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Article 12131 0B649df684f9e4e 37 ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ (ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي )، ﺟﻠﺪ 39 ﺷﻤﺎره 2، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1395 ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺮاه آب آﺑﻴﺎري در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط، .Zeuzera pyrina L روي درﺧﺖ ﮔﺮدو ﻋﺰﻳﺰ ﺷﻴﺨﻲ ﮔﺮﺟﺎن1 ، روﻳﺎ ارﺑﺎب ﺗﻔﺘﻲ *2 ، رﺋﻮف ﻛﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ3 و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﭘﻮر4 1 - اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان * -2 ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﻮ ول: ﻣﺮﺑﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ( [email protected]) -3 ﻣﺮ ﺑﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان 4 - ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓ ﺖ: 29/10/ 93 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 11/10/ 94 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮّاط ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ درﺧﺘﺎن ﮔﺮدو در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ. ﻳﻜﻲ از راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ آﻓﺎ ت، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ آب آﺑﻴﺎري در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺪود اﺳﺖ. ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ روش آﺑﻴﺎري ﻳﻜﻲ از روش ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺮج در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ 25/2/ 1391 روي رﻗﻢ ﮔﺮدوي آذرﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. درﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﺴﻦ، 25 ﺳﺎﻟﻪ و آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ 5 ﺗﻴﻤﺎر و 5 ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ از ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ SC350 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار 20، 60، 100 و 140 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ (ﺑﺪون ﺳﻢ رﻳﺰي ) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﺑﺘﺪا 5 درﺧﺖ از ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ از ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ 10 ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ 60 ﺳﺎ ﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﻫﻤﺎن ﺳﺎل (ﺷﺎﺧﻪ رﺷﺪ) اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﻮذ آﻓﺖ (ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ) روي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﻧﻔﻮذ در ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ 100 و 140 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 28/14 و 25/8 ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻣﺎري ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﻧﻔﻮذ در ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﺷﺎﻫﺪ (28) ﺑﻮد . در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي 20 و 60 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ از اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﻧﻔﻮذ در ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ 32 و 38 ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ در ﻏﻠﻈﺖ 20 و 60 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺷﺪه درﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ در ﻏﻠﻈﺖ 100 و 140 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ 50 و 75 درﺻﺪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ روش آﺑﻴﺎري ﻳﻚ روش ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎك، ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژي درﺧﺖ و ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژي آﻓﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد، در ﻏﻴﺮ ا ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ، ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺖ و ﻣﻴﺰان آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژه ﻫﺎ:ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ، ﻏﻠﻈﺖ، ﻧﺌﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪ، اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ آﻓﺎت ﭼﻮﺑﺨﻮار اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺜﻤﺮ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط .Zeuzera pyrina L ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺜﻤﺮ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﻮر از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻓﺮي و ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺧﺮاط ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ د از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﺰد، ﻣﺮﻛﺰي، ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن و ﻛﺮﻣﺎن وارد ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎز. از اواﺧﺮ 38 ﺷﻴﺨﻲ ﮔﺮﺟﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ... ... دﻫﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﺎد و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮوز ﺧﺸﻜﺴﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺴﺘﺮده و ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ، در ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﺧﺴﺎرت زﻳﺎدي وارد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﻐﻴﺎن ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺷ. اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ از ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ( Kutinkova et al., 2006 .) ﻋﻤ ﺪه روش ﻫﺎ در ﻛﺸﻮر وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺖ (ﺑﺮوز ﺧﺸﻜﺴﺎﻟﻲ)، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آن اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ و ﺧﺴﺎرت آن دارﻧﺪ ( Patanita and Varrgas, 2006) ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ آﻓﺖ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻻروﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ درون ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ، ، ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﺷﺎﺧﻪ و ﺗﻨﻪ، ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺸﻜﻞ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﮔﺴﺘﺮش داده اﺳﺖ ( Kolyaee, 2003 ) . ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻧﻴﺰ دوره ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻓﺖ را در ﺟﻨﻮب ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﭼﻮب ﺧﻮار ﺑﻮده و روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﮔﺮدو و ﺳﻴﺐ، ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎل ﺣﺪود 4 ﻣﺎه ﺑﻴﺎن د اﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﻧﻬﺎﻟﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺴﺎرت زﻳﺎدي وارد ﻣﻲ ﻧﺳﺎز ﺪ. ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ .Pasqualini et al (1997) و وﺟﻮد ﻻروﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد روي ﻳﻚ درﺧﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در اﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ، روش ﺷﻜﺎر اﻧﺒﻮه ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ آﻓﺖ را ﻳﻚ درﺧﺖ ﺗﻨﻮﻣﻨﺪ در ﻣﺪت ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ از ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮود. اﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﻴﺪ داﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ آﻓﺖ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ روش در اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ و ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎل ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه درون ﺗﻨﻪ و ﺷﺎﺧﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺳﭙﺮي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. از اواﺳﻂ ﺑﻬﺎر، اﺳ. ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮدﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ روش ﻛﻨﺘﺮل، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺷﻔ ﻴﺮه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﻇﺮف ﺣﺪود دو ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل آﻓﺖ در درﺧﺘﺎن آﻟﻮده را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دادﻧ. ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧ. ﺧﺮوج ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ آﻓﺖ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺸﻲ اﺳﺖ از ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر ﻣﺎه ﺑﻄﻮل ﻣﻲ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻧﻴﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺳﺎل 1991 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ( .Esmaili,. 1991; Radjabi, 2002 ) ﺷﺪ . ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ داﺷﺖ و آﺑﻴﺎري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻔﻮذي، ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ و ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻔﺘﻮل ﺳﻴﻤﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ رﻳﺸﻪ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ درون ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل آﻓﺖ از ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎج ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( .,Esmaili ﺳﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻜﻨﺪه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ زﻧﺠﺮك ﻫﺎ، ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ، .Kolyaee .( 1991; Radjabi, 2002 ( 2003 ) ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻔﻴﺪﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رو. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻔﺘﻮل ﺳﻴﻤﻲ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺧﺎﻛﺰي، ﻣﻮرﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﻮم در ورودي ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻫﺎ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺮﮔﺨﻮار ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻛ ﻠﺮادو ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ. از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺗﻠﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻜﺎر اﻧﺒﻮ ه ( Kolyaee and ﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﻲ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد در ﺧﺎك و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ Hassani, 2014 ) و ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻛﻮر را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺬر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Macbean, 2012 ). ). ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار داد و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﻮام آﻧﻬﺎ را ﻣﻮﺛﺮ داﻧﺴ. وي ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺣﻞ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ، در آب 20 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ اﺻﻮل ﺑﺎﻏﺪاري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ آﺑﻴﺎري، ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و 0/61 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻟﻴﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺷﺪن آن ﺑﺎ رس و ﻣﻮاد ﻫﺮس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، را ﻧﻴﺰ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻜﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در اﻳﻦ آﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ (ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺬب ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ آﻟﻲ1 300 ﺗﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻲ داﻧ. ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ زﻧﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ Synanthedon 400 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم ) ( Cox et al., 1997 ). آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ (myopaeformis (Borkhausen در ﺟﻠﺐ ﺳﺘﻮن ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮن ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﻲ: در ﺷﻜﺎر ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﺮ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت 25 - 100 ﮔﺮم در ﻫﻜﺘﺎر؛ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺬر: 0/05 – 7 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Besharatnajad, 2002 ). 1- KOC 39 ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ (ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي )، ﺟﻠﺪ 39 ﺷﻤﺎره 2، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1395 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺬر؛ 350 ﮔﺮم ﺑﻪ ازاي 100 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺬر ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ روش ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ ﺧﺎك رخ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ دز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ در ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﮔﺮدو ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد. ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ و ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﻲ آن را در ﮔﺮوه ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﻫﺎ دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮد. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﺳﻢ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ (ﻧﺒﻮد ﻧﻮر) در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﺪن آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ در ﺑﺎغ ﻛﻠﻜﺴﻴﻮن ﻛﻤﺎل ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﺻﻼ ح ﺑﺬر و ﻧﻬﺎل در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ 25/2/ 1391 روي 1 ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن DT 50 ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ 4 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ رﻗﻢ ﮔﺮدوي آذرﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓ. ﺑﺎغ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ، ﻧﻮع ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ /8 35 درﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و /8 50 درﺟﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ آب/ رﺳﻮب و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ آب آﺑﻴﺎري از ﺷﺮﻗﻲ در اﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﺒﺮز ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﺮج واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ( ,Macbean در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ درﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﺴﻦ، 25 2012 ). ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ، ﺑﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع 2/5 4- ﻣﺘﺮ، ﻋﺮض ﺗﺎج 3-2 ﻣﺘﺮ و آﻟﻮده ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎك2 ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل دﻫﻲ در ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط ﺑﻮدﻧ. اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ 5 ﺗﻴﻤﺎر و 5 ﺗﻜﺮار در ﺧﺎك3 ﻳﻜﻲ از روش ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳ . در دو ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓ. ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﮔﺮدو دﻫﻪ اﺧﻴﺮ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ روش و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ . آﺑﻴﺎري ﻗﻄﺮه اي ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ( ,.Ayars et al ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ Ghidiu, 2012 ;2007 ) اﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮه در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ( SC350 ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﮔﻴﺎه، اﻳﺮان)، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار 20، ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺳﺒﺰﻳﺠﺎت ﻋﻠﻴﻪ آﻓﺖ ﻣﻜﻨﺪه و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ آﻓﺎت از 60 ، 100 و 140 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ و ﺷﺎﻫﺪ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي دوﺑﺎﻻن، ﺑﺎﻟﭙﻮﻟﻜﺪاران و ﻗﺎب ﺑﺎﻻن ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ (ﺑﺪون ﺳﻢ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ) ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل 7، 21، 35، 49 ﮔﺮم ﻣﺎده ( Kuhar et al., 2009 ; Ghidiu et al., 2009 ). ﻣﻮﺛﺮه اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ در ﻫﺮ درﺧﺖ ﮔﺮدو ﺑﻮد . ﺑﺪﻳﻦ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در ﻣﻮرد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ از ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن روش روي درﺧﺘﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳ. اﻳﻤﻴﺪاﻛﻠﻮﭘﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ 40 ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آب رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪ . ﺑﻪ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﺮم ﺧﺮاط در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻓﺰا ﻳﺶ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺧﺎك، اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك زﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑ ﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺗﻨﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﻛﻬﻨﺴﺎل ﮔﺮدو ﺳﺎﻳﻪ اﻧﺪاز درﺧﺖ ﺑ ﻴﻞ زده ﺷ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه اﻧ.
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