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Insect Galls of Restinga Areas of Ilha Da Marambaia, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

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Insect Galls of Restinga Areas of Ilha Da Marambaia, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Revista Brasileira de Entomologia http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262014000200010 Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Alene Ramos Rodrigues1,2, Valéria Cid Maia1 & Márcia Souto Couri1 1Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940–040 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil [email protected] ABSTRACT. Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study carried out an insect gall inventory in restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly from April 2010 to March 2011 along the full extension of seven beaches. A total number of 147 gall morphotypes associated with 70 plant species were found, distributed in 33 plant families, and at least 54 genera. Myrtaceae was the botanical family with the highest richness of gall morphotypes and host species, followed by Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Malpighiaceae. Most of the gall morphotypes occurred in leaves (78 morphotypes), 38 in stems, 14 in flowers, eight in buds and fruits, and one in adventitious roots. The galling insects belong to the five orders: Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the most common galling taxon (78 morphotypes), represented by 87 species, being 78 gallers, seven inquilines and two predators. In addition to the gallers, parasitoids, inquilines, and predators were also found. KEYWORDS. Cecidomyiidae; Diptera; Insecta; insect-plant interation; inventory. Insect galls are pathological structures originated from localities of Rio de Janeiro State, little information is availa- new formations of vegetal tissues, resulting from mechanic ble. and/or chemical stimuli of insects (Bronner 1992). The in- The present study was conducted in Ilha da Marambaia ductors are usually specific in relation to plant species, in- (Mangaratiba municipality, in southern Rio de Janeiro State). ducing galls only in one species or on a small group of host The relevance of this work is based on the ecological impor- species (Carneiro et al. 2009). The gall insects are repre- tance of the galling insects, on the scarce knowledge of taxo- sented by the following orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemi- nomic, biological and geographical distribution of gallers ptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Diptera, throughout all Brazilian territory and on the fact that the veg- represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae, is the main group of etation of Ilha da Marambaia includes one of the last re- galling insects (Mani 1964). serves of the Atlantic Florest in southeastern Rio de Janeiro. Many galling species of Cecidomyiidae may reach the Furthermore, among the published insect gall inventories in level of pest. In Brazil, species are recorded attacking plants the State of Rio de Janeiro, only one surveyed its southern of cassava, guava and pitanga (Fernandes 1987; Maia 2001; portion (Oliveira & Maia 2005). Ângelo & Maia 1999). Predator and galling larvae of Cecidomyiidae have been used as biological control and MATERIAL AND METHODS fungivorous larvae serve as indicators of soil conditions (Gagné 1994; Mamaev 1968). The Brazilian ecosystems more Sampling was carried out monthly from April 2010 to investigated in relation to composition of Cecidomyiidae March 2011 by two researchers along the entire extension of fauna and diversity of galling insects are the Cerrado and seven beaches of Ilha da Marambaia (Mangaratiba, RJ), to- Atlantic Florest (more specifically, restingas), but these stud- taling 16 hours per month for all the beaches: Kutuca ies still represent a small fraction of the total area of these (23º4’4.85”S 43º59’39.41”W – 23º3’59.17”S 43º59’33.59”W, biomes. In the Rio de Janeiro State, insect galls inventories 285 meters), Grande (23º3’57.34”S 43º59’31.01”W – were carried out in restinga areas of Angra dos Reis (Ilha 23º3’27.08”S 43º59’28.63”W, 990 meters), Suja (23º3’21.81”S Grande), Rio de Janeiro (Grumari), Maricá, Carapebus, and 43º58’51.35”W – 23º2’48.29”S 43º58’28.69”W, 1,350 meters), Arraial do Cabo (Maia & Oliveira 2010; Oliveira & Maia Caju (23º2’39.85”S 43º57’54.96”W – 23º2’33.64”S 43º57’ 2005; Maia 2001; Monteiro et al. 1994, 2004). In these stud- 46.12”W, 370 meters), João Manoel (23º2’34.17”S 43º57’ ies, the richness of insect galls was evidenced and 44.18”W – 23º2’34.89”S 43º57’35.75”W, 260 meters), Sítio Cecidomyiidae pointed as the most frequent galling taxo- (23º2’34.83”S 43º57’30.80”W – 23º4’4.85”S 43º59’39.41”W, nomic group. The number of galls induced by Cecidomyiidae 400 meters), and Armação (23º2’27.43”S 43º57’15,53”W – was 36, 43, 76, 68, 99, and 93, respectively, with a total of 65 23º3’38.64”S 43º54’9.10”W, 3,960 meters) (Fig. 1). The described new species (Maia & Oliveira 2010; Oliveira & beaches were chosen due to their conservation condition (few Maia 2005; Maia 2001; Monteiro et al. 1994, 2004). For other buildings and good vegetation cover). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 58(2): 173–197, June 2014 174 Rodrigues et al. Fig. 1. Map of Ilha da Marambaia (Mangaratiba, RJ, Brazil); adapted from Pereira et al. (1990). Red lines indicate the investigated beaches in this work. At each beach, along its entire length, herbaceous, shrubby and to present satisfactory results. The excedent specimens and arboreous plants (with up to two meters high, galled or remained in 70% ethanol. The Cecidomyiidae were identi- not) were surveyed for insect galls, representing a vegeta- fied to genus level using the keys of Gagné (1994) and to tion sampling effort of 100%. Only aerial organs were inves- species based on original descriptions. All the specimens were tigated. All gall morphotypes were photographed in the field. deposited in the Diptera collection of the MNRJ. The other Each morphotype was characterized by the plant organ of insects were identified by specialists and were deposited in occurrence, shape, presence or absence of trichomes, com- the collection of their institutions. plexity, color, number of internal chamber, and galling in- The average number of gall morphotypes per host plant sect. The gall shape was based on Isaias et al. (2013), and the species was calculated using simple arithmetic mean. The differentiation between complex gall (with formation of new plant species and genera were considered super-host when plant tissues) and simple gall (without formation of other bearing a high richness of insect galls, according Espírito- tissues) was based on Möhn (1962). Santo & Fernandes (2007). The richness of galling species Branches (whenever possible with flowers and fruits) were of each beach was evaluated qualitatively, based on the num- removed from each host plant, and pressed in the field for ber of gall morphotypes. According to temporal occurrence, preparation of exsiccates. They were examined by botanists the morphotypes were classified as constant (greater than or of Museu Nacional (MNRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio equal to 50%), accessory (between 25% and 50%) and acci- de Janeiro and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro dental (less than or equal to 25%) as proposed by Silveira (UERJ) for species identification. The botanical material was Neto et al. (1976). The formula used was C% = (p/n) * 100, deposited in the herbarium of MNRJ. Galled branches were where “p” is the number of months that the gall morphotype collected and transported to laboratory in closed and labeled was collected and “n” is the total number of collecting months. plastic bags. To obtain the adults, samples of each gall morphotype were separately conditioned in closed transpar- RESULTS ent plastic pots, labeled and lined with wet paper. In the case of larvae that leave the galls, the rearing pots received a layer In the restinga areas of the Ilha da Marambaia, 147 gall of approximately 10 cm of restinga soil. The pots were morphotypes were found in 70 plant species, distributed in 33 checked every day for newly emerged adults. When adults families and at least 54 genera. The average number of gall were found, the pots were placed in a refrigerator for some morphotypes per host plant species was 2.1 (Table I). Fifty hours, to induced insect lethargy. The adults were transferred two insect gall morphotypes were first recorded from Brazil- to tubes with 70% ethanol. To observe the internal chamber(s) ian restinga areas. Myrtaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Fabaceae and remove immatures, some galls were dissected, using a presented the highest richness of galls (20, 13, and 11 stylet. Samples of each gall morphotype were dried for preser- morphotypes, respectively) and largest number of host plant vation and incorporated in the gall collection of MNRJ. The species (9, 4, and 6 species, respectively), followed by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) were mounted in microscopy Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Malpighiaceae, and slides following the methodology of Gagné (1994), except Nyctaginaceae (with 10, 10, 9, 9, and 8 morphotypes, respec- for using butyl acetate instead of clove oil, to be less toxic tively, Table II). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 58(2): 173–197, June 2014 Insect galls of restinga areas of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 175 Table I. Data from literature on insect gall inventories in restingas of Rio de Janeiro State (Maia & Oliveira 2010; Oliveira & Maia 2005; Maia 2001; Monteiro et al. 1994, 2004). Data for Carapebus and Jurubatiba cannot be joined
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