 2 the Sony Centre and the Olympic Swimming seat arena (left) and 180 000m of mixed use uses, will start on site in April 1993. A smaller Pool and Velodrome, both in Berlin, and for redevelopment: the Arup-Stanhope Properties but unu ual commi sion was the strengthening the Verbundnetz Gas Headquarters in Leipzig. design-inve tor bid is one of rwo now being of the foundations and ground floor of the Tate We are commissioned on rwo major office ln the run-up to the selection of the city to experience in pired Manchester's bid, with considered by the Berlin Senat. Gallery, London (right), to upport sculptures by host the Olympic Games in the year 2000, which the firm is also closely involved. Richard Serra weighing 7 4 tonnes and developments in Frankfurt, another in Sydney Arups have contributed to proposals by appropriately named 'Weight and Mea ure '. Diisseldorf, and to develop a strategy and Manchester In Sydney, OAP Australia are civil engineers ment presented particular challenges to the 2 masterplan for reclaiming 15 0km of Manchester, Berlin and Sydney. Ove Arup & Partners are engineers for the for the 660ha Homebu h ite, a eriously Two important European museums for which design of the air-conditioning and air-filtration contaminated land in Brandenburg. These Paradoxically, an unsuccessful bid can be the 16 OOO-seat Manchester Arena, part of a contaminated and derelict area, to become the the fum were structural and building services system and to the lighting, which Moneo multidisciplinary commissions are evidence catalyst for urban revival. The fmn played a £220M development. Construction starts early ite for 16 of the 25 Olympic sports. Among engineers opened in October 1992. ln Madrid, designed in conjunction with Arups. of the effectiveness of Arup GmbH. leading role in Birmingham's bid for the 1992 next year and, in 199 5, it will open to these will be the Aquatic Centre, for which clo e to the Prado and the Centro de Arte Reina On 3 1 October, the Queen of the etherlands Our Japan experience is growing, as is our Games and, although the bid failed. the civic accommodate basketball and other athletic they are building services engineers. Now Sofia (another Arup project), the Museo opened the Kunsthal in Rotterdam; designed by work in the Middle East: in Abu Dhabi, we enthusia m generated a sisted in the city's events for the Olympics and after. Arups are under construction and due for completion in Thyssen-Bornemisza is a 1O OOOm 2 art gallery Rem Koolhaas·. it provides the city with its fust have been appointed to design and supervise rebirth: a new convention centre, new hotels, part of the AMEC team preparing proposals for 1994, the centre will have four swimming designed by Rafael Moneo. It is housed in a 19th gallery with pace to accommodate major the l 20km Madanat Zayed-Liwa highway. further expansion of the ational Exhibition other Olympic facilitie ; they are engineer for pools .vith seating for 22 5 00 spectators, century palace, so picture conservation require- touring art exhibitions. Our work in the United States is growing; we Centre - for all of which Arups were the engin­ the infrastructure of the 55ha site and, with expanding to 44 OOO if Sydney wins the race are gaining new commissions in Thailand and eers. And it might be said that Birmingham's Arup Associate , are designing the 80 OOO-seat for the Games. elsewhere in South East Asia. Even in the UK, the story is not altogether a gloomy one: our roads, transportation and environmental THE JAPANESE EXPERIENCE services groups are increasingly busy. Every year, staff from Arup practices around the East Asia. The experience has been rewarding in AWARDS world gather in London for a seminar sponsored many ways, not least in the exchange of ln October, I went with a British Government SONY BERLIN by The Arup Partnerships to share knowledge engineers between Japan and the UK. Not only trade mission to China. It was a fascinating BCI Awards and experience on a topic of common interest. are engineer from Japanese contractors and experience and I was again impressed by the Bracken House (architect: Michael Hopkins & This year, the subject wa 'The Japanese design fums on secondment to Arups in Britain, opportunities to be found there. I am glad to Partners) won the Supreme Award in the British Experience', and, on 16 and 17 October, but Yuko Mabuchi and Arata Oguri, graduates of say that Arups have been taking advantage of Construction Industry Awards 1992. The British 56 people from 14 countries reviewed the Tokyo Metropolitan University and Tokyo those opportunities; through our Hong Kong Pavilion, Expo '92 (architect Nicholas Grimshaw technical, business and cultural aspects of University respectively. have joined the fum and office, we have completed more than 30 working with Japanese clients, architects and are working in London before returning to the projects in China and are at present working & Partners) was awarded a High Commendation contractors, in Japan and elsewhere. Tokyo office. on construction worth more than US 400M, in the Building Category and a Special Commend­ including the first section of the l 40km ation for being 'an outstanding ambassador for Arups have had a presence in Japan since 1987. The Japane e Experience Seminar reafftrmed the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Zhuhai Super Highway British design and construction'. Other projects opened an office in Tokyo in 1990, and have high importance of Japan to The Arup Partner­ and the Shajiao C Power Station. In Hong which received High Commendations were been involved in the planning and design of ships worldwide and conftrmed the need to Kong itself, our appointment for the KRC Dornoch Bridge (main contractor: Christiani­ more than 30 projects with architects from continue and further develop relationships with Headquarters is reported elsewhere in Morrison Joint Venture), Hammersmith Ark Japan and other countries. otable buildings the Japanese construction industry. include Century Tower in ARUP FOCUS. (architect: Ralph Erskine), and the Museum of Tokyo, the Kansai Airport One purpose of ARUP FOCUS is to keep you - the Moving Image (architect: Future Systems). Terminal (right), now our clients and other friends - informed of under con truction, and our achievements. I am pleased to be able to RIBAAwards the Kobe In titute ( a ay that Arups are continuing to move Among the RIBA Regional Awards were Legal branch of St Catherine's forward into new ventures in new territories. & General House (architect: Arup Associates); College. Oxford). The I am confident that, thanks to the support of Ponds Forge, Sheffield (architect: Fau lkner Museum of Fruit and our clients and the commitment of our Browns); Stansted Terminal (architect: Sir the agano Ice Hockey people, we hall continue to do so. Ove Arup & Partners ew York supported parking - altogether a total floor area of Norman Foster & Partners); the Avenue de 2 Stadium are both now Murphy/Jahn Architect of Chicago in the about 220 000m . The di tinctive feature Ove Arup Parmership, Chartres ca r park, Chichester (a rchitect: Birds winning competition design for the Sony of the winning design is the 'Sony Forum' being designed in Tokyo. 13 Fitzroy Street, Portchmouth Russum); Bracken House; the ITN Center in the Potsdamer Platz, Berlin. (above), a large elliptical urban event space At the same time, Arups London W 1P 6BQ Headquarters bu ild ing (architect: Sir Norman The centre comprises Sony's European with a fabric and gla tent-like roof. are working for Japanese Tel: 0716361531 Foster & Partners). Blackwall Ya rd (architect: headquarter , other office buildings, hotel Arups were responsible for the structural, clients in Britain and Fax: 071 580 3924 Richard Rogers Partnership) and Allied Dunbar and residential accommodation, retail, a service and building environmental Germany, in Ireland, Training Centre (architect: BDP). multi-screen cinema and underground design of the competition entry. Turkey, Africa and South The Autumn 1992 edition of wa international and he was a Tht Arup Journal includes articles by much sought after collaborator to Peter Rice on two of his latest many of the world' leading projects, Lhe 'Bigo' monument in Peter Rice architectural practices. Genoa and the Pabellon de! Futuro Peter Rice's recent projects at Expo '92 - both designs imbued included: Charles de Gaulle with hi characteristic structural Aerogare 3, Paris; the Marseilles exuberance, imagination, and Airport Terminal; the New daring. Sadly Peter, one of the Groningen Museum, Groningen, great structural engineer of his Netherlands; uages Tete Defense, generation, died on Sunday 25 Paris; and the Terminal Builcling at October 1992, after a year's iJlness Kansai Airport, Osaka, Japan; as borne with great fortitude. His well as the 'Bigo' and the Seville death extinguishe one of the Pavilion. brightest light of engineering in contemporary architecture. Peter Rice was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal lnstitute of Peter Ronan Rice was born in British Architects and an Honorary lreland in 1935. Significantly his Member of the Royal Institute of econdary education was broadly ArchitecL lreland. He received ba ed and stimulated his several medals and awards, as well subsequent development beyond as being ought after in the UK and narrow professional confmes. This elsewhere as an infom1alive and enabled him to acquire that broad entertaining lecturer. understanding of context which so many engineer sadly lack. He But probably his fmest hour came graduated from Queen' University when he was awarded the Royal Belfast with a degree in Civil Gold Medal for Architecture by the Engineering in 19 5 6 and joined Royal Institute of British Architects Ove Arup & Partners for a year in June 1992. His illness had before returning to University - already taken its toll yet his address Imperial College - to undertake to an enthusiastic auclience when postgraduate tuclies. He rejoined he received the Medal was Arups in 1958. in pirational, his patent joy at receiving the award infectious. For the next even years he worked He was to give full expression to the Partnership in 1991 . At his The esteem in which he was held mainly on Sydney Opera House, these ideas in his later work. untimely death hi professional by the international architectural contributing to Lhe early geometric career was in full flower. fraternity could be judged by the He returned to Arups in 1968, and model stuclies and carrying out galaxy of architectural tar who analytical studies after the final when he started to give full rein to He had become the principal his burgeoning talents. Creative designer with full engineering had come pecially for the occa ion cheme had evolved. He wanted to to pay their tributes to him. ee the structure built, so in 1963 relationships with architects who responsibility for a wide range he went to Australia to join the were them elves to become leaders of important projects. As well as Peter wa a thoughtful and Resident Engineering Team which of their profession were being important engineering sensitive man. Whatever he said supervised the construction. established. He developed ideas on achievements in their own right, on whatever subject was always lightweight roof structures with many of these have been inno­ considered, never superficial. His Peter Rice's involvement in Sydney Frei Ouo, but his involvement vative in their use of materials and interests were broad. He loved Opera House was seminal in his with Renzo Piano and Richard structural form. Indeed, the over­ football, and he and hi family later work. The building had not Roger on the design of Centre riding theme of Peter Rice's work were enthusiastic Queens Park yet acquired its prominent position Pompidou in Pari marked the start has been steadily to explore the Rangers supporters. An outing 10 as an icon of twentieth century of increasing recognition of Peter limit of form and the use of the races was a treat and he liked architecture, but as a young, Rice as an engineering designer materials in creating dramatic reading poetry and philo ophy. gifted, dedicated engineer he was with unique qualities. The eed structures which have become He enjoyed working with talented deeply influenced by its poetic own by his Irish secondary features of the modern urban young engineers: there are a concept, as well as the subsequent education, hi year at Imperial context. In exploring the e limits number of rising young potential debate and controver ies. College, hi colleagues' irtfluence, he has often extended what was stars who owe a great deal to Peter He wanted a break after hi stay in and hi involvement with Sydney considered to be achievable, partly for his guidance and inspiration. Australia and spent a year as a Opera House were beginning to by the development of technique He was a devoted family man. His visiting cholar at Cornell Univer­ blo som. The design and in and also partly by creating an sity. Before choosing Cornell he wife Sylvia gave him undemonstra­ particular the detailed elements of imagery that others have then tive support through all the year wrote to a number of leading the structure for Centre Pompidou been able to take up and seek to engineering chools in the United and provided a quiet haven when marked the beginning of the full emulate. For example, he has he sought refuge from hi taxing States explaining what he wanted expre sion of his talents. advanced the general confidence to achieve during this meditative schedule. She, together with their From 1977 to 1983 while in the use of gla as a tructural children, three daughters and a period away from practice. material. He was not interested in adclitions remaining a director of Arups, son, were a close and devoted to letters behind his name but Peter Rice together with Martin At present there is a tendency for family. Their loss is irreparable. " ... I would like to study the Francis and Ian Ritchie, established a pulling back from the future and Peter Rice's death is tragic in that application of pure mathematics to a small consultancy, RFR, in Paris. a ettling for the comfort and it came at a rime when he was just engineering problems. I think that It says much for Peter's personal presumed security of the well beginning to give full expre sion tried. Peter Rice always maintained a more thorough under tanding of talents that he was a ked to carry to his talents. His optimistic the nature of the equations used to out speciali t services for a number the valiclity of applying his pre ence in a pessimistic world solve structural problems in design of prestigious projects in France. considerable intellect and leave a void which is difficult to could lead to a better conditioned ln 1983 he became a main board engineering skills 10 his work and fill. solution and ultimately to a beuer Director of the Ove Arup approach and regularly produced choice of tructural components ... " Partner hip and a Trustee of outstanding uccesses. His po ition Jack Zunz

Photo: Tnuro.m C.rlrot