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M” OUR ENVIRONMENT KEEPS US 1.,v.-s-.-~c,\ BE YOUR OWN AUTHORITY FROM SOARING av BENJAMIN KEECH a BY BENJAMIN KEECII F you experience shrinking sensationwhen some one says “Socialism,” just rememberthat Social UMANITY is hungry for good—starving for better things. The majority are not sinners ism will be what you, I and our awakeningneigh By Cover. Chas.A. Winter. it H becausethey want to be, but becausethey have ...... 1 bors vote for to be. There are no Socialist very to be, or go under. Myriads who have been Editorials ...... _...... 2-3 authorities but us, and we surely won’t vote for conditions for ourselves when we become intelli forced to live dishonestly would gladly live honestly Death’sPlaymates. By RobertRobinson...... 4 bad go on uninterruptedly, as if they could. Thousands of women, who, a few years gent, will we? Affairs will Public School Education. By Samuel Hopkins more safe, sensible, ago, never dreamedof becomingsinners, now live sin Adams. Iosss.s-I opose-ss-s- ause. . . s-I s -oI uno now, only steadily growing sane. scientific, Socialistic. Socialism will come gradually, fully because sinful conditions forced them into it. Wages ...... More and ShorterHours ...... 8 it, no quicker than we want it and are ready for Thousands of men who once managedlegitimate busi and

Educationand the Masses. By Victor L. Berger 7 which is well. first, the nation last. Of course, nesses, have been competedout into all sorts of de Cities 'enjoy full blessing until we get it; moralizing schemes. We would all be what we ought HarrisonGray Otis. By Helen L. Sumner...... 8 we can’t the but every step toward Socialism gives bit of blessing. to be if we had not voted to be our master’sobliging The Comingof the (Jo-OperativeCommonwealth. usa There will be no confusion in it: coming; it willmgently, slaves. “The road that leads to freedom runs past the By Dan Irving...... _ ...... merge itself into our already r' government and ballot box." A plant will grow healthfully, blossom Germinal. By Emile Zola...... 10-11 ‘fused restore harmony. Socialism is safe becausethe aver beautifully and produce splendid fruit when given a Industrial Unionism. By AlgernonLee...... 12 age Socialist workingman is The average capi chance. So will human beings. ditto. Historic Philadelphia. By James W. Babeock...12 talist isn’t. 1 T Education and the System. By Rose Johnston13 FREE LOVE, ANARCHY AND SO 1 Law and Order. By B. S. Bourne...... 14 BUT THE EART DID NOT FORTH Hail to the New Profession. By Rufus W. Weeks15 STOP KEECH , av B'ENJAMIN Sensationalism.By NormanTalcott...... 15 freelover, or non-religionist BY BENJAMIN Icas'cn HE worst anarchist Facts and Interpretations..~... . .'...... _ 18 is the fool, either educatedor uneducated,who HILE it was once stI/‘onglysuspectedby the The Way You Look at It...... 17 T votes for present conditions which breed such more pruo- t-mindtquelement, that the ad to things. He may be a polished “Christian,” but The Doctorsof Local Ills ...... _...... 18 vent of Socialism 'Firouldcause the earth - shining and if he puts himself in the same class with white slavers, Political Education of the Working-Class. By stop revolving, the sun to cease grafters and other prostitutes, his principles are cor Dean Langmuir...... 19 seriously interfere with the changes of the moon and is great coming of the seasons—thatchaos and confusion respondingly as dark as crime itself. There the good in everybody,but most of us are so busy being {LU'LUlLU’'U ’'U‘"Q1L\Jl'pl‘LJJLKL'LUlLUlLUlLUlLUlLUlLUlZ would reign—we now see where we made our mis soon good to our bossesthat we have no time to developit. take. “Example’s the best argument,” and very Milwaukee, by No matter how moral, religious, or industrious one @THE‘MASSES‘PUBLISIHNG‘CO.® we can point to scores of cities like suffer quite as keenly as the 150NASSAU STREET. NEW YORK CITY way of argument, thus saving time and words. The may be, if poor, he has to is

is to be toughest crook, because of present conditions. The i5??? 6. dawn nicely breaking; Socialism getting satisfy purest Christian religion does not save him from SUBSCRIPTION RATES popular. Nothing but the best will ever us when and h0w we can get It. economictroubles—ninetenths of our w0rries are per Yearly, $1.00 Half Yearly, 50 Cents we onceknow what Wewant see longs to see our government fectly needless—unlesshe puts hisprayers into prac Therefore, no person who Bundle Rates to join our ranks and‘ votes right that he may not.suffer wr0ng. managedcorrectly, need hesitate tice and ComradesorLocals...... 6c. a 50or morePaidIn Advance...... Sc help manage it. The SocialiSt Party is, primarily, 5 or more Advance,peryear,_, Paidin 4c. working-class party, organized to emancipatethe wage EVENT most of our AN IleORTANT Registeredassecond-classmailmatter,December27, slave ,and abolish poverty, the cause of canvassa 1910.atthepostofficeofNewYor: City.under woes.’$LEt everyone in sympathywith the class which E had occiision a few weeks ago to theactofMarch3,1879 they all and gets nothing join the Socialist Army number of radical professors as to what Advertising Rates 20centsper agateline. creates capitalism. This is the ‘l considered the most important recent event. 4 columnsto page. and help fight the monster, up0n and quickest way to realize your longings—-to They agreed almost unanimously the P. Vlag, Business Mgr. surest longing and go to fighting, scientifically. German Reichstag election, which resulted in break quit ing the Kaiser’s conservativebloc, by giving amajority to the former minority group, consisting of the Na - tional Liberals, the Radicals and the Socialists. EASY MONEY Before the bloc can resume its operations they will

‘x‘ . ESLIE M. SHAW, who once had a Good have to buy, steel, or befuddle one of these factions, Job with Uncle Sam and who is now exploiting and it surely will, not be the Socialist faction with its ‘

' I convict labor, is responsible for the following no representative's. , WANDERING THINKLETS good one: ,, The Socialists polled over four million votes, or a w a a

a is hoaestly. is He says man-can make million majority of the total number of votes cast. When per'son disliked, he either very bad or very good. bad, hated by hypocritical good. Leslie is right. There are several ways of doing it. We wonder if the Kaiser still HAS to go to war If he is the a - Almost anybody can get a job at one dollar fifty with England. There will be trouble if he does, .if If good, by the filankly bad. ' day; If yen don’t marry you can readily save twenty not before surely after the war. I , There.is somethingwrong, somewhere; In the year a five cents’worth of this, or a dollar and a half week. .the writer’discovered that .the best saintj,has to IQII Do this for seven hundred thousand weeks and there suffer as keenly as the worst sinner, if not more so. you are. STATE MILITI'A, ‘ Why? Not because any personal fault, because

of i

but is a Though a better way to be born genius. Then PROPOS of the Lawrence situation, we were of brutal economic conditional“, ‘

._ I Ia i-‘

you can invent something worth a million dollarsto asked whether or not we believed‘ina State a".;_ ., . humanity and collect your bill. Cinch! . controlled,militia. 4 _ .. -

A a Or you might buy telescopeand wait around until To which we replied in the affirmative and

you got a new planet and sell it to the governmentfor added that in our opinion for the next few‘ genera— ' ’

Things You Never Read a million'dollars. Why not? tions the only free people could or would be an armed

Or you might get a job in a mint. you worked in people. , ~.. If a a mint you easily a could make million dollars hon Armament means force. Militia means collective Yesterday afternoon at special audience the estly. force. We consider State militia desirable becausewe Pope'int'estcd MichaelO’Flaherty with the high Of course, you couldn’t keep the million. ‘intend to capture the State. est order of pontifical knighthood. Mr. O’Fla is But, then, Leslie a great joker and he never said We agree that guns are made to kill and that it is harty was thus honored fer his'oggressive fight capital you could. wrong to kill. But that does not stop the.cpntrolling against in behalf of the striking button class from using guns against us, and as you and I are hole._makers whom he organized from a timid, practical we like to be on the right side of the gun. disjointed body into a splendid, class-conscious, MONEY-MAKER The Lawrence people are on the wrong side of the fighting union. Mr. O’Flaherty, who has been ‘A

E a will send any local a bundle of I00 copiesor gun, becausethey impractical and vote identified with the Socialist movement for a were did not more to be sold at Lyceum Lecture or mass

right number of years, told his Holiness of the Prog~ the ticket. meetings. _ ress of the cause of the workers in America and ' We will allow the local per cent. com- was listened to with obvious In the 50 BUSY . satisfaction. sold, the GET Pope mission on whatever with understandingthat course of his conversationthe sharply criti subscription expired. you reply a remittance for copies sold, and shipment of unsold OUR has If cised those rich men who think to excuse their promptly we will allow you to renew at the old copies prepaid is made within twenty-four hours after wealth by giving their money to ecclesiastical price. We will renew your subscription free the meeting. . purposes. “There is no reas0n to-day either for if you send us ten names and a dollar. We We can prove to you that a large number of locals riches 0r poverty,” concluded his Holiness. will send to each of these names three different num have made as much as $25'profit at one meeting with - bers of THE Masses. out investing or risking a cent. Z Generated on 2015-07-02 19:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

1 QT, (511 A}

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WHAT DO YOU as yet to foster this plan, and therefore we thOught that we might be of someserviceto our subscribers,by GERMINAL

a wish SAY? acting as clearing house for those parents who to send their children away during the summer vaca addressing the Stanley Steel Investigating Com ' fiction. They tion. . HERE are many peoplewho abhor mittee, Louis D. Brandeis said: f you to participate in this plan, kindly com don’t like it. They don’t want to read it. IN If wish Corporation has taken “The United States Steel municate with us without delay. In writing, be sure T They feel a piteous contempt for those who from the American people in ten years at least They want facts, good, substan— \ to give full particulars about your own children. Also do read it. the liberal return upon the $650,000,000in excess of la Almanac), and plenty name and address of the principal of the local public tial looking facts (a World

'alue of the capital invested. school. For references we prefer the ofiicials of the of them. It is true they sometimesdevelop factious ability and “All the powers of capital and all the Socialist Party. indigestion, which results in general muddleheaded \w‘“ intelligenceof the men who wield and who serve capi ness. But, on the other hand, many do survive their

tal have been used to make slaves of these steel labor— statistical diet, and although a little overfed and con ers; this does not refer merely to the way in which THE HIGH COST sequently not capable of much action. they somehow is they have lived, but the worst part of it all repres OF LIVING manageto keep the pace. a of repression; of slav— sion. They live in condition Whether or not you are one of these,we advise you ery in the real sense of the word which is alien to MASSES has since its very first issue ar to read “The Mine,” a selection from “Germinal” by American conditions. HE dently advocated consumers’ co-operation as Emile Zola (on page ten). We assure you it will be is “The Steel Corporation pensiOnscheme a business a delightful tonic. You will get more real facts about a practical means of reducing the high cost that absolutely destroys the freedom of the employee. T a of living. We have again and again urged mines and miners than we have seenaround for long is He is not only riveted to the establishment,but he of Co-operative Purchasing Leagues time, and still they are so delightfully dished up that prohibited from exercising liberty in the way of try the organization and Co-operative Stores. they will be a distinct relief from your regular diet. ing to remove grievances because he is in constant it Zola does not preach or theorize; is just life and peril lest he do something that may be deemed dis— But the “Wise Ones” in the Socialist movement country.” They action, that’s all. loyal, and, under the terms of the pension scheme,his said “it could not be done. Not in this

a they forty years is Zola deals with conditions as were pension may be taken from him for what the board of said: “That fellow Vlag crank. He forgets that ago in the French and Belgium mining district called employers may deem to be misconduct, though that he lives in America.” “the Borinage.” Investigati0n has shown that with the ‘misconduct’ may be nothing more than helping his Since then the number of cranks on the subject has exceptionof the abolition of the girl and women work fellow—workersto improve their condition. been rather on the increase. ers, conditions are practically the same in the mines of “While in England employees work on With Louis D. Brandeis as a pusher, the employees ' America to-day. But not so any longer in the Boris a the average only 55.2hours per week, one-half of our of the N. Y., N. H. & H. Railroad have adopted co nage,which has developedinto one of the most promi a a steel workers work 72 hours or more a week, about operative store plan which looks like sure winner. fall to nent Socialist Co-operative strongholds in Europe. third work more than 72 hours, and a fourth 12 hours Mayor Shank, of Indianapolis, undertook last

a a reducing the

a of a day seven days week. To work men 12 hours open city market for the purpose ' fol

a has found day seven days week, with an occasional 24-hour cost of living. And that movement is workday when the shift made [from day to night lowers. ‘ DIRECT ACTION makes not only ‘old men at 40,’ but necessarily Through THE MAsses directly,and indirectly through work] degenerates the race physically, intellectually and other means,we have been of assistancein organizing morally.” . on the Belgium plan of hundreds of Socialist Co-op of the labor movement in America, In reply to this, Chas. M. Schwab, the Ironmaster, erative Stores. Lincoln Steffens, in the Globe, predicts trouble

said: It‘is true that all these attemptsat Consumers’ Co— SPEAKINGfor the Socialist Party in the near future as a “The men (in the steel mills) working twelve hours operation have met with failure as frequently as with result of Haywood’s election to the National

it keepson a day, seven days a week, are doing the cheapestand success. But in spite of all, the movement Executive Committee of the Socialist Party. learning how, by experi also the easiest work. Even when they are on duty growing. The workers are He classes Haywood with the French Syndicalist twelve hours they have frequent intervals of rest, such ence. and claims that his position on the National Executive is it

as while waiting for metal to get hot. They are not no easy is We agree with the “Wise Ones” that is untenableas he bound to come out sooner or later

the hardest worked men by any means. problem,but it is going to be solved just the same. We against Political Action.

it to it. “We have offered our men the six-day week, but have to solve it. Economic conditions force us Unfortunately we are forced to admit that we be— does not appeal them they the following scale to because want extra Every housewife who considers the lieve diagnosis of Haywood’s position to be day’spay are willing seven days prices knows that Steffens’ and to work to get it.” of comparativewholesale and retail correct. We disagree,however, with his classification. We say that the conditions as describedby Brandeis she must solve that problem: believe of the various labor groups in America. We a are a d‘ outrage, disgrace to humanity and civili Wholesale Retail that Haywood represents a much larger group than zation that may be), and consider Charlie (whatever Market Price. Grocer’sPrice. merely the temperamentallyanarchistally inclined part very Schwab’s excuse so thin that its transparency of the Socialist movement. . Apples ...... $2.00 $6.40(quart) adds strength to the assertions of Brandeis. (barrel) “ that the economicforce behind the direct Potatoes ...... 3.00 8.00 We believe (barrel) movement emanates from the daily larger Lettuce (crate) ...... 50 1.20 (head) actionist growing group of disfranchised workers. The con BOYS AND GIRLS Beets (doz. bunches). . . .25 .50 stant shifting of mills, local election laws, Eggs (per doz.) ...... 29 .45 restrictive WANTED high initiation fees of the labor unions, lack of knowl . Butter . .29 .35 (renovated) edge of any special trade and numerous other factors has become an international practice among the Butter (best) ...... 39 .45 in disfranchising these workers polit Socialist-Co-operatives in Europe to exchange have combined the problem, ically and industrially. IT groups of children during the summer vacation. We reiterate that we have not solved is it

a protection off only For example, the members of the “Maison du but here are just few things which every housewife With all other meansof cut do: natural that this group of workers should avail them Peuple” in Bruxelles will send 400 boys and girls to should and could a a marketing the only weapon left. the “Volharding” in The Hague, in return for which To become member of co-operative selves of However, to recognize the “raison d’etre” of the the members of the “Volharding” send a correspond club. not not alter the situation ing number of children to Bruxelles. The respective To buy in large quantities such necessitiesas will direct actionist movementdoes one iota, and reiterate that we agree with Stefiens‘ parents of the “Volharding’s” children board and en— spoil with keeping. we

Haywood’s position as a direct actionist on the tertain the children from Bruxelles, and vice versa. To know through quotations in the daily papers the that prevailing wholesale prices. National Executive Committee is untenable. Let us In addition to this, the Co-operativesprovide a regular own, hope action in regard to this matter will be program of entertainment and instruction during the To check, with scalesand measuresof her the decisive weights and quantities of food purchased. taken at our next National Convention in Oklahoma. stay of the children. The results of this little plan are_ To get from the Department of Agriculture at surprising. It furnishes the children new environ \Nashington bulletins on the preparation of the cheaper it ments, it confronts them with new conditions, teaches LOST IN THE them without preaching international brotherhood and cuts of meat and on the comparative nutritive value solidarity. They learn foreign languages in an aston of comm0n food products. STRUGGLE

ishingly rapid and easy manner, To insist upon the Government’sguaranteeof qual—

HIS world is large; its struggles are appalling The plan acts as a stimulant to the parents. They ity, under the Pure Food and Drugs Act, of package all-absorbing. Many good fighters lose learn not only about the new conditions from theuchil: food; and, wherever possible,the manufacturer’sguar" and dren, but dealing with the foreign children, they in antee of food weight in the package. sight of the‘ultimate in the heat of battle. That’s where the usefulness of the direct voluntarily are the beneficiary recipients of a course Help to restore the city market to its old useful extreme Marxist, in pedagogics. ness as a place of meeting betweenproducer and con actionist and especially the com \Ve have no co-operative movementin this country sumer. mences. 3 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

\ Drawn by Robt. Robinson DEATH’S PLAYMATES

ICTURE yourself walking a mile or so in a pitch dark drift about 400 yards under the ground. These drifts are usually less than five feet high and pieces of wood are pro truding everywhere. You are constantly in danger of bumping your head or stepping into a mud pool. You may also be hit by a flying piece of board as the pressure of the

coal is sometimes a little too strong for the timber boards which constitute the walls of the drift.

.\t'ter you finally reach your particular drift you may have to spend from S to IO hours flat on

your hack handling a pick. \Vhile thus earning your daily bread chips of coal and rock are flying so thick that you are constantly in danger of having your skull crushed. If you get a full realiza tion of such a day's toil you will understand the sunny side of the daily life of the miner. To understand why they are called “Death’s Playmates” you must experience a few cave-ins. ex ' I.

plosions, ll 1|

entombments ll

floods. and other I pleasant incidents of the miner’s life. it l

I"? i i" in

I'lllLl

l“ A mill

"" ates

Generated on 2015-07-02 19:04 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd ~

THE' MASS v A*MONTHLY¢MAGAZINE oavorspvro'msmrsassrs

HAYDEN CARRUTH, VICE-PRES. H. \VINSLOW, ASS'T ED.

- . ST.. NE Y -1§O_NASSAU ‘ A.

VOL. III MARCH, 1912 _ NO. III. PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION

BY

EDICAL SCIENCE, in the told him that his house was in danger of tumbling course of its varied progress, SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS down. Why should he not be at least as appreciative attests more and more each Writtenfor THE MixssizsPUB.C0. of the medical inspectionwhich warns him in time that

year the truth of the old saw his child is going to pieces?

regarding the ounce of pre Whence arises the mistrust of medical school inspec vention and the pound of tion? From the feeling that it interferes with “free The only individual freedom worth while is cure. Physicians frankly ad freedom? The freedom to spread abroad such as the greatestgood the great dom.” 'What mit nowadays that. with the Produces for in the communityscarlet fever, diphtheria,measles,and est number. exception of a few diseases, perhaps smallpox? The freedom of ignorance which they cannot, by their art or There may be objection to strict medicalschool struggle ._ ), permits an inarticulately suffering child to practice, cure, though they supervision by temperamentally anarchistically helplessly against the handicaps of darkened eyesight can do inclined individuals. No doubt they will object much to is alleviate and or dulled hearing? It difficult to see any argument many to help nature in her func-_ to functions which the state will perform in favor of such costly “freedom,” unless it be that tion of curing. in the next few decades. of the Christian Scientist, that such conditions are On the other hand, the field of preventive medicine Their battle-cry will be “The Tyranny of the purely imaginary. With Christian Science as a relig is constantly broadening. a is And in no department is State,” and to be sure they will stir up quite ious sect no fair-minded person will quarrel. It more important and valuable work being done than some trouble, until such time as the intelligent sunny, kindly, helpful philosophy. But when it invades in what are commonly known as diseases”; “children’s and opposes a blank denial majority of society has been taught that the real the realm of public health that is, the infections which spread a rapidly wherever it public peril. individuality is such as asserts itself through the to all attemptsat prevention, becomes

children are gathered together. School inspection is Promotion of the collective welfare. Most of us are unable to maintain the happy optimism here the most efficient defensive weapon of the ' ' of disbelief in diseases,in the face of the stern facts hygienist. of pain, disability and death. We must fight as best we Most of our large cities and many of the lesser ones can, and see to it that, if the Christian Scientists re now maintain is one or another form of school inspec prehension,and it as well to emphasizecertain points fuse to enlist, they at least give no aid or comfort to tion. The inspectors are physicians whose official duty about the systemthus mistakenly criticised. the common enemy. it is to visit the public at is schools stated intervals and InspectiOn and has been proven to be of almost Actually, medical school inspection is a hopeful step examine the pupils for:

First—Evidence is of communi inestimable value in two directions—First, in the toward freedom,not away from it. It the outpost of cable disease, endangering the health of others; sec— prompt discovery, through throat and temperature ex— prevention, behind which comes the stern martial law ond—evidenceof other disease,unfitting the individual amination, of those diseaseswhich unchecked, swiftly of the public health. Medical inspection says: to carry on the school studies; third—evidence of de become school epidemics. Scarlet fever and measles “Follow my warning, and harsher measures can be sight fects of or hearing, which may handicap the child are most contagiousin the early stages,before the tell avoided.” in properly acquiring instruction. a is tale rash appears. They present, however, peculiar But when the inspection is lacking, or insufficient, is The examination usually comprised in an inspec condition of nose and throat, more or less readily rec— and an epidemic breaks out, then indeed is the free tion of the eyes, ears, nose and throat. It should be, ognizable to the skilled diagnostician. What threatened dom of the individual sacrificed to the demands of it though is not in all cities, compulsory. On report to be widespread and destructive onsets, have more the general welfare. Comes then the rigor of quar

of the inspecting physician, the school authorities than once been stopped in the early stages, by school antine, restriction, and isolation. Which is the greater may order the child removed from school until the inspectors discovering “suspicious” throats and isolat infringement upon personal liberty, the system which

disease from which he or she may be suffering shall ing them in time. Here the ounce of prevention is says, “Permit me to look into your children’s throats,

have passed,or until the discovered defects shall have worth many tons of cure. The value of the medical and I will be your safeguard against epidemic,”or the is been repaired. inspector to the public in stopping contagion short system which, perforce, sentencesyou and yours to a

Unfortunately, opposition to this wise protective sys of epidemic conditions. Second, in the correction of jail-sentence in your own premises, or bears you to a tem has arisen in some localities from lack of com minor defects in the individual pupil, which may de pesthouseuntil y0u recover or die? velop, untreated,into actual incapacity. Every observ

ing teacher has suffered trying experiences with chil dren who seem hopelessly stupid, indifferent or inert. a Almost invariably such condition is pathologic. it It .Usually is amenable to simple treatment. may

be defect of vision or hearing; it may be torpid diges

tion, due to bad habits of eating; it may be some readily correctible nervous ailment. The value of the

medical inspector to the individual is in showing where

it repairs are‘needed before is too late. Any head

of a household would thank a building inspector who IGNORANCE. 5 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

'

WOW MORE WAGES AND SHORTER HOURS/

a bated breath,

a sort of PUTTING YOUR And Three. Is it scheme to foist on the labor of cranks? Men who say with SHOUL_ if going to a I. world new W. IN. to fight the I. W. W. or the “Well, things get much worse I’m vote in same of A. F. of L. or any other body? No, it isn’t. Whether the Socialist ticket this fall”; just the tone DER TO THE BIG WHEEL bridge at it will assist one or both of thesebodies in the future voice they’d say, “I’m going to jump off the.

a is something that only Old Man Time can tell, but midnight.” They admit you’re well meaning crowd VERY day the letters come it ' fig? primarily has no such purpose. Its object is single: of fellows, but they’re suspicious. . ’ '/ in—the letters come in--the story the in ~ to waken the workers to the value of political action Did you ever hear the about CCCCHIII'IC,‘ letters come in ;—-everyday offering as it is carried on to-day by the Socialist Party. And London who walked up and down-the Strand the letters come in—about a Nobody it is going to do this not by appealing to their im genuine gold sovereignsfor sale for penny. THE MASSES LABOR it aginations or their idealism or their philosophical was willing to take a chancebecause looked LEAGUE. too sense,but by showing them how the Socialist Party good to be true. Well, that’s the plight of Social Tell you it makes a man the

, a guaran ‘t wants to better their economic footing. And it tells ist Party to-day: we’s offering genuine solid /'v feel like singing when he ”' this in words too plain to be misunderstood: MORE teed Co-operative Commonwealthto any natiOn that’s / r sees how the idea is catch

lll’llill/iii WAGES AND SHORTER HOURS. willing to ask for it, but people are suspicious. .They ing hold of the people wev say we can’t do it. It’s too much. I are trying to reach. Though Those very men, however, who say this, bigoted as is there one thing that YOU ARE NOT ASOCIALIST they may be, aren’t so bigoted that they won’t start makes it rather easy and They’re a rational movementto increasetheir wages. that is the fact that THE MASSES LABOR LEAGUE PARTY MEMBER willing to be shown—every man Jack of the outfit— isn’t an exclusive institution. We are not confining ET me congratulateyou—not 0n the party’s ac but they need smoked glass to look through the tele ourselves to millionaires or office men or bricklayers count, becausewe have missedyou right along scope. The sun blinds their eyes. These people who or button-hole makers: THE MASSES LABOR I —but on your own account: you’ve got so shy from the Co-operative Commonwealth are going LEAGUE is for everybody,and the I sooner Old Man I much fun ahead of you. wish hadn’t to become enthusiastic members of THE MASSES Everybody becomes a memberthe better we’ll it like it. joined. I’d like to go through all again: I’d like LABOR LEAGUE and afterwards they’re going to If you haven’theard about us before, the next thing to feel once more that fresh warmth of enthusiasm become enthusiastic members of the Socialist Party for you to do is to skip to the

bottom of I the page and I that swept me when felt that at last was doing is of America. It’s just a questionof time. And this find out what this talk is all about. . something directly, systematically useful in boosting the way to get them started. There, now, what do you think of it?

Like I I the idea? along the new stage of society. wish hadn’t joined we may be robbed at the cOuntytreasury, but we’re a You came in little late, so I’ll just I take you over the party—just so could join it to-morrow. robbed a good deal harder and straighter in the pay to one corner and explain things so we won’t a disturb You’re not party memberyet, though you will be. envelope. That’s our main kick against the present . the rest of the people that were here last time. But you in believe the Orderly World; you want to system,and the oftener and harder we get back to it This is the plan. LaWs are all right till they become seethe day of the Orderly World come and you want the better. unconstitutional; when that _ _ I happensthey aren’t worth to help it come, but you are not exactly sure what the ink that printed And by the way, when you’re not getting Signatures is ’em. a But here law that is not to do. a below), it would be and cannot become to the list (headed by the slip unconstitutional. is Because why? Here one thing to do: somethingtangible and in good thing to talk this up among your Socialist com Because it relates altogether

to It is commerce a between teresting and new. job as deep and.long as rades becausewe want the League endorsed by the states and Congress has the power to regulate if com the Grand Canyon, or you have not the hours it can whole Socialist Party officially and unofficially, and merce between states. It was

expressly is granted to be confinedstrictly to your spare time. It not a job is Congress in the we’re not going to stop until it so endorsed.

Constitution. is It that too small for any man. is as big as you are is when this law passed, it ITherefore means imme and bigger. Here, then, is your gate to action. You

diate action for a big army of people. need not be wealthy or fine looking or a graduate of ONE WORD MORE

see, it You affects everybody who has anything to a correspondencecourse in salesmanship. You need a do With the manufacturing or O that’s the secretof the matter. And it’s secret transporting of goods be just one thing and that is in earnest. If you are that are made in you can tell as much as you like; in fact, the one state and sold in another state. earnestly, honestly bent on doing your share of the 8 And if you stood more you tell the better we’ll like it. these everybodies up in a line, work, you need have no doubt about its success. shoulder to If Ladies, gentlemen,children, comrades all, we shoulder, with the first man at the City you try you will win. Your effort will not and cannot Hall our in New York, the last man or woman would be be lost. are about to close for this month. We have said somewhereon the lee side of little piece, but thirty days'from now you will hear it Chicago. You are not yet a Socialist Party member. Here’s Think again. beautifully told, hope, but of that! Isn’t that a crowd? all over More let us something you can do to help the cause that I know And we're going to have them all members of the you want to help. just about the samething. We have the nerve to stand

League if you’ll help us. up and do this month after month, becausewe believe in what we’re doing. Back of the Masses LabOr a WHAT THE LEAGUE IS League is profound principle of psychology—don’t be scared—sit still in your seats: there’s no danger-— NOT which so far the Socialist Party has not applied. OMRADE, reach out your hand; let me shake We want everything to be just right. We plead IGHT from the jump, though, please understand it. You’ve done one good thing in your life guilty to it. We want an Orderly World. A sys— is that the C League not in any way a self-glorifi that makesme want to jump up in the air and tematiccivilization; a governmentdirectedby the high R cation scheme for this paper or for any per yell for joy. You’ve joined the party. You est and purest and best thought that the human race son or for any set of persons. Nobody at this haven’t planned to join the party. You haven’t de— has evolved. end of the line wants to control the League or dictate that your free and independent soul was too We want this. to the League or even suggest to cided the League. The soaring to be hitched up in an organization. You’ve But some people to-day aren’t capable of wanting League can go its own gait, hoe its own row, make its jomed the party and you’re too saving in your little this: they’ve been so busy keeping two jumps ahead own bed and its

invent own a name as far as anybody two bits month to keep the stamp bill paid and the of the landlord and they’ve got their vocal chords so

connected with the is Masses concerned. We know typewriter company satisfied. I’m for you every twisted from standing off the grocer and the butcher the organization time. must come; we it want started and Now, you want success,don’t you, same as the rest that they can’t stretch their brains to imagine a world pushed by Socialists. Aside from that we don’t care. of a us? We all want success,and here’s a chance to where not wheel squeakson its axle. They want to And Number Two. No, we have no interest in make an awful short cut in the road. Instead of begin easy with somethingthey can understand.Some the printing matter which conceivably the different climbing two hills and wading through that sandy ' thing they can really becomeinterestedin going after. locals will order. They will pay cost price for what stretch, it here’s an opening to shoot across a level place And here is. ever they may get from us it and as a soon as possible and save two and half backaches. It’s up to you to bring it to them. is to be hoped they will have their printing local The short cut is THE MASSES LABOR LEAGUE. And when you do they’ll turn around and bring you enough to necessitate its it execution by local a union Think over bit: aren’t there a dozen men you the Co-operative Commonwealth. printers. No graft. know who think the fellows in your local are a bunch Get busy. 6 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd ~~Q~ a; L q”? 915/ - I; §\§/ ’.\§'<&7(":ur _ _ 4‘6- 5“. 5.x. A‘JI __ as? ~&W‘r EDUCATION AND THE MASSESM,

BY VICTOR L. BERGER .\ Writtenfor THE MassesPUB.Co. SocialistMemberof Congress. / ' " 1 I u n a i. ., L_ 1 "‘W’ - u n l 'u ""01.1mmon I." 1.. u “W.” -’ er F , ='"'*=. ‘sgsis . a ~"'".‘9"' 23' 7 7 17 _ Q‘ --@s~=ra

FOR one, gladly welcome There are about half a dozen ways of dealing with the collegiate Socialists. We the trust question. First, there is the way of the old need the help and good will standpatters,who say, “Let well enough alone"; who and co-operation of the col say, “Don’t disturb business,don’t disturb the trusts”; lege man and woman to who say, “The trust question will solve itself.” solve the greatest question Yes, it will solve itself. But how? The trusts, if of the day, the social ques left to solve the question themselves,will undoubtedly tion. In fact, we need the Own the country. help and good will of every Then there is the Taft view, which is also shared by body, and we reject the some Democrats, who maintain that the Sherman law good will of nobody. has never been properly enforced. “Let’s enforce the We want their help, not Sherman law,” they say, “and dissolve the trusts by becausewe believe that the Supreme Court decisions.” college man has any more brains than the average Now we have had two Supreme Court decisions workingman, because he hasn’t. Often it takes more lately, and a few of them in the past—one of them brains to build a big machine,put it together and run against the Standard Oil trust, and the other against it than to run a‘banking institution, or be president of the Tobacco Trust. a college. But all these activities are necessary. Both of these trusts were told to dissolve into their And from the trained scholastic mind of the college component parts. The Standard Oil Trust dissolved man we have a right to expect valuable help in solv into thirty-one parts. But the ownership of the pieces ing the questionsof the day. is the same. The methodsof the trusts are the same.

Of course, the main work in the solution of these And the trust is doing business in the same old way. questions will have to be done by the working class as A few partitions ‘ have been built in the headquarters such. of the trust, 26 Broadway, New York City, and a few And for the following reasons: more bookkeepershave been put on, in order to keep In the first place, the working class gets fewer of a few more sets of books. the benefitsof the capitalist civilization than any other . The Tobacco Trust is also doing businessat the old class. Itv is, therefore, less interested in keeping stand, and giving away the samepremiums. up,'[ that kind of civilization. The fourth point of view is that of our friends, the And, in the second place, the working class is more so-called progressives. They want to regulate the oppressedby the capitalist system and therefore more way, this solution will bring us nearer to Socialism trusts. They don’t say how, or in what respect; but interested in its abolition than any other class. than any other one measure that I know of. As a regulate them through a commission, I suppose,since All classes, however, are interested in the solution matter of fact, for propaganda purposes the whole the reformers are very much in favor of government of these questions. And, therefore, all classes will social question is often expressedin one sentence.“Let by commission. The result will be that the trusts will have to help. the nation own the trusts.” soon own the commission. They will see to it that the I said “social questions,” because the great social Now there is no doubt in my mind that the two men they want will be appointed,or they will buy up question of the day resolves itself finally into a great capitalist parties intend to fight out the next election the commissionersafter appointment. They will sim many smaller social questions of economics and on the question of the tariff. It’s the easiestfor them. ply add to the corruption. democracy. They have been fighting over the tariff for years. Even more stupid than this is the Democratic view, All of our so—called“immediatedemands”—theplanks 130 It is a truly capitalist question, which interests mainly which is to smash the trusts by special laws, which is that form our political program—try to solve these the employing class and the trading class. to turn the wheel of civilization backward. No law minor social questions. can be made'forbidding any man to Moreover, a fight over the tariff would once more own and manage They are of the utmost importance because Social two factories, or three, or five draw attention away from the question of capital and factories if he has the ism is the name of a phase of civilization, not a mere necessarycapital. And no law is in labor, and would result only in the time-honored sham existence or can theory. Socialism is just as much a phase of civiliza be made which can prevent any battle betweenthe two capitalist cliques. man or any concern tion as capitalism is and as feudalism was. And capi from enlarging the machinery in three of these facto The Democrats hope to win on the free talism will have to grow into Socialism as feudalism issue of ries, or in eight of them, and closing up the other two. trade, although even now there are strong capitalist grew into capitalism. \ in And no law can compel any concern to send out six terests down South opposed tariff Even if we should elect a President and a majority to a for revenue drummers when one drummer can get the business, only. The high tariff, however, or Congress, we shall never be able ~tosay: “After is going to be blamed or send out no drummers at all, but instead ask the for the high cost of living and is to made the scape to-morrow. at 2 o’clock P. M., we will have Socialism.” be buyers to come to its agenciesin the distributing cen This is not the way the history of human eventsworks. goat of the capitalist system and also the vehicle on ters and do the buying there. which our Democratic friends hope to power. In that respect the word “evolution” is a much ride into We might just as well forbid the railroads to exist greater word than the word “revolution,” becausewhile So they are going to make this the issue if we let them. and go back to the old dray. evolution may culminate in a dozen revolutions, a It is our'duty not to let them. We must make the The sixth point of view is that of the Socialists, as dozen revolutions are only a part of evolution. trust question the main issue, and add to it the ques? expressedin my bill, for the country to take over these And that is the reasonwhy our “immediatedemands" tions of old-age pensions and of insurance against un— trusts and to manage them for the benefit of all the are of such importance. employment. people. I will say, however, that the political part of that We can do this very easily, because the trusts are I shall not go into the details of the bill which I program is of less importance than the economic part. uppermostin the minds of everybody. introduced in the House of Representatives, for the In other words, the questionsof direct legislation, of Of course, every Socialist understandsthe trust ques purpose of nationalizing the trusts. I will say only the initiative and referendum and of the recall, are of tion. that if we can buy them, and pay in bonds for them— smaller importance than the question of old-age pen The Socialist philosophersyears ago predicted trusts' we should do so by all means, becausethat would be sions. Even the question of woman suffrage is of and even described them. the most reasonableand undoubtedlythe cheapestway. smaller importance than the question of taking over The non-Socialists are nonplussedby the trusts; they It would be much cheaper to buy the trusts than to the trusts by the government. cannot explain the trusts, because they believe these confiscatethem. Of the economic part of our program, I consider combinations are simply the result of bad legislation. Moreover, the wealth- of every nation is renewed the trust question the most important, because that That the people are bewildered is really not surpris about every ten years. If our nation should buy the question is agitating the minds of the people most. mg. trusts, this would prove the most profitable investment Moreover, if the trust question is solved in the right We have about three hundred trusts in this coun ever tried.

try. And every American is under the spell of the trusts from the cradle to the grave. If the poor fellow happensto be a Roman Catholic, then it is likely that the priest will tell him on his death-bedthat the Pope has a monopoly on salvation, and that Heaven has been trustified for 1912years. As to the trusts, the two parties have no definitepro gram. We have the Sherman law, of course, but al most everybody agrees that the Sherman law has not stoppedthe growth of the trusts. 7 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd l i

e sumed. “At first they talked big and laughed at the things the masters and capitalists said in the papers. HARRISON GRAY OTIS I rememberespeciallyone thing in the paper about ‘the scenesthat might be realized by several thousands of BY idle young men, with the warm blood of youth boiling in their veins, if assembled from six o’clock in the evening to nine, in tippling houses, gambling houses, and other places of dissipation.’ My father said he if HELENL. SUMNER hadn’t noticed that anyone was worryin’ he sat in a

‘tippling house’ all day long in winter when workin’ hours were short and the masters couldn’t make so Tm; MASSESPun. Co. Writtenfor much profit out of his labor. After a while, though, the men took to sittin’ ’round and whittlin’, and the The old man rolled out T the familiar name I was the unctuousphraseswith an women got to frettin’. But we all knew the masters indescribable expression of mingled suddenly all attention. indignation and were terribly worried about their contracts, and be “Yes,” he answered, firm— amusement. sides, just when things were lookin’ bad, some of our ly, pleased at my display of “Then finally,” he went on, “they let the cat out of fellows got the masons to call a meetin’ and declare

the bag. a a before, interest, “it was Harrison There’d been big fire about month they wouldn’t work more’n ten hours either.” so there was plenty of work; and they’d made a Gray Otis who broke the lot He leaned forward, resting his hand on the arm of contracts,estimating the cost of at just carpenters’strike in Boston labor what his chair—a long, bony hand that almost startled the 4‘

l it would ’av’ been under the old system. I don’t be in I was only a kid by its expressionof strength. 1825. lieve the master carpenterswould have fought ten a) a one the then, but my father was “Just then,” he continued in lower tones, “when it L~.J hour day if they,could have passed the extra cost of of the leaders among the beganto look as though the 4:455., labor on the capitalists. But they couldn’t becauseof bosseswould have to give

I right soon, a journeymen, so was those contracts. in we heard there was going to be meeting of in the thick of it.” what the papers called ‘the gentlemenengagedin build it “After that seemedto be just a questionwho could ing the present season.’ It was I was bewildered. What could our Los Angeles hold out the longest, the bosses with their signed and to be at the Exchange I with the boyhood of this aged Coffee House, and told my father I was going. He union hater have to do sealedcontractsand their forfeits if they failed to live I laughed,but late that afternoon a man who rested so peacefully in a big arm chair on up to their agreements,or the journeymen with their climbed in at win dow of the room where they the porch of a Pennsylvania farmhouse—far from the need for somethin’to eat every day. We didn’t have were to meet and hid a “dwellers in reality” who make copy for under bench. The floor was dusty, and I had to wait hot-headed any strike fund, but my mother and a lot of other

a long time. But finally men in, newspaperreporters—andrehearsedwith shriveled lips women got ‘slop work’ from the clothing manufactur some came talkin’

about the strike, a events of long ago? ers to help out. That was what they called the clothes and after while some one began to talk loud about they “Our men wanted a ten-hour day,” he continued. that were sent down South for the ‘niggers.’ A woman how were met together to con to fifteen hours in sider the terrible state of affairs brought about by the from twelve it, “They’d been workin’ couldn’t make more’n twenty-fivecents a day at even entire stoppageof the building industry, and to decide summer and all the time they could see in winter— if she didn’t take any time to cook, or clean the house, what to is, any in winter, which wasn’t do. that when they had work or wash and mend the clothes,but it helped some. Of a more’n half the time. Wages were just the same,win course, we children got terribly run down and were “After that man beganto read a set of resolutions for or summer, so, of course, the masters got all the dirty and ragged and hungry all the time, but we had in which they said the proceedingsof the journeymen

days ‘a work they could done in summer when the were a regular lark just the same,especiallyafter the mas— were departure from the salutary and steady usages

long. I remembermy father used to start off with his ters began advertisin’ for carpenters ‘from the coun which have prevailed in this city, and all New Eng

half-past four or five summer morn— land from a dinner pail about try.’ The journeymen put a notice of their own in the time immemorial.’ Then there was lot ings, and we never saw him again until after dusk. papers,telling the country fellows just how things were. about how journeymen and apprenticeswho had what

That spring, too, there was another trouble. Prices but a few camein just the same. Of course,they didn’t they called ‘industrious and temperate habits’ would had gone way up and we were havin’ a mighty hard know how to do city work—and there weren’t enough soon become masters, and about how almost all me time to get enough to eat. The papers said how pros of ’em anyway to worry us—but just the samewe kids chanics had been able to get property and ‘influencein

was, carpenters I perous the country but some of the society’ under the sun-to-sun system. a kept busy snoopin’ ’round ,and whenever we found a was only if a prosperous kid, I figured out that they’d be heap more country fellow at a bench we’d wait ’round until he but rememberthinkin’ my father’d worked hard their work was distributed over the year so they’d be started home and then we’d make faces and holler bad and was as temperateas any man there—and as smart,

gettin’ wages all the while instead of half or two namesat him, and run. too—but he hadn’t become a master. Then they went a if it, to big meet it thirds of the time. So they decided have “But wasn't a lark for the grown folks,” he re on and said that our ‘combination,’as they called

ing at Concert Hall.” was ‘countenanced’ it would extend to all other trades, “I wish you could have been at that meeting,”he re i‘WHAT’S IN A NAME” and that, they said, would open ‘a wide door for idle sumedafter a moment’ssilent contemplationof the big ness and vice,’ and reduce us eventually to ‘the de— of sunlight that was slowly advancingtoward us graded state’ of the workingmen countries, patch of other a over the dappled grass. “It was cold, rainy April who had, according to them, ‘a spirit of discontentand night. The men had come straight from their work insubordination to which our native mechanics have and their clothes were dirty and wet. First there were hitherto been strangers.’ some speeches,which they applaudedvigorously, callin’ “Curious,” he mused, “but they didn’t scare me a bit.

My father made a out and poundin’ with their feet. All I thought of, sprawlin’ under that bench in the

a called ‘The Rights of Man,’ big hit by quoting book a dust, it was what splendid thing would be if all the

written by a fellow named Tom Paine. Then after trades did form ‘combinations’and if they’d all join ’round with solemn faces peer wards the men all stood together to get a ten—hourday—just as we did after in’ through the lamp-light, waitin’ their turn to Sign a wards in Philadelphia. I didn’t see anything to be paper pledgin’ their honor as men and mechanicsthat scared at even when they said that if all the other they got they wouldn’t work over ten hours unless trades followed the exampleof the carpentersand suc— more money for the extra time. There weren’t more’n ceededin bringing about ‘an unnatural rise in the price in days. about fifty thousand people in Boston those of labor,’ then the employers and merchants would fifty at But there were four hundred and carpenters _ have to enter into combinations,too, and raise prices.

that meeting,and about a hundred and fifty, includin' I I “Little as was, though, knew what it the apprentices,signed afterwards. And I never saw meant when they said they’d support the masters if in It their fight by a more enthusiastic bunch. was just as they’d extendin’ the time for the fulfilment of contracts, and struck religion in a place they weren’t lookin’ f0r it.”

even, if necessary, In the deeply lined old face the small gray eyes had by suspendin’building altogether for the season, grown bright, and the voice had lost its slight quaver and when they added that they wouldn’t employ any journeyman and was high and shrill. who didn’t return to work right away or any “Of course, the masters were furious when they master carpenter who let his jour neymenwork only found out what the journeymen had done. So they ten hours.” The old man held a meeting themselves, and boasted about how leaned back and sighed. Boston people were famous for gettin’ up early in the “There wasn’t much more strike after that. The morning and hustlin’ all day. If we kept at work, they capitalists had fifty copies of their resolutions printed said, all the time we weren’t asleep, or dressin’ and and put ’em all ’round town for everybodyto sign who it undressin’.or eatin’ our meals,we wouldn’t be led into wanted. And seemedas if most everybodyin Bos temptation. They were especiallyanxious for fear the ton thought we were unreasonablenot to want to work Qapprenticeswould be ‘seduced,’as they called it, from from sun-up to sun-down. Almost immediately,in spite that ‘industry and economyof time’ to which they were of their pledge, some of the journeymen went back to tryin’ hard to ‘inure them.’ Then they went on about the shops. They said they couldn’t afford to be ‘black how they feared and dreaded‘the consequencesof such listed’ by the capitalists. And the more men that went

a measureupon the morals and well being of society,’ back the more frightened the others became,until there

and how they couldn’t believe such an idea as workin’ A was a regular stampede. But my father didn’t go back a

I - only ten hours day had ‘originated with any of the to work. He it said he thought would be better for us faithful and industrious sons of New England.’ They children to starve than to have before HIS GODSON us all our lives it ‘an evil of foreign growth’ and declared must be the example of a»father who couldn’t keep a solemn hoped old Boston wouldn’t be ‘infested with the un HARRISON GRAY OTIS pledge. So we sold our furniture and used the money " OF LOS natural production.’ THE ANGELES TIMES to get to Philadelphia. And when I got to be an ap» 8 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd prentice my father taught me a few things himself. building,’ and my father always believed he stirred up sachusetts. He resigned from the United States Senate

'You may some day be president,’he’d tell me, ‘I won't the capitalists against us and wrote those clever reso in 1822to become a candidate for the newly created say as to that. But you’ll never be a master. Just re lutions that snuffed the life out of the strike.” office of mayor of Boston, but withdrew from the con memberwhat I say and look out for your rights as a [Doubting the literal accuracy of the statementsand test before the election. Afterwards, however, he be

journeyman. And don’t forget there’s only one way quotations of my aged informant, I availed myself of came mayor, and was a prominent citizen of Boston a journeyman can get his rights—through combinin’ the first opportunity to examine files of the Boston until his death in 1848. General Harrison Gray Otis, with other journeymen.” newspaperspublished in the spring of 1825. I soon publisher of the Los Angeles Times, who was born in He paused as if he had finishedhis story. found, not only that the strike was not a myth, but 1837,‘though only distantly related, was named for “But what did Harrison Gray Otis have to do with that all the essential statementsmade by the old man Senator Harrison Gray Otis of Boston, chairman of it?” I asked. and all the quotations which he gave were absolutely the meeting of “gentlemenengagedin building” which “Harrison Gray Otis,” he repeated,“why, he was the correct. The Harrison Gray Otis referred to was at defeated the ten—hourstrike of the Boston carpenters chairman of that meeting of ‘gentlemen engaged in one time Representativeand later Senator from Mas in 1825.—H.L. S.]

'I, F THE COMING OF THE CO-OPERATIVE

COMMONWEALTH -

v- n an M!" ‘ I I Int? "\f WM} . ., I ques VERYWHERE there is hands; the next kind of candidate seeming mostly tion and discussion as to in favor with the trade unionist is usually some de how the great changewill be serter from Labor’s cause, who is generally put for brought about. ward as a “decoy duck" to “dish the Socialists." There is, too, some recog— Yet it is with such material that our industrialist change is nitiOn that the friends hope to achievethe revolution which they con here actually taking place tend we Socialists who look to political action have and now, but the recognition failed to bring to a successfulissue. certainly falls far short of ' By this political ineptitudethe worker to a very large the truth. extent cripples even his industrial action. The workers The real question for So must be brought to understand that the hostility they

cialists everywhereto face is display to their master in the workshop, must be car— how they can best accelerate ried with them to the ballot box and they must deter— the transition. mine on which side their political influence shall be all sec—

agreement between is Whilst there is general cast. Until this is done there little hope for them, tions of the Working Class movement that “things or of them. want mending,” there is much of disagreement'as to The Capitalist class have always shown that they how the “mending” can be done. understandto the full the value of political power, and On the one side we are urged to pin our faith to how its possessiondeterminesat which end of the rifle political action; on the other it is claimed that political or maxim gun you may find yourself in the little trou action has failed, and. the argument is set forth that bles that occasionallyarise frOm strike or lock-out. in the field of industrial action alone lies the hope of The workers in England have recently had practical the future. demonstrationas to which, under presentcircumstances. of the case which There still remains the aspect is their end. the fact that political and IRVING pleads for recognition of BY DAN Though they have had the vote for long they have forces, one com industrial action are interdependent Burnley, England. not as yet found the way to use it to conquer real

plementaryof the other. power, for which purposealone is it of any use. .10: I .0“. To rely solely on either is to lose balanceand there ~ \(Wk “-°,¢ Until they do, their end of the gun will not be that iS fore effectiveness. end where one bound to get the worst of the argu

It is idle to try to determinebeforehand as to which al$~ @aw—‘A’rilfi ment. any set of circum— is the least or more important in 'l‘hat Trades Union organization is helpful to the arisen; they are two weapons Large bodies of organized workers, such as the Brit stancethat have not yet workers in times of industrial stress and storm need ish Miners, have far higher money wages than they placed at our disposal, but circumstancesalone, as they not be denied by anyone. Reflection however, should had some twenty years ago, yet it is their universal is arise, can really determinetheir proper use. easily prove to the trade unionist that it in the pri complaint that they “are no better off.” Indeed many Just now, in consequenceof the world wide “labor vate ownership of the means of production that the lockouts, opin claim that they are worse off than they were when in unrest,” with its consequentstrikes and root of his economic and social subjection is to be receipt of the nominally lower wage. ion in the movementShows a tendencyto swing clean found. \Vhilst agreeing that industrial action use, over to direct industrial action. has its That it is only the workers’ communal ownership Political action, it is said, has failed us; many of it is “The conquestof Political Power” that still holds and democratic control for the purposes of public use those who still profess to believe in it give it a long the field as the main line of Socialist advance. Until insteadof private gain that can ever set them free. speeches. we have achievedthis “conquest”it is morally way the second place in their impossi It is the duty of the workers, therefore, to organize This attitude is, I think, an utterly mistaken one. ble to effect the transformation of present day capital both politically and industrially. Quite obviously the day of Socialist Political action ist competitive society into the Socialist Co-operative Really powerful and effective industrial organization has yet to come and it cannot logically be said to have Commonwealth. demandsthe immediateelimination of the hundred and failed before it has ever had a trial. In this work industrial organization, whilst not one unnecessarycompetingunions. It is no argument to point to the failure of the neglecting to protect the interests of its members in It demands the consolidation of labor’s forces in British Labor party as a case in point. the present,so far as is possible,against the attacks of large and strong combinations in order that they may In so far as the Labor Party have failed they have . the master class, is also called upon to play a far more back the political demand for completeemancipationby

done so becausethey refused to base their actions on important part than it. has done hitherto. meansof the Socialist state. Socialist principles; they were warned by Socialists Organized labor must in the near future take upon All else must give placeto this. from the first that they were bound to fail unless they itself the political strike to enforce the passing of sound Capitalism owes allegiance to no country, and knows did that. democraticlegislation. nothing of humanity. In speaking about the failure of political action the In all their battles with the employing class Trade The juggernaut car of profit rolls on, relentlessly industrialist seemsto miss the fact that a rise of money Unionists have ever had the sympathyand practical help crushing out the vitality and genius of the people,and wages, of which much is being made at the present of the Socialist movement; would that as much could knows nothing of remorse.

time by “direct actionists” as proof of the soundness be said on the other side. The result of it all being the sacrifice of honor, chiv of their methods.is to a very large extent usually coun Unfortunately the workers, after forming powerful alry and honesty,and the physical and mental deterior terbalancedby a speedyrise in prices. combinations to protect themselves against capitalist ation of the entire race. The truth is that very little of permanentchange for onslaughts in the industrial field, when election time Capitalism lives and thrives only on the ignorance the better can be wrought in the conditions of life for comes round have proceededwith considerable enthu and consequentapathy of the people. the mass of the people,either by political or industrial siasm to elect into place and power every landlord rent All the same its death knell has sounded, and we action, so long as capitalism remains with us. grabber and capitalist exploiter on whom they could lay Socialists are out to hasten its final extinction. ‘ -_Q'" .-, l"--“’,

Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

NOTE By EMILE ZOLA the fire which lit up his face. It amused her that he EDITOR’S took her for a boy—dressedas she was in boy’s clothes.

Like all great mass movements,Socialism has pro FIRST SELECTION The cage,composedof bars of iron and a fine wire duced its classics in literature, in the field of imagina screen, was waiting for them. Maheu, Zacharie, Le

tive writing. Some would place the novels of Charles vaqueand Catherine crawled into a car at the bottom, I E T H M N E Dickens first. Undoubtedly Dickens was the great and as it should hold five, Etienne entered also. But working classes,but he was too much the good places were taken, and he was obliged to champion of the Edited by Albert Sonnichsen the artist, too emotional, to understand scientific theo crouch down close to the young girl, whose elbow ries. His books are pure art; they lack the keen edge IllustrationbyRobertRobinson stuck into his side. The loading continued abovethem,

of deep, trained thought. a mixed mass of humanity and lumber. It seemedto

Socialist thought has produced no greater work of “Take care!” cried two miners who were dragging him so long that he lost all patience. At last a jerk

art than Emile Zola’s “Germinal.” Few of us have a huge ladder. shook them up and all becamedark, the objects around it, had the chance to read it; first, because as well as Etienne, becoming accustomedto the light, watched him disappearing,while he experienced a strange sen

all of Zola’s novels, is excluded from many of our the cable moving in the air. More than thirty yards of sation of falling. it public libraries. Then, it has beenunfortunately trans steel ribbon went up swiftly into the tower, where “Now we’re off,” said Maheu, quietly.

lated and published in English. Zola’s love of truth passed over the drums and then descendedperpen Etienne asked himself each momentwhether he was .led him to describecertain hideous details of life with dicularly into the shaft, to be connected with the rising or falling. He was motionless, while the cage

the accuracy of a photographer. This tendency has cages. An iron framework similar to the high frame went straight down without touching the guides, and It been unscrupulously exploited by professional purvey— of the tower, stipported the drums. was like the with suddenbumps, finally producing a shaking of the ors of the lewd. flight of birds, without noise, without collision, the joists, which made him fear an accident. Meanwhile As the title indicates, “Germinal” portrays the ger— movement swift, the continual going and coming of he could not distinguish the walls of the shaft beyond

mination of the seed, the sprouting of the great idea, a cable of enormous weight, which would lift as much' the grating against his face. The lamps scarcely lit up It the industrial emancipation of the workers. is'a as twelve tons at the rate of ten yards a second. the peoplearound him. a long, powerful story with the tragic romance of “Great heavens,look out!” again cried the men who “This one is four yards in diameter,” continued

workingman and a working girl interwoven. The five were dragging the ladder to the other side to examine Maheu, instructing him. “The tubing ought to be re— installmentsto follow will be selections from five dif the drum on the left. paired, for the water comes in on all sides. Hold on,

a of ferent points in the progress of the story, few Slowly Etienne returned to the superintendent’sof we are arriving at a level—do you hear?” the most significant parts, enough to indicate its tre fice. That gigantic flight above his' head astounded Raising his lamp, he lit up the guides, which ran like

mendous scope. him. And, shivering in the drafts of air, he watched a rail under a train at full-speed, and beyond that is The setting in the great coal mining regions, in the the working of the cages, his ear drums cracked by they could see nothing. Three other galleries were north of France, reaching up into. Belgium, through the rolling of the cars. passedin the twinkling of an eye. a the Charleroi Valley, to-day the center of the famous Noiselessly, with the stealthy spring of night ani “How dark it is,” murmured Etienne. Co-operative movementand one of the firmest strong mal, the iron cage came up out of the darkness, with The descent seemedto have lasted for hours. He

holds of Socialism. But Zola tells us what it was its four compartmentscontaining each two cars filled was suffering from the uneasy position which he had thirty years ago and indicateshow the awakening came with coal, solidly secured by bolts. Moulineurs at dif taken, not daring to stir, especiallyon Catherine’s side.

about ferent landings took out the cars and replaced them She did not speak a word. He only felt her against

with others empty, or full of cut timber. The other him, warming him up. When the cage stopped at approached the shaft of the Voreux. cars were filled with workingmen, five in each. When last at the bottom, at 540 yards, he was astonished to

the compartments a Suddenly, in front of him, a number of enor ever were full voice shouted learn that the descenthad lasted just- one minute. But a I :TIENNEmous yellow eyes glowed out of the gloom. through the speaking trumpet, and cord was pulled the sound of the bolts which were slipping in place a They were the lights from the tower at the four times as a signal to those below. Then, with and the feeling of solidity under him, suddenly cheered slight jerk, the cage silently disappeared,dropping like mouth of the shaft. . him up and made him so happy that he spoke familiar a it Four lanterns were set there and the reflections stone, leaving behind only the trembling flight of ly to Catherine. shone brightly upon the handspikesand the plane upon the cable. “What have you under your skin to be so warm? it a I which the two cages slid. The rest remained in a “Is deep?” asked Etienne of miner who was have had your elbow in my side all the way.” strange light, filled with great floating shadows. The waiting near him with a sleep}rair. Then she also made merry. He was stupid to still

hoisting had just been resumed, and upon the iron “Five hundred and forty-four yards,” respondedthe take her for a boy. He must be blind. it

man. “But there are four levels below; the first at I {flaggingthere was a continual din. The coal cars “I guess you’ve had in your eyes—my elbow,

rolled by without ceasing. The moulineurs, whose long, 320.), mean,” responded she in the midst of a tempest of bent forms were distinguishable in the midst of the Both turned their eyes to the cable, which was run laughter, which surprised the young man, who could confusion of all those black and noisy things, were ning up again. Etienne resumed: not see the point. running to and fro. “And what if that should break?” The cage was emptied.The workmen passedthrough For an instant Etienne remained motionless, deaf “Ah! If it should !” the main opening of the gallery—a room in the rock, ened, blinded. He was chilled with the currents of The miner finished the sentencewith a shrug. His arched with masonry, where three great open lamps. air coming in from outside. Then he steppedforward turn had arrived. The cage had reappearedwith its were burning. The loaders were actively rolling some into the engine room. The shining steel and copper easy, tireless movement. full cars upon the iron flooring. A cave-like odor came of the machineryattractedhim. The engine was about For a half-hour the shaft swallowed them up in this from the walls. A smell of niter with warm- breaths a twenty-five yards in front of the shaft, and set so manner, taking new load of men, women and timber of air came from a neighboring stable. Four drifts

firmly upon its brick foundation that although it ran about every four minutes. Etienne, in the boiler shed, were worked there, yawning and dark. at full speed, with all its 400 horse-power, there was shivered at the thought of the cold night which he had “Through here,” said Maheu t0 Etienne. “You’re no movement but that of the crank, which rose and passed. Suddenly he felt a hand placedupon his shoul not there yet. \Ve’ve two good miles to go.”

der. It was Catherine. The fell with a well oiled smoothnesswithout shaking the workmen separated,disappearing in groups at floor. The engineer stood at the throttle, listening for “Come,” said she. “They want some one in my the bottom of these dark holes. Fifteen men had jus, the signal, his eye never leaving the indicator. And at father’s crew. You are looking for a job, ain’t youP” begun digging on the left, and Etienne walked be each departure, when the engine was again started, At first he did not quite understand. Then he ex hind Maheu, who was precededby Catherine, Zacharie

the drums, two great cylinders five yards in circum perienced a feeling of joy and vigorously pressed the and Levaque. It was a good wagon road cut out a ference, about the center of which steel cables wound hand of the young girl. through layer of coal and from a rock so solid that a and unwound in opposite directions, revolved with “Thanks, comrade. Ah, you are indeed good fel it had only need to be partly walled. One after the such rapidity that they looked like nothing more than low.” other, in Indian file, they marched on and on, guided She laughed and looked at him in the red rays of by the lamps. a hazy cloud. The young man hit against something IO Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd at each step, catching his feet in the rails. Each in vein. \Nhen they had finally loosenedthe stratum upon horses drew to the foot of the shaft were formed.

stant a dull noise made him uneasy, the distant sound the bottom, they made two vertical notches and then “Hello, there i” cried Catherine down the plane,which of a shower of rain, the rush to pro the Of which seemed detachedthe mass by driving an iron wedge into was lined with wood for about a hundred yards, her

ceed from the bowels of the earth. Was that the thun— upper part. The coal was rich, and it broke in pieces v01ceresounding like a speaking trumpet. der of the storm, sending down upon their heads the the length of their bodies. When these pieces, kept The boys must have lain down, for there was no re enormousmass which separatedthem from the surface back by the board, were all heaped up, the diggers sponse. At each story the wheeling of the cars was of the earth? A light pierced the night. He felt the disappeared,seemingto wall themselvesup in the seam stopped. A shrill, girlish voice called out. “I bet that’s rock tremble, and when he ranged himself along the thus detached. Mouquette.” wall like his comrades,he saw pass before his face a Levaque, lying upon his back, was swearing. A fall Mocking laughs broke out. great white horse harnessedto a train of cars. A boy ing stone had cut his left thumb, from which the blood that?” asked Etienne. it of about fourteen years was seatedon the first, holding was flowing. Cheval, overheated, had removed his “Who’s Catherine told him was little Lydic, a child who the guides and driving,while another,his hands pressed shirt, and was now at work, naked to the waist. The was very wise for her age and wheeledher car as well as against of last car, running in his perspiration, added to the fine coal dust which black any woman in spite the back the was of her doll-like arms. bare feet. ened them, ran in streamsdown their half naked bod ‘Happily, it was ten o’clock, resuming their march Etienne severely ies. Catherine and Etienne were filling the cars with and the 'workmen der Shortly after cided to lunch. bumped his head. Without the leather cap he would the coal the four miners dug. \ _“VVhy don’t you have‘cracked his skull. Neither Maheu nor any of Each loaded car arrived at the top just as it set out eat?” asked Catherine, with her

\ mouth full and a ‘_ the other workmen knocked themselves. They were from the drift, marked with a special character, so sandwich in her hand. Then \‘obliged to know eachprojection, every knot in the tim that the receiver could put it on the account of that she rememberedEtienne wandering about in

the darkness, a ber or enlargementin the rock. The young man was section. Thus they were obliged to be very careful in without sou or a morsel of bread. it also distressed by the slippery ground, which annoyed filling it, only to take the good coal, or would be “Won’t you share with me?” him more and more. Now and then he passed sud— rejected at the oflice. - .And-when he refused, swe'aringhe was not hungry denly through some pools, which were only revealed The young man, whose eyes soon becamehabituated his v01cetrembling with the cravings of his stomach]’ to him by the fact that he found his feet sinking in to the obscurity, watched the girl, so pallid with the she said gayly: the mud. He could not see them until he had stepped chlorosis, age. taint of that he could not have told her _“Ah! so you’re disgusted! But, hold on! I’ve only into them. But what annoyed him still more was the She seemednot more than twelve years to him, she bit into that side; I’ll give you the other part.” sudden changes in temperature. At the foot of the However, from her boyish liberty, she She had looked so frail. already broken the slices in tw0. The young shaft it was very fresh, and in the wagon line through appeared Her naive boldness, slightly man older. which took his half, controlling himself, so as not to which passed all the air of the mine, there blew a embarrassed him, did not please him—she was too one mouthful;

in and he placed a gale. Then, they devourut his hands cold wind whose force was like as a much of boy. But what astonishedhim most was the upon his hips, so that she could not see them passed into the other-drifts, which received Only their tremble. strength of the child—a nervous but skilful strength. With her tranquil air of bon camaradeshe allotted portion of the air, the wind ceased, it grew had thrown She filled her car more quickly than he, lifting her herself down beside him, flat on her stomach, hot, a choking heat, heavy as lead. For a quarter of her chin shovel with rapid regularity; then she pushed it as far in one hand, slowly eating from the they on through these nar other. Their an hour had gone and on as the inclined plane with a slow thrust.>withoutim lamps betweenthem lit them up. row passages, and they were now entering into a her ease the pediment,passing at under lowest rocks. a Catherine regarded him moment in silence. She more oven-like pit, blinding and melting. car, hand, frequently derailed, began to His on the other became think him handsome, with his fine features’ Maheu no longer opened his mouth. He went into and greatly perplexed him. and black mustache; she smiled.

a drift, simply motioning to Etienne to follow him. “So you’re a In truth it was not an easy road. It was over sixty machinist, and they’ve sent you away The sloping ceiling dropped so low as to be less than yards from the drift to the inclined plane, and the from your shops. Why?” I five feet high in some places, making it necessary to road, which the repairers had not yet enlarged, was a “Because slappedmy boss.” walk doubled up. The water came up to their ankles. mere passage-way,while the uneven ceiling was filled _She was amazed; her inherited ideas of subordina They proceededthus a couple of hundred yards when with projections of coal. At certain places which the tion and passiveobediencewere upset.

“I I suddenly Etienne saw Levaque, Zacharie and Catherine filled cars passed through the pusher was obliged to must own up was drunk,” continued he, "and I disappear,as if they had been swallowed up in a small shove the car by crouching down upon his knees to when drink it makes me crazy; why, I’d eat myself and fissure opening before him. keep from splitting his skull, while at other points the everybody else. , I can’t take two little glasses without wanting to “We must go up,” said Maheu. “Hang your lamp on timbers were bent and badly cracked. Care was neces fight. And I was~ sick for a peg and hold on to the wood.” , sary to avoid rubbing off the skin against projections, two days.” owing to the heavy pressure from piecesas “You mustn’t drink,” said she, He also disappeared. Etienne was compelledto fol and above seriously.

“Ah! I a don’t be afraid; him. This opening, than wide, large as man’s thigh frequently flew off. causing the know myself.” low less two feet ran And he shook workmen to lie flat, not knowing how soon they might his head, he had a hatred of rum the up for six floors, altogether about 110yards. Happily hatred . of the last child of a the young man was still slight, and he drew himself be crushed. race of drunkards, whose nature suffered all that awkwardly up with difficulty. They flattened their “Again!” said Catherine laughingly. burning thirst produced by knowing that the Etienne’s car had just gone off the in the most alcohol, least drop was, for him, a shoulders and hips, their-hands clinging to the timber, rails poison. and pulled themselves upward with comparative ease difficult passage. He had not yet learned to push

“Won’t you have a drink?” of movement. At the end of about twenty-two yards straight upon those rails which had become twisted asked Catherine,who was holding her pail to her lips. “Oh, they came upon the second floor, but they had to go by the soft earth, and he swore, he flew into a pas— it’s coffee—that’ll do you no harm. You’ll on, the vein belonging to Maheu and his gang being sion, savagely fighting with the wheels, which in spite choke without something to wash down the bread.” at the sixth floor—“in hell,” as they said. of the most severe efforts he could not replace. But he refused. It was bad now,” you enough for him to have Etienne soon felt stifled, as if the weight of the rocks “Wait said the young girl. “If get mad taken half her bread. a However, she insisted in good rested upon him. His hands were scratched.his legs it’ll never go right.” natured way, saying:

bruised, his skin worn away so much that he could Having placed a chock under the wheels of her own I’ll drink before you if “well, you’re so polite, . .

feel the blood bursting out. Dimly in he a the path per adroitly crept him, it car, she by and with slight lifting Only would be mean for you to refuse any longer."

ceived two doubled up beings, one small and one large, of the back raised the car onto the track. It weighed 0She tenderedhim the pail, kneeling down before him,

who were pushing the cars. But he must climb up to nearly three-quarters of a ton. He, surprised and lit up by the yellow rays of the two lamps. Why had the highest part of the vein. The perspiration blinded shamed,stammeredan excuse. he thought her ugly? Now that she was black, her him. He despaired of overtaking the others, whom She was compelled to show him how to brace him covered with coal dust, she seemed to a he heard with agile limbs climbing the rocks with long face have self against the timbers on each side of the gallery, singular charm to him. In the half-gloom strides. the teeth in thus giving a solid meansof support. The body should her large mouth were of dazzling whiteness. Her “Courage—onemore floor and we have arrived,” said bent, stiff, grew be the arms in order to give the full strength eyes larger, shining with a greenish reflection Catherine,

the a voice of to the muscles of the shoulders and thighs in pushing. like the eyes of cat. A mass of auburn hair which When they finally reached the top floor, Etienne, in During one trip he kept behind in order to observeher had escapedfrom its fastening delighted him and he turning around, found himself again pressed against manner of working. With lower limbs bent and the laughed quietly. She no longer appeared so young. Catherine. This time he noticed the rising roundness hands low, she seemed to walk on four paws, like She was at least fourteen.

of her neck and shoulders, and he comprehendedim one of those dwarf beastswho travel in a circus. She “To please y0u,” said he. drinking and returning mediately the warmth which he had felt. perspired,panting for breath, cracking in all the joints, the pail.

“Are you a girl?” murmured he in astonishment. but without a murmur, with the indifference of habit, For some time Cheval had been watching them from . a She responded'with a gay air without blushing: as if the common lot of all was to live thus bent up. then assuring himself distance; that Maheu was not U “Yes, it’s true. But it’s taken you a long time to find But Etienne was in misery. His shoes annoyed him. looking, he came forward, and seizing Catherine by the it out.” He suffered from walking with his head bent down. shoulders,he turned back her head to cover her mouth a The four diggers stretchedthemselvesout one above At length this position became a torture, an intolerable With brutal kiss, tranquilly affecting not to have seen

in ,Etienne. the other on each ledge in front of the drift. Sepa agony, so painful that he fell on his knees for an In that kiss there was a taking possession rated by the hanging floors which kept back the coal, stant, to hold up his head and breathe. -—-asort of jealous decision. each man occupied four yards of the vein, and that Then at the inclined plane came a new drudgery. But the young girl was disgusted. vein was so narrow, scarcelymore than eighteeninches She taught him to load his car quickly. Above and “Leave me alone, will you!” wide, that they seemedflattened out between the roof below that plane, which was used by all the drift from He held up her head, looking straight into her eyes. and the wall, dragging themselvesalong on their knees one story to the other, a boy was placed, the sender His red mustacheand beard partially covered his black and elbows,unable to turn without bruising their shoul above, the receiver below. These rogues of twelve to ‘face, while his big nose stood out like the beak of an ders. They were obliged to mine the coal lying upon fourteen years were always screaming, and to warn eagle. At last he loosened her, and went ofl‘ without a their sides, with necks twisted, and arms raised in a them it was necessary to shout still louder. When word.

slanting position, striking short blows with the pick. there was an empty car to go up, the receiver gave the Said Etienne in a low voice: “That’s your lover.” Zacharie worked nearest the gallery. Over him was signal, the sender loosenedhis brake, and the car, filled “No, I swear to you,” cried she. “There’s nothing Cheval, then Levaque, and above all Maheu. Each by the pusher, descendedby gravity, bringing the empty betweenus. Sometimeshe wants to fool. Be with his pick removed the layer of slate found in the car up. In the gallery below the trains which the (Continued on Page 18.) H Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

FAVOR industrial unionism tion we observean even greater alertnessof the work as distinguished from craft ers in all trades to the general interests of the work—

unionism. Please observe,I ing class, a greater alacrity in each part to help any

do not say“I favor industrial ALGERNON LEE other part that needs help. Craft consciousness is unionism as against craft gradually growing into class consciousness.

unionism.” There is a dif Cogyrightedby THE MassesPUB.Co. Again, many unions are learning that their activity t'erence. may be extended far beyond their original functions f . By a craft union I mean capitalists for the whole industry, it follows that the of raising wages, reducing hours, and relieving unfor—~' 3 one which organizes men on workers of all crafts in that industry must organlze tunate members. To an ever greater extent the uniorts 'the basis of the kind of to fight unitedly, or else they will be beatenseparately. are taking cognizance of questions of public health, +2.- ' work they do, without refer And they are doing it. public education, civil rights and political equality. ence to the establishments The existing movementof Organized Labor in the They may be doing this slowly, timidly, confusedly. in which they are employed, United States (largely but not completely included in But they are keeping at it.

or the capitalist interests by whom they are employed. the American Federation of Labor) is an essentially In the process they are being led, partly by our So By an industrial union I mean one which seeks to vital movement,capableof improving its forms of or— cialist propaganda,but still more by the logic of events, bring together into one body all who are employedin ganization and methods of action, and rendering in toward that stage in proletarian development where the same kind of establishments,all who are employed the future, as it has in the past, invaluable service to the terms “union man” and “Socialist” become prac— by the same set of capitalists. the wage-working class. tically synonymous; where the working—classSocial

In most a casesindustrial organization does not neces Within this body for several years we observe ists belong to the unions as a matter of course and sarily supersedecraft organization. It is often prac tendencyto adapt the forms of organization to the in the union membersvote the . Socialist ticket as a matter ticable and desirableto keep up the craft organization creasing complexity and centralization of capitalist of course. within or side by side with the industrial organization. managementand control. Many of the national unions Two fallacies have introduced much confusion and Why do I favor this? BecauseI see it coming. Be have comically long names. What do they signify? inanity into the discussion of this subject. The one

cause it has to come. “It is a condition and not a They record the fact that the present union has been is the failure to understand that the labor union, just theory that confronts us.” formed by the amalgamation of a number of older as well as the factory, the trust, the municipality, the In early days the employerswere to a great extent unions organized on narrow craft lines. In other cases state, or the political party, is a necessaryoutcome of divided on lines, craft pretty a is given much the same as were like purpose observed by federating the unions historic conditions. The other is the positive the wage-workers. There spinners were master who instead of merging them. aspect of this negative error. It is the tendency to employed journeymen spinners to make yarn, which These practices, suggestedby experience,started be overestimatethe importance, for good or ill. of indi they sold to master weavers, who employed journey fore the phrase “industrial unionism” was invented. vidual leaders—to imagine that the foolish or corrupt men weavers to make it into cloth, is which they sold to The' credit belongs to the trade unionists themselves. leader the cause of the imperfections of the union, master dyers, who employedjourneymen dyers, and so In many cases we theorists may think the process and that wise and honest leaders could create a perfect forth. This is changing. Instead of master spinners, has not gone far enough or fast enough. We may be organization, if only the silly workingmen would give master weavers, master dyers, and so forth, all sepa right. But, after all, only the men actually working them the chance. These errors lead to much futile rate interests, we is tend to have one set of textile capi a ripe in given industry can decide when the time discussion of what unions ought to be, instead of a talists who control all the processes from the pur for merging their separatecraft unions into one union fruitful considerationof what they are and what they chasing of the raw cotton or wool to the selling of the covering the industry. are becoming; and also to much personal denunciation, finished cloth, and who jointly employ all kinds of In practice, the question is a complicatedcne. Spe— partly just and partly unjust, but almost always worse textile workers. The same thing is happeningin other cial conditions in each industry impose special require than futile.

industries. I ments. To try to impose a uniform rule would be like have enough faith in the proletariat to believe that Since wage-workers it have is to fight employers over trying to use the samemachine for setting type, weav settling these questions about as rapidly as pos— wages, hours and conditions, and since several sets of sible, ing cloth, and digging coal. and that captions criticism from the outside is craft employers have become merged into one set of Along with this processof amalgamationand federa— more likely to retard than to hasten the pr0cess.

HISTORIC PHILADELPHIA CogyrightcdbyTm; MassssPun. C0.

HILADELPHIA is one of the oldest cities in the So, likewise, did old Matt Quay, Jim McNichol and United States, and with old age has come its BY Boies Penrose. P accustomedinfirmities. William Penn founded Three hundred thousand people are employed in the it, but that fact should not be used against Wil W. BABCOCK twenty thousand manufacturing establishmentsproduc not see what was forthcoming. JAMES liam; he could He ing goods to the value of $600,000,000a year—but don’f

never knew Quay or Penrose, not even Pennypacker. get it all. Verily not! They build sailing craft and

with the Indians; the present inhabit a Penn treated This article was written to order for capi locomotives,consequentlyone is not actually forced to

ants will treat with anyone who has the price. talist magazine. Read it and you it)?” know why take up a permanent residence and the great wonder in is Philadelphia Asia Minor never becamepopular it is a A was rejected. It realistic description not that so many have remained. I becauseof earthquakedisturbances. A political earth only of the growth of Philadelphia, but of every It costs thirty millions annually to run the city.

given advancenotice of its coming, and some city in Many quake has large America. people imagine they could do it for less. It’s

day Philadelphia, Pa., will be in the throes of a great hardly worth the money. upheaval. Heaven hasten the day! The Declaration of Independencewas adopted there Another town now occupiesthe site of the old Phila Evening Post, which Benjamin Franklin found and July 4, I776. The Liberty Bell proclaimed the good a a it delphia and so will grow mightier, more progressive, lost, powerful weekly magazinewith‘ an immensecir tidings—but is badly cracked and silent now. Inde

city people take possessionof Phila culation. is cleaner when the _ pendence an aged illusion and a Judgment Day hope delphia, Pa., and just as the older city fell into decay The City Building, said to be the largest building in of the massesin Philadelphia, and elsewhere. before its re—establishment,the present Philadelphia the United States, is constructedof white marble and The White House was first located here, but some of limit its corruption. costing $0,000,000. William Penn, in statue, has about reached the of granite, the heavyweightswho occupied it temporarily required It is sarcastically known as “The City of Brotherly endeavorsto keep an eye upon the building and occu— more room, and it was moved. The present location Love,” though all men are not brothers there or else pants, but what can one man do? —Washington, D. C.—has never ' been referred to as where, nor have they ever been. Fairmount, one of the largest public parks in the Spotless Town.

Philadelphia has churches,but sin and vice fiour world, of 3,000acres, is still there; no is 600 with an area Philadelphia the third city in the United States ish. There are 350 school buildings and the city needs one has taken it. In Philadelphia are also located the in population and easily the first in corruption, political is It them. Until quite recently its people possessedanti old and new mints, worthy of historic mention. chicanery and trickery; a city where twenty thousand quated ideals and mummified methods, living in old not strange that making money is the chief ambition dead men vote and ballot boxes disappearsurreptitious in houses with white wooden shutters, etc. of Philadelphians as well as Some others at large ly; a city where the people own the water system » and Too many of its “best people”inherited great wealth the U. S. of A. private corporationsown the gas and fuel; a city where from their ancestorswho earned it not, but quietly and Philadelphia is noted for its skyscrapers—thefarther the streets are public property, but the street car lines

becomes;also graft a unscrupulously extracted their dollars from unsophis up you go the cheaperthe land its are not; city which is destinedto be bigger and better Yes, ticated tenants through exorbitant rents. ers, gamblers,boodlers, parasites and politicians. because the people are awakening to their best in is a It the home of The North American, Pennsylva there are few honest lawyers there,but no one knows terests. nia’s greatest newspaper,which, like the prodigal son why. Here’s to Philadelphia, an old town; may it speedily of old, roams all over the universe, also The Saturday Stephen Girard helped to give Philadelphia its name. be born anew. lZ Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

EDUCATION AND THE SYSTEM Writtenfor THE MissszsPUB.Co.

‘HAT is being done to your By To accomplish this in a minimum amount of time child? she has gone through an elaboratecourse of training, Have you any idea? ROSE wonderful to contemplate. She has learned many You have waited until he JOHNSTON tricks. In fact, she can be a full pedagogical vaude was six or seven, when you ville show all in herself. To keep her baby audiences

have casually remarked, years or more, six hours a day, five days in the week interested and continually at its tasks, she performs “Well, I suppose it is time at the most malleable period of life, children do not constantly. She has learned much child psychology.

to put Johnnie in school.” come out of this process of standardization as much Part of this she uses as a tool to force her classes. If you have not made suf— alike as pigs of iron, or screws, or any other of the Part she finds hopelesslyhuman and humane, and im it, ficient haste about a tru‘ multitudinous products of this mechanical age. possible of application in her situation. This latter

ant officer has come around, Have you ever seen a list of qualifications for pri she discards—seldomwith any qualms—after the first reminded you of your duty mary teaching? You would expect one of the first few months of teaching. a It as parent and citizen, and questions might be, “Do you understand children?” is thesetricks, this pedagogicalknowledge,ground maybe quoted the law. A school was found forth But there is seldom mention of this important matter. out by modern educational experiment, which blind a

with; if private a one you is were rich enough, public It never considered an important asset to teach the eyes of the laity and make it all seem so wonders otherwise. er’s skilfulness. In no other trade can an applicant ful. And Johnnie starts. His a a mother is has few senti get or hold job without showing knowledge of the And it wonderful. Thank God, in the last century mental regrets about his losing his baby ways, his material with which he is to work. we have got away from teaching spelling with a fer

father is some fond hopes a It toward the making of man Many other things are inquired into. asked rule on the open hand and sums with the hickory rod. of him, and untold delight Johnnie in his first primer whether the pers0n expecting to teach has studied this It is a great deal accomplishedthat children are made and the opportunity to ape bigger boys of his acquain phase of psych010gyor that branch of pedagogy. All to like it fairly well. And that there is an increasing

tance. it of this is very necessary and good, but might be tendency to allow more and more hand training and Soon reports begin coming in. You look at them instructing the inhabitants of another compared to sensetraining and story telling to make it all seemen- with pride when they are good, or suggest his resem planet on the manufacture of shoes without telling durable. , to blance some unpopular member of the family when them that these absurd articles of apparel are made Some of these faults could easily be righted by in they are bad. In the latter case you may attempt to of leather and are used to cover the human foot. creasing the working force, and changing the standard

help him is with lessons. is It also asked whether the person good in “dis and enlarging the requirements for teachers, and ads a a After year Johnnie can read little, knows a few cipline,” or to use the more refined and newer word, justing the salaries.

number combinations,can spell a few words, and write “control.” This means can the lady make her small There is one thing, however, which cannot now be a stiff and painful hand at the cost of much control atoms behave automatically and in unison like filings changed, and to which the remainder of this article is and muscular effort. The progress he makes seems under a magnet. Happy the teacher who can say will be devoted. marvelous to you.

Education is has changed since you “yes” to this. It uselessto force a child beyond his psychological were small. Your pride in the American school sys You might think, too, that motherhood would natu development. Every educator recognizes this. When if swells, a tem and you are patriotic person, becomes rally add to a teacher’svalue. But do the good boards we have becomemore enlightenedin matters of child mixed with your patriotism. If you are sufficientlyen— ask, you of your own?” of education “Have children culture, we shall understandalso that it is just as fool

lightened to see big faults in other American institu No, indeed! Far be it from them to cast reflection on ish to force him beyond his intellectual needs and in it tions, swells just the same. For few people go any lady’s reputation. Fol‘ most boards make it an terests. farther than to trust the development of their chil ironclad rule to neither engagenor continue to employ The child of six is not sufficientlyinterestedin read dren’s minds to the nearest person and institution that any married woman. In this way they blindly cut off ing or writing to bring the necessary concentration sets up to do it professionally—and to wonder at the the great mass of women teachers from the one ex— into his attempts to accomplish either. Continuous result. periencewhich would most humanize them and bring effort is made only under constraint from without. Teachers and others in the educational movement them into close touch with child nature. It seems A child beginning at nine learns quickly and eagerly. are held by the laity in the same superstitious regard quite certain that the continuous pedagogic point of ‘ He reads with interest and rapture all the stories and it a and confidence as doctors, and looked upon when view is at present prohibitive of mere teacher’s ac lore he can lay hands on. And on this point—every a comes to decision in a child’s destiny, with the same quiring any such intimate knowledge. teacher of small children who has tried to teach an

awe as was formerly given to preachersin the spiritual A human being is probably more excited about his unschooled nine-year-old child of ordinary intelligence affairs of adults. experiencesin the years between five and ten human and coming from favorable environment has found it it And must be said for the teachingprofession, that than he is at any other time in his life. Everywhere easily caught up with children of the same class who

in so far as its members are not in the clutch of the he turns there. is something new. He is filled'with started at six. In fact, such children usually outstrip

system, they are a conscientious lot. It would take myriads of desires and impulses which he never tries those who have been put through the usual grind.

genius—not one genius, but many—to eliminate the to put into words. And he asks as many questions This is becausethey bring fresh interest and real need

evils of the system. And genius is not attracted to as he can about everything of any older person to the task, instead of minds warped and stultified by in present ward education the low state of the profes who can be found patient enough to answer them. He training not suited to them. I personally know of two sional salary. The average wage in the United States must see and touch, hear and handle, everything. A children of ordinary families, neither of them at all is sixty-three dollars and thirty-nine cents per month new world is all around him. He becomesan elastic precocious, who started to school, one at twelve, the for men, and fifty dollars and eight cents for women. receptacle for all the facts .and impressions which other at thirteen. One of them could not write, could

One cannot expect any more of a sixty-three-dollar crowd in on him. Besides, he wants to make every spell very little, and knew neither addition nor multi a a teacher than of sixty-three-dollar editor or sixty thing or at least to find out how it is made. plication tables. These children were ready for Vassar

three-dollar man in any other line of work. It is these'small creatures throbbing through every and Barnard respectivelyat eighteen, ' and now are both it But is the system which I have started out to senseto see,'to hear, to know, who are taken sixty in principals of schools in New York, where they put

lambaste, especially the system in elementary educa a group and set down to doing tasks which keep them other children through the systemthey escaped. tion, in the hope of arousing some thought and dis day, days in one spot from four to six hours each five There are many children who, becauseof poor health

among parents is barren, cussion who have taken the whole ar in the week. The environment monotonous or through the possession of understanding parents,

rangement for granted. is busy and unchanging. The only adult too to think escapethe truant officer for several years and are not The most obvious evil results from the large num They constantly using about any one of them. are one whit behind other children of their age after bers are in in which children handled the schools. No their eyes in ways for which their undevelopedvision three years or so in school. Of course, these things

putting pa is doctor would think of all his tuberculosis not ready. Their hands are employedmaking small happen mostly in the flexible and more sympathetic tients in one class, his Bright’s diseasepatients in an~' movementswhich require control of smaller muscles arrangementsof the private school.

other class, his appendicitis patients in another, and neither in a of arms and are natural or wholesome It is common knowledge among thoughtful teachers treating them en. masse. Each case has its own com little child. They have long periods of enforced phys of young children, that we spend six years doing dully plications. lawyer would handle all divorce ical inactivity very No his obviously harmful. Any impulse what could be done with joy and enthusiasmin three. cases together or take care of his damage suits en toward expression of these beings, whose every mo Is there not something wrong in a system which is semble. But child minds, each one of them different ment filled with such, is promptly suppressed by wastes three years out of every child life?

from any of the others, are by commonconsenttreated that samebusy adult who must write a certain number There is a general but only semi-conscious feeling

in if is the wholesale fashion of from forty to sixty at one of words and numbers on their brains she to be growing among the upper middle class against chil is a time under one instructor. It strange after eight known as successful teacher. dren’s being sent to school too early. Doctors—a class

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k of expert persons whose WOL'\ is very often acted in every training school. There has been a gradual schools and the introduction of an enlightened curri upon—are advising against it. humanizing of method and developmentof skill in the culum.I These attemptsmay be comparedto the snow— Much too often, however, I'he r some such formula teaching business. But we are up against a rock. This ball-in-hell proposition. Their influence melts away as this: “I don’t wish to push little Dorothy. Shc rock is economicnecessity. beyond a very small radius. is a nervous child.” There are so many nervous chil So long as the workers are underpaid, the children Any changemust be general. In the constant inter dren in The System. “The doctor said to take her out, of the workers must go into industry as soon as pos change of pupils and teachers, school is linked with but we are anxious about her education and hate so sible to lighten the burden of life. school, city with city, private institution with public. to do it.” Ask any workingman whether he prefers to have his Uniformity of general arrangement is a necessity. Of course, in the public school there is 50methingin boy or girl at work or in school. He will say every And no far-reaching reform is possible until the this. When a backward child does begin, he is in a time, in school if it were possible. Yet the major abolition of child labor. By this I mean doing away class with others of six, to the discomfiture of his ity of children leave school at fourteen—earlier if with the economic employment of any adolescent teacher,who likes to have them all comeout at the same they can escape the law. Many of them, becauseof person. age, at the same point of development,so they can all poor food, poor housing, lack of decent human experi This brings us to nothing short of the'establishment be treated together. It is easier that way. For the encesor other exigencies,the direct result of our capi of Socialism. diet arranged for stuffing the baby of six is not suf talistic regime, have not passed the fifth grade. Most When conditions of working and living for adults ficient food for the older child; and there are two public schools on the east side, for instance, have no becomesufficiently decent,the child can come into his alternatives—eitherthe necessityof urging him along, seventh or eighth grades. There are so few pupils birthright. First, he must be allowed to grow strong a difficult thing to do, or having him in a condition of who progress this far that only here and there are and healthy, and exercise his natural aequisitive and

boredom part of the time, which soon gives way to those grades needed. creative powers with sympathetic guidance, either i / lack of attention and interest at any time. For this The employers of children demand that they shall socializedor in the home, for the first nine or ten years / reason, in the large classes of the public school it not be illiterate. So the businessof teaching them to of his life. Then he must be free for the next ten,v seems actually better to outrage the child by sending read and write and do small sums must be begun at years to start such acquaintancewith the life of the him too soon than to leave him to the chanceof finding the earliest momentwhen such accomplishmentscan be past and the culture of the world as will make his own his place in starting him later. driven into them. life rich and beautiful to him. And then he must have For one hundred and fifty years reform in deal For this reason, any attempt to change the present a few years more in which to find his economicplace. ing with young children has been the dream of ideal state of things is futile. Here and there in the last It is only when we have some such fair chancegiven ists in the educational movements. It started with few years there have been heroic attempts made by to each child that the educator can hope for the per Froebel and Pestalozzi, whose names are still bywords large-minded persons in the founding of model fee'tionof his art. Ross JOHNSTON.

ewen LAW ORDER ' AND .‘i

k. By R. S.BOURNE as?"

Writtenfor Tm: MassesPUB.C0. has I,.O incident of recent years Editor Columbia Month/)1 towards each other. And here again, of course, the served to bring out so much Socialists have the solution. Abolish this hostile atti— crude thinking among sup— employersare as ruthless, though not perhaps so sen tude of classes towards each other by abolishing the posedly educatedmen as the sational. It is a real state of war, little as our God class-struggle. Abolish class-struggle by abolishing now happily-ended McNa— fearing citizens like to acknowledge it. To be sure, classes. Abolish classes by merging the classes into mara case. A wave of hys— the unions are not actuated by any motives of sym— one. terical passion for “law and pathy for the working-class as a whole. They are out The part of the government in this case seemsper order” seems suddenly to simply for the aggrandizementof their own interests. haps the most unjust of all. We have seen that the have swept over the land, a They are the cleverest, most aggressive and most labor union system and the corporation system are, passionwhich one w0uld like determined portion of the working class, just as the to all intents and purposes, each.a State revolving in to believe is entirely sincere big employers they fight are the most intelligent and the larger State. Each has its political organization and ready to carry itself aggressiveof the capitalistic class. and its control over its memberswhich are the char— through to logical conclu It is inevitable that the unions should adopt the acteristics of a State. These two States are the antag sions. It looks a little too much like a sudden scare, same methodsof organization as do the industrial cor onists in the industrial war. Now the crucial ques a purely physical timidity on the part of the comfort porations; that graft and corruption and lobbying tion is, what shall be the position of the governmental able classes,to be quite convincing. The gallant and should permeatetheir organization just as it does “big State in this struggle? It can throw its governmental well-worn phrase, “law and order,” has been worked business.” We can best understand the situation by machinery of courts and law on the side of the cor overtime to conceal a very real fear on the part of picturing the labor unions and the corporations as the porations, or on the side of the labor unions, or it can the dominantclassesfor their lives and property. respectiveadvanceguards of two hostile armies. Their remain neutral and let the contestantsfight it out. The “law and order” which they reverenceis one.in contact represents the point where the smouldering Of course, every one recognizesthat in actual prac- which society minds its own business as far as they hostility breaks out into open warfare. The rest of tice our governmentalsystem is at the disposal of the are concerned,and attends with drastic severity to any the army we can see straggling back in the rear; on corporation class. The common law, injunctions, and violent interference with their peaceful rule of things. one side, the unorganized workers, the unskilled labor the entire machinery of the courts is set in motion Now “law and order” is a very admirable ideal. It is ers, clerks, etc.; on the other, small merchants, sal— against the offences perpetrated by the labor unions the highest ideal for a society with the exception of aried officers and Professional men. But the essential, against the corporations, and but seldom, and that un one—and that is, justice. The neglect of this impor— never-closing gulf remains, based on different econo— systematically, against corporations for their wrongs tant fact has made it very difficult to secure any im mies of life, on absolutely opposed interests—a gulf to labor. Now it is manifest that this is as unfair have as it would be for the governmental partial discussion on the question. Those who that will never be filled up, except in 'one way, and machinery to be insisted on analyzing the concept of “law and order” that is, of course, Socialism. turned over exclusively to the labor unions. And the and have kept before their minds the ideal of justice, This idea of industrial war and the open conflict of. third alternative—thatthe State remain neutral—while have been instantly denouncedas defenders of dyna a submerged and eternal class-hostility is no mere theoretically fair, would, of course, result in intoler miting, champions of murder, and enemies of the figure of speech. It is the only sane interpretation of able anarchy, and besides would abrogate the State’s human race. this complex situation. Thy dynamiting, just as the claim to authority as the political expression of the Now, it is one thing to defend a deed; it is another strikes and riots, is a social phenomenon,not an indi whole people. The only thing left then is that the to explain it. BecauseSocialists have kept their heads vidual. To speak of murder in this connectiOn is State become either the arbitrator between the two ' and tried to explain this remarkableand unprecedented irrelevant. Murder is the wilful taking of the life sides (a function for which it is badly fitted), or that incident, they have had to face a torrent of abuse of a definite individual or individuals. Malice is a it should become progressively Socialistic and devote and vilification which in too many caseshas caused an necessaryaccompanimentto murder. The dynamiting all its efforts to the abolition of the class-war. ignominious retreat of Socialist thinkers to cover and was. we will admit, a reckless and absurd attempt to Thus we see that all the morals of this incident of a surrender of their logical position. This position further the material interests of the labor unions, but the McNamaras lead to Socialism. It is imperative is not one of defense or indictment; it is a coldly its intent was this ultimate political end, not the taking that college men should think clearly on this subject scientific one of explanation. And the fact that in of the life of individuals, any more than the death and not let themselvesbe carried away by traditional this overheatedatmosphereof prejudice and recrimina of the employees.in a badly ventilated mine can be phrases which they have never stoppedto analyze. We tion, there is a set of principles and a body of facts called murder. Indeed, both deeds—theblowing up of have a new situation to interpret, and we must think which will give that scientific explanation, speaks vol the men in Los Angeles, and the mine explosion in of it in new terms. The Socialist philosophy gives the umes for the truth, accuracyand wisdom of the Social Tennessee—are similar in character. Neither ex only intelligible analysis and interpretation of this,

ist philosophy. . pressesmalice, but both express a cynical and ruthless as of so many other situations. Without it, one has Socialists see in the dynamiting incident a symptom disregard for human life, a “class-carelessness,”rather only confusions and absurdities of thought. of the class-struggle, and in this they are absolutely than an individual carelessness. It does little good to [The foregoing article was written for the Political right. The violence of the labor-unions is simply a hold the individual responsible. Punishinge'the indi— Action number of THE MASSES, but was unavoidably is pawn in the great game they are waging against the vidual does not change the class ethics and the class crowded out. It so good, howcver, that space is

employers’ organizations. and the retaliations of the practices. You have to change the class attitudes given it in the current issue—En] 14 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

" llllllll

.1 _‘,i!

HAIL .TO THE NEW PROFESSION

By RUFUS W. WEEKS,

Written THE MassesPUB.Co. Illustratedby Brat/ernmn for 1UR fathers held in high honor Supreme Court reveres the law, it cares nothing for agitators of the soap-box or the platform; but these the three great professions. justice; and if it reverencesjustice, it cannot respect 'quiet, steady workers who are learning a new kind of In the Clergy they saw holy the law. Their Honors may take either horn of the work and doing it; who are gaining every day more men who knew all about the dilemma: either leaves them half as bad as the gen and more the solid confidenceof the people; they are next world, and who told erality of their profession] to be our rulers in the next few years. Into the hands the people with authority Among both the Clergy and Lawyers there are noble of such men and women the people are going to com what they had to believeand exceptions,who shine out all the brighter by reason of mit the affairs of the cities, and later on, the great how they had to behave in the small respect felt by the people in these days for affairs of the country. The new profession has as yet this world that they might the rest. For the Clergy and Lawyers have certainly no name. We might call these special people who are escapeHell and win Heaven. fallen from their high estatein the people’sminds. busy in their several ways our Social Experts. Most In the Lawyers The Doctors have fared better. It is true that pity of them have receivedtheir earlier training and gained they saw able men who were busy in has replaced respect for a large number of the Doc their outlook in the social settlements,from which they getting justice done. The tors—those who have become sycophantsof the rich; graduated convinced that the settlementis no remedy; were those skilful benefactors who cured the 'but, on the other hand, we recognize that the Doctors that its chief use, in the broad social sense,is to teach sicDolftors. of to-day know what they are about in their medical its own inefficacy. They are now making social surveys practice much better than did those of our fathers’ and explorations for the Sage Foundation; or carry In our time there has come a great change. We times. With them sciencehas largely taken the place ing on Playground Associations, Child Labor propa have found out the Clergy; we have discovered that of tradition and they often get the results they are ganda, Child Hygiene Work for the they know nothing about the next world and less than Boards of Edu aiming at. The medical profession is also developing cation; a hundred different lines in socially nothing about this; and that the governing anxiety of which a a social conscience; it is beginning to propose and to the averageminister is the same,and must be the same minded person can make a living at social work. carry out great measures for stamping out the causes as that of everybodyelse—howto keep his job, or how of disease, and the younger and more human of the Socialist city administrations will have to lean hard to get a better one; and, saddest of all discoveries, Doctors see a wider and wider horizon of beneficent on these social experts; indeed, it is likely that one of perceive that most of them have no passion for we power opening before their profession the saviors the most useful functions of the Socialist municipal bringing about justice in human affairs. as of the masses. Their program, as it is dimly estab managementwill be to bring the social experts to the We have found out the Lawyers; we know that they lishing itself in their minds, is not unlike the Socialist front, to encourage them, and to stimulate more of have no sincere respect for the law, and less than none thought, and it has the great merit of making an im our brightest and best youth to take up the new prov for justice. We have found out, too, that those Law mediate and irresistible appeal to the working class, fession. yers who, by one means or another,.getto be our law— which the Socialist thought does not. On the whole, And the masses in all our cities, the workers who makers, are no more straightforward than theothers then, the medical profession has not fallen from its are too smart to put faith in the Socialist “dream,” —no more learned in the true ends of law; and that place of honor in the people’s minds. would they not show themselvessmarter yet if they even those who find their way to the Bench are little At the Child’s Welfare Exhibition, held in a great were to stop and think about the things close at hand; more worthy of true respect. In these days, if all armory in New York last winter, that which struck if they were to say to themselves: “These those who cherish contemptof court had to pay fines, dreamers me most vividly Was not the array of exhibits, nor the act like there would be no need of taxes! men of good sense as well as men of good amazingly vast crowds, but the group of special people will when they get the job of running a city. Let us writing [After this about the judges I began to who gathered at the conferences—themen and women try them; let us put them in at the next election in wonder whether it was too severe, but that very day, who had invented the exhibition and brought it into our own city, and then watch them call in the social in glancing an over editorial in the New York Times,v being, and those who had rallied round these found— experts to take care of the health of our children; to» my eye fell on a grateful quotation from a late de ers. They were such persons as Jane Addams, Flor make new parks and playgrounds; to keep the streets cision of the United States Supreme Court, in these ence Kelley, Robert Bruere, Edward Devine, Dr. in our section of the city as clean and sweet as those words: 10 “The law does not attempt to equalize for sephineBaker, and scores of others like these. A new in the ‘better quarters’; to enforce the tenementlaws tune, opportunities or abilities.” Now, since justice is light came to me; I said to myself: these people are against our landlords and to proppse stronger tene— precisely the equalizing'of opportunities—the square the coming power. Not the self-sufficient magnates ment laws. Let us give the Socialists a chance to deal, the even chance all round—it is plain that if the of Wall Street or of Washington; not the ardent make good?”

‘1‘ @floxa ATIONA LISM

just HAVE been reading the article on Sensation while getting his knowledge of Socialism. The Social alism, which tells of a' communication from a By NORMAN TALCOTT ists, for the most part, in this country, are doing more I_ friend expressing the opinion that your maga than teaching the people Socialism. They educat are zine appealed too much to the “cultured,” and breastsof millions of men and brought about the death ing them to a point where they will be intelligent recommendingthat it be gotten down to the level of of hundreds of thousands of other men. Then you enough to administer the country under Socialism. the more ignorant. would be ready to sink back into the morass of an I have no patience with those Socialists who seek That is the biggest mistake that I have heard of yet. empire as did the French after their revolution. Such merely to stir up the the many. I think that you are doing just the right thing, and propaganda as certain Socialist publications are print wrath of that you would do well to keep it up. ing, serves the cause of real freedomabout as the '1he Socialist with a proper knowledge of his own Socialism must always appeal to men of intelligence, “sic ’em” of a man serves the welfare of a couple of school of thought knows that the present system is and it requires considerable intelligence to understand dogs. It is one thing to teach Socialism. It is an not the result of the iniquity of individual capitalists, Socialism. If we ever have Socialism’ it must come other to teach the ignorant hatred of the man who has but is merely a stage in the economic evolution of the mainly through intelligent people. a few dollars and a little more education. The rank world. And he knows that the capitalist is just as With cheap, sensational matter which simply serves and file of the Socialists I have met in the East are much a victim of the system as is the wage-worker. to enrage the ignorant, who suffer under ihe economic quite intelligent enough to read THE MASSES. Indeed, Therefore he has no animosity against the capitalist. systemknown as capitalism,against the individual capi So far as my experience goes, the average of intelli He seeks not revenge,but the inauguration of a new talist, you could bring about a revolution all right, if gence and culture (in the real sense) among the So and better system. that is what you are after. cialists is higher than that among But you would not be membersof any other I think that you are getting out just about the right much better off after you had your had revolution. party. - sort of a magazine and hope that you will continue You would simply have aroused the blood lust in the The Socialist seeker after truth gets his education along the samelines. - O IS Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

FACTS AND INTERPRETATIONS

' BEGGARS PRO AND CON a body of six completesurveying corps, and he boasted ways have wind of a plot by the enemy or are forg— that they would be very anxious to sell their labor ing a plot themselvesto work against the enemy. But By ONE OF THEM power for sixty dollars per month! _ the struggle for the New NVorld is not a matter of In the councils of commercialism,employers decided Plot and Counterplot. The Revolution will not suc OU and I are both familiar with the sign “Beg long ago that college men can be procured at “dirt ceed through the action of some little faithful band of gars Not Allowed”; the only difference in our cheap”salaries. conspirators. i acquaintancewith it is that you have most prob Presidents of universities have personal lists of thou The logical result of whispering is dynamite throw— ably viewed it from the pleasant warm inside sands of young men and women degrees who have in ing. of the window, while I have viewed it from the chilly art, literature, and science; theseyoung people cOnfeSS ‘ outside. that they are in the depthsof the submerged. Already in America the whisperers have had their Beyond a doubt, we agree that beggars should not Twenty-six years ago Andrew Carnegie remarked in day. They are about to be ruled out of court. In the be allowed; I don’t like to beg any more than you a lectureto Pittsburg students: future whatever is donewill be done out loud. Poli like to have me beg. It is almost incredible that in a “It is becomingharder and harder, as businessgravi cies will be shouted from the house-top. society such as ours, which is supplied abundantlywith tates to immense corners, for a young man without If the state of society compelsworkmen to violence, the means for satisfying every human need,any person capital to get a start for himself, and in this city (Pitts the violence will not be denied. Instead of claiming should be so far deprived of thesemeansas to necessi burg) especially,where large capital is essential,it is that the perpetrator of deeds of violence is a traitor tate cringing before another for a crust. And though unusually difficult.” they will say, “What of it? You claim this man did the abject poverty which beggary proves is outrageous, Within the last quarter of a century the United States such and such. Why did he do it? He did it because it is not as hard to bear as the cringing. has experiencedchangesof stupenduousmagnitude in he wasstarving and saw another man about to take his Before I becamea beggar, when I was still young its industrial and social life. Concentratedcapital has job. You would have donethe samething had you been and strong, I used to think that my claSswas so strictly professors, teachersand scientistswho competeagainst in his place. You say he did this. We admit it. And prohibited on Riverside Drive and Michigan Avenue to those who could be useful to society. now what of it?” protect the tender sympathiesof the residentsof those The snobbishnessthat was once a part of the college That will be the answer. sections. I had not the least doubt that it must hurt man’s attitude has been chastened by economic ad— ' them to see a person in distress. But that was before versity into a dominating desire for real democracy. I had felt the teeth of the French poodle at the front Many avenues of successare closed to young men door and the broomstickof the Irish cook at the back. and women who have energy and ability. They have HEROES Since then I have changedmy opinion entirely. Now to fight the battle of life without essential assistance. BARNET G. BRAVERMAN I not merely think but know that beggarsare excluded Many times they are compelledto fight one another like By from aristocratic sections for quite different purposes jungle beasts. than the protection of the too tender sympathiesof the The country is overcrowded with doctors, lawyers, since the Boy Scout movement came into rich. I have found two very good reasons. The first professors, teachersand scientistswho competeagainst public view, army officials have been howling in is that the rich have a more susceptiblespot than their eachother in the race for bread. I :VERmournful tones about the lack of military edu compassion,namely their pocketbook, and the second Educational institutions are swarming the country cation in our schools. is that they want to monopolizethe trade themselves. with graduates who have no assuranceof employmenf \Ve of the working class wish to apprise all profes Beggars are not expelled with the same rigor on the or economic security. sional man-killers that it is too late to begin instructing East Side as on the \Vest Side. There flourish un College proletarians have seentheir air-castles tumble our boys about the glory of war. countednumbers of my kind, the ragged, dirty, hungry into nothingness. Wisdom and reason are becomingthe ruling passions kind, and also the emissaries—uniformed and other of the human race. wise—of the plutocrats,who demandtheir toll by force or fraud. Children as well as men are beginning to realize the If beggarsshould not be allowed on the West Side, fact that neither king or president has the right to put neither should they be allowed on the East Side. The human beings on the field of battle where they lose workers should follow the example of the capitalists their lives for a country that never treated them any and also hang out the little warning “No Beggars Al better than vagabonds. lowed." Then they should turn their backs upon the Every man who carries a gun for the United States tax collector who gathers money for the support of Governmentor for any other governmentis a tool used armies and navies in which the producers shed their by the hellions of plutocracy and despotismfor the pro ' blood while the capitalistsgamblewith the products of They have learned to behold the hollow mockery be tection of privileged interests. g the world. They should turn their backs upon the land hind the commencementoration about “the eager world N0 death or service on the field of battle has ever lord, who month after month and‘year after year ex~ waiting for the college man.” The struggle for exist been noble if it happenedfor the sake of a few princes acts a toll as unjust as the usurer’s interest. They ence has removed rose-colored illusions of deeds and or trust-magnateswho stayedat home beyondthe reach should not harken to insurance collectors who beg for fame and honor. of shot and shell. a few cents nor church dignitaries to who beg for a College-trained proletarians are beginning to realize Real heroes are they who risk life and limb in smel few souls. And, above all, they should not hearken to the burning revelation that capitalist society is not so ter furnaces; who erect sky-scrapers; who dig coal the whining of the politician, hired who on election day anxious to load them up with glory and renown. down in the black recessesof the earth; who toil and comes begging for their votes—their votes which are Education and character have failed to make certain moil to feed the race. ' to sanction the armies, navies, police courts, insurance the paths of achievement. Socialists reserve their plaudits for the iron-worker companies. landlords, and so forth—the votes which The college-trained worker and the factory-trained make them the dupes of their own credulity. who falls from a bridge or building; for the-miner worker are beginningto defy an economicregimewhich who breathes his last in an explosion; for the sailor If the workers do this they will be well on the road destroysnoble aspirations. who has a Watery grave; for the railroad fireman who 'to abolishingrsomething far worse than beggary—the Colleges protest against wrongs. are full of social is mangled in a wreck; for the tailor who dies of con .robbery of the things they produce. Capitalist: professors find themselvesbelittled by the sumption contracted in a sweat-shop; for the children knowledge college—students. economic of and women who have their life-lights snuffed by ma— And professors who speak the truth about capitalism chinery. All of these have died—not on the battlefield. COLLEGE PROLETARIANS find by themselvesbelittled dismissals. where men are maddenedby the flies and drums and By BARNET G. BRAVERMAN The tendencyof the world is towards a greater unity flying shell—but on the field of useful, productive ser for social progress. vice. REED does not respectreligion, sex, or creed. The college-trainedproletarian is becomingconscious ' NVorkers of the world are anxious to feed the world Greed does not respect character, culture, or of his identity of interestswith his fellow-workers who —--toclothe the G beauty. never had the opportunity to enter a university. And world—to make this world a better world! Greed does not respectbrain-power. it is their unity, industrially and politically, that will Greed will hire brains to plan plots and enterprises. causethe elimination of industrial tyranny. Militarism hires men to kill the workers who would When its needsare satisfied,the one who has the brains enrich the world. is thrown aside like a torn and tattered glove. THE END OF CON war may have its heroes—but the real and unnum Capitalism has no more use for the college—manthan bered heroes have been the men and women and chil it has for the man who wields a spade. dren who becamevictims of capitalist industry. Capitalism SPIRACIES cares only for profits and prestige. To Some day, when the world will have become con reap profits and prestige, it commercializesreligion; NE thing which the McNamara confession un— scious of the spirit of altruism and interdependence,it perverts sex; creates race prejudice; mars character; doubtedly will bring about is the end of the will look down upon the presentsocial order with shame prevents culture; destroysbeauty; and cheapensbrains. 0 whisperers. and wonder—thinking of the unhonored millions of hu Some time ago a Western magnateclaimed that he In every association the whisperers play a man beings who died real heroes while attempting to get -could in one day enough civil engineers to make large part. The whisperers are solemn people who al produce results of genuineworth. l6 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

’ ii in )' I, 52?." . ,

THE AY YOU LOOK T

BOOSTING FOR THE BABIES England; there will be a strike in Indiana and another PRACTICAL FINANCE in Idaho. Militia will be called out in California on ND speaker spouted flame for the T was sad but true—the street railroad had failed. each much account of labor troubles and down south several chil There wasn’t a cent in the treasury. Cause. dren will lose from five to fifty years of their lives The late president said it had ruined him com— A “Let us not be weaklings,” hissed the Tire working in thecotton mills.” I against every pletely, and to show how heart-broken he was he less Enthusiast, who was for or The Captain held his breath in wonder. Zooetropes. “The object of the bought an extra car and went round the world again thing from Ants to “In Chicago several men will starve to death and in fight against in his private yacht. presentcongressis the carrying on of the St. Louis a man will kill himself becausehe can’t get is the only Everybody said the business would have to be re Race Suicide. A short and ugly epithet work. Some thousands of girls will be dragged, en not organized. proper appellation for that man who does believe ticed, assisted or deceivedinto white slavery. So bonds were put on,the market to raise a little in more babies. Let me repeat—MORE BABIES!” “A Pennsylvania city council will be bribed; an avoid sleek, fat-chopped in— ready money. As he sat down there rose a able mine accident in West Virginia will kill a gang expensive They fetched about $r,000,000. dividual encased in clothes of the most of men and all the taxpayers in the Union will be remarks,” said, This million fetched about a hundred reorganizers. trim. “I echo the worthy speaker’s he robbed.” “This great re The reorganizers started right in to reorganize. folding his hands across his stomach. And behold! when the Captain followed the papers and all nations—need They met and met and met. public—and in fact all republics that month he saw that all thesethings came to pass. more babies. Millions more of them—I might almost When they grew tired of folding their hands over forefingers together on a say—billions.” FOOD FOR their stomachsthey put their Chipped in a gentlemanwith a pleasantbut oratorical THE GROWING level with the chin so as to look singularly wise. about a year of constant meeting they said face. you say,” said the Mildly Inquiring Person, After everything was in running order and they issued an “Is theah any nation beneath the fah-flung expanse “that it is your purpose in these evening le‘c other million dollars’ worth of bonds. of Gawd’s own Heaven that needs, begs and demands “SO tures to educatethose adults who are shy on asked the common mo’ babies than ouah own sunny southland?” he schooling.” “But where is the first million?” people impudently. queried. “Exactly,” bubbled the Eager Committeeman,“and

let me tell you—” “And what is it you teach them?”

“What do we teach them? Why, that’s the beautiful o ,_— /// part of it—we teach them everything. Here at School Ogggcngéga 78 we’ve got Professor Ienks lecturing on ‘Medieval shrieked the reorganizers, “why, “I ain’t no hand at speechmaking,”apologized the Poetry’——” “The first million!” man with the jowls, “but I feel pretty keen on some “I see.” that was our fee.” road failed again. 'subjicks and I’ll thank you all kindly for anything “And at School 20 Dr. Kelly, the famous traveler, is A year later the a for more reorganizers. you’ll do to get folks to keep right on having lots of giving a course on ‘Some Architectural Beauties of So they issued call Abyssinia.’” babies.” And so forth. established fact that ‘a municipality “You bet,” shrilled the lady with the excessive “Indeed.” Still it’s an run a street railway. plumes. “And at School 4r Miss Sharpman talks on the doesn’tknow enough to Artists,’ “That’s the dope,” shouted the young man with the ‘Lives of the and at School 16 Mr. Willets de satchel. livers his celebrated discourse on ‘Early Christianity,’ THE CLINCHER There were wild cheers of acquiescence. and at School 168the ‘ReverendTawneyman—thehunt objected the gentleman who made his ing “Ladies and gentlemen,” said the Mildly Inquiring clergyman—givesa talk with lantern slides on har living by pulling a long face on Sunday, pooning polar Person as he rose from his inconspicuousplace,“I have bear.” “BUT,”“I have one more argument—I have an ar no doubt that the speakersyou have just approved are gument that you can’t possibly refute.” in earnest, but may I ask if it is not barely possible “I should like to hear it,” said the man who was that a politician who wins his constituents by plati fighting for an Orderly World. “You admit, don’t you, tudes, a manufacturer of arms and ammunitions who that if every man worked at some useful occupationit earns his money by war, a proprietor of a down-south would increase production tremendously?" child-labor mill, the head keeper of a boys’ reformatory, “I do.” “Absorbing—absorbing,” murmured the Mildly In a woman of an ancient but not altogether honorable “And that if each man received the socially useful quiring Person, “only where are the courses held that profession, a young doctor who is learning his trade at product of his labors, it would largely do away with teach the untrained man what the earth is and what the clinics of a children’s hospital—is it not barely pos crime.” - he is and what society is and his relation to the uni— sible that all these persons who have just spoken so “That's possible.” verse generally?” enthusiastically may have some—a—a—some private “It would help along the science of Eugenics by “Oh, that,” said the Committeeman scornfully, “we purpose in advocatin ” . giving us for the first time all humanityto choose from haven’tany time to waste with such rubbish. We don’t But at this point the Mildly Inquiring Person was for parenthood.” want to bother with a lot of cranks.” quite justly and vigorously thrown out of the window. “Very likely.” “Of course you don’t,” soothed the Mildly Inquiring “It would systematizethe world.” Person, “and that’s one reason why the Third Party MARVELOUS “Yes.” is going to poll about two million votes this fall.” _ listen to me,” said the Police Captain, “It would give everyonea fair chancefor happiness.” “we got you dead to rights. You ain’t no “I supposeso.” “YOUprophet and you know you ain’t. I’ll give “In fact, it would bring about what the church has preached so long—the brotherhood of man.” you one last chance: hand out the dope for Monthly Cheerup Bulletin this next month and if it comes out the way you say “Probably.” You can’t be a fashionable millionaire these objection?” I’ll see that you ain’t sent up.” “Then what’s your days without admitting that there are trusts and away with pov “Righto,” said the astrologer cheerily. “Never saw “My objection!—wouldn’t all this do that the days combetition-are over. 4 any easier pickings.” He looked up at the stars and of erty?” You can’t be a wide-awake woman these days groaned. “In this coming month-——” “Most certainly it would.” being up the without mixed somehow in whirl? Q-Q' wind campaign for woman sufiragc. You can't pick up a paper thesedays without reading about those bad boys in Germany who voted 110 of

themselvesinto the Reichstag. And lastly, you can’t even go to a church now,” Captain. “Well, then, don’t the Bible say, ‘The poor you have “This next month, snappedthe chicken-pie supper without having some pot “In this next month several thousand men will walk always with you’? You bet it does, and as long as I bellied gentleman get up and talk about the the of New looking for a job.” stay in the pulpit I’m going to see that the poor keep streets York Menace Socialism. The Police Captain openedhis eyes. of right on staying with us. I’m not going to have the “Wages will be reduced in a large factory in New Bible queered by a lot of you irresponsible agitators.” l7 Generated on 2015-07-02 19:05 GMT / http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015093159583 Public Domain / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd

‘5 Y 'l H1 DooToRs or

SOCIAL ILLS

‘ ;l_l._l‘l

and push them to the inclined plane, their backs bent, WAR crawling under the uneven ceiling of the track. From THE MATERIALISTIC BY GARDINER LADD PLUMLEY the secondtrip the perspiration soaked them and their bones cracked anew. BASIS OF EDUCATION HEN I was a boy a railroad accident In the drift the work of the diggers was resumed opened my eyes to mutilation of the They often cut short their lunch so as not to chill BY LENA MORROW LEWIS themselves, their sandwiches,eaten thus far from human body. A dying child, lifted and MONG the many contributions the capitalist sys the sun, with speechlessvoracity, filled their stomachs in the arms of a sobbing man, the tem has made to the progress of the race, one as if with lead. Stretched out up0n their sides, they blood streaming over him, the poor A of the most valuable was the necessityof edu dug still harder, having only one fixed idea, that of' cating the membersof the working class. No thing shrieking~that picture I wish had not been day’s disap completinga great work. Everything else right, or privilege, or-opportnnity is given a lower or forced me. peared struggle upon in the for gain so rudely contested. under class unless that right or 0pp0rtnnity makes They feel upon for The incidents of that accident, for me, hint at ceased to the water dripping their the and interest the upper or dominant class. limbs, cramps benefit of the meaning of the word, war; I know nothing the from the forced attitude, always the Two hundred years ago one could find but few work same, night of the thing itself but by books. But if such the blackness of the where they withered ingmen who could read or write. Education was the like plants buried in a cave. In proportion, as the day agonies as burned themselves into my brain were privilege of the upper class only. It was not neces advanced,the air becamemore vitiated from the smoke rail sary for serf in the field to have a trained mind in the essential and not the accidental events of lamps, the of the the impure breaths and the gas from order to plow a straight furrow. The skill to swing roads, the world would send locomotives to the fire-damp, eyelids the weighing down the like cobwebs. a scythe or sickle required no mental training or edu scrap heap. All this combinedwas sufficientto destroy the effect 0f cation. But the introduction and developmentof ma That good from war ever comes to the indi any pure air. Each in one, buried his molehole under chinery and the use of and electricity necessi filth, earth, scarcely weary steam‘_ vidual from thirst, from hunger, from from the with ' a breath in his body, tated a different type of worker from the unlettered, still toiled on. vermin, from disease, from wounds, from the untutored serf in the field or the woman at the spin surgeon’s table, from lust, from rending apart ing wheel. - - an enemy’s Vitals—the intent of the science of ART IMPOSSIBLE UNDER To transform the crude ore into a fine steel rail re war—is as true as that the unborn babe of an quired new skill. To assembleall the various elements Indian squaw gains valor by the feeding of its. CAPITALISM togetherinto a mighty enginecalled for the trained and mother on the heart of an enemy. educated workman. To operate an engine demanded BY MARJORIE HOOD And can anything good be gained for a nation the skilled engineer. by discounting harvests of future generations and RT is the expression of that sense of beauty In short, the newlindustrial processeswhich the capi burning the proceeds? by the loss of her young which lies deep and purposeful in the human talist system gave the world necessitatedthe education Q- they manhood? by creating thousands of mutilated soul. and mental training of the workers in order that It lies buried, crushed—by poverty, dirt, mo might be fit and efficientwealth producers. Capitalism vagrants? by hiring her workmen to become ' notonous toil. It is exploited by the therefore created the economic or material reasons for murderers? by giving over her children to butch impersonal, hur ried, machine-like labor that goes into the making of the need of the great mass of the workers to be edu ery and her women to violence, death, and rape? everything about us—the clothes we wear, the houses cated. It “democratized”education. by—bu‘t time and type would fail to tell all the we live in, our utensils, our public buildings, even our While economic and material benefits have accrued multitudinous ways that war breeds taxes, mis books and pictures and music. to the master class through the educationof the work ery, poverty, pestilence, famine, death, and worse To speak of 'the many ways in which, in a saner so ers; while large profits were only possible through a than death! cial order, Art might grow, would take too long. It trained and skilled laboring class, yet in this very thing All hell makes merry when orators call their does not take long to know that, with the exploitation which makes for the triumph of the master class finan brothers to arms. of work, the life has gone out of it. cially, we see a potent and powerful factor in bringing The majority no longer know what is beautiful. The about the political and industrial supremacy of the GERMINAL majority? No, nor the few. Who works with the joy working class. of creating something useful and beautiful? The toil Knowledge is Power. ers have not the time, nor BY EMILE ZOLA the opportunity for that. Only as the workers have knowledge and intelligence Those in whom the desire is strongest, whom we call can they solve the problem of their own political and (Continued from page II.) the artists, are exploited limited and by the controlling industrial freedom. sides, he’s only been here six months, from Pas-de power, which to-day is the money power, to increase The capitalist have educatedthe workers 'to Calais.” some given capital, or to build monuments to its su— masters advantage to-day, but for their undoing to Both had risen, about to begin work again. When premacy: monumentsof opulence,but not of beauty. their she saw him so cold, she was chagrined. Without Who, indeed,has real freedom to live? To be clean morrow. doubt, she thought him handsomer than the others; and strong and wise? Not the poor, and certainly not The thing that makes for the triumph of capitalism she would have preferred him. The thought of a re the rich. ultimately makes for its own downfall. conciliation arose in her mind, and when the young How, without such freedom, can beauty grow in the Education of the workers for the benefit of the capi— man, \l. still angry, was examining his lamp which was world? Is it always to be'the impossibletask of a soul talist class means gain and profit only for the few, the burning with a pale, blue flame she tried to attract here and there for whom the overpowering impulse upper class of to-day. his attention. must find expression? But the lovers of loveliness Education of the workers for the benefitof the work “Come on, I’ll show you something,”murmured she ‘ should be not merely one of us here and one there, ing class means gain and profit for the working class good-naturedly. stray geniuses,somethingstrange and exotic like flow and ultimately for the whole human race. When she led him to the end of the drift, she had ers in a cinder heap,but all of us. capitalist showed him a crevice in the coal. A slight bubbling That which has served the class will some arose from it and a little noise like the whistling of a day serve the working class. bird. The trained minds that createprofits for the masters to-day create for the producers to enjoy “Put yOur hand there, you can feel the wind. Uncle Rim and the Enemy of will wealth It’s fire-damp.” to—morrow. "They tell me,” said Uncle Rim Highsnooter, He 'was surprised. Was that the terrible fire-damp The future victories of the working class lie not so “that Socialism is going to do away with our which made everything explode? She laughed, saying much in their numbers workers have always been individuality. All have to say is that the (the there was a great deal of it that day, and that was the I if in the vast majority), but in the knowledge they pos' reason Socialists try it they’ve got an awful stifi job the lampsburned so blue. sess.and the ability to intelligently organize and act you ahead of them. For sixty-five years I’ve been “When will fools st0p your tongues?”' cried the together on the political and economicfields. rough living in this great American nation and in all voice of Maheu. Let us ever remember that knowledge is power! Catherine and Etienne hastened to refill their cars, that time I ain’t seen more than seventy-five cents’ worth of individuality altogether,and that was scattered tli-inner’n.old John D. Rockefeller butters br-cad.”

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POLITICAL TRAINING

OF THE WORKING-CLASS

ByDEAN LANGMUIR COMPTROLLERVUNDER THE NEW SOCIALIST ADMINISTRATION. OF SCHENECTADY Writtenfor THE MassesPun. Co.

ISTORY no longer has a the depths, have derided the efiicacy of mere super fighting for future bettermentand is willing to undergo

purely narrative quality. For ficial measures. No mere aggregationof legal phrases present suffering for the sake of a future reward. He

merly_ history consisted in neatly divided into articles and clauses has satisfied will have faith that Socialism is coming, and he will presenting a series of dis them—not even the erection of public buildings for try to prepare the workers so that they may sooner tinct events, each following the relief of the poor. They have themselvespierced and more efficiently assume their new responsibilities. upon the other in a manner beneaththe surface appearanceuntil they have reached He will try to educatethem.

most unexpected and start the underlying essence of conditions, and then have The workingman has a certain mental superiority

lingly surprising. No attempt insisted that the world face that reality. over the wealthy capitalist. He is frequently more

was made to render the To a type of mind such as the Socialist, constructive wholesome, morally, and has a greater capacity for

whole coherent; and few his political action obviously means something far other simple pleasures and a much greater cOiisciousnessof torians of the old school than the mere bringing about of concrete events. of his duty to those of his class. Nevertheless,mentally,

delved below the surface of reforms such as improving charity organizations or the workingman is in many ways less equipped. The records or of tradition. It increasing the efficiency of a system of garbage re capitalist has far greater executive abilty. The work was a great pleasure to both writer and reader to deal moval. Such a mind must at least deal with some of ingman may be able to regulate his own life better, with the purely concrete, and to feel that once the the great forces that make history. At the same time, but he cannot begin to manage the affairs of others description of external events was mastered, history one so viewing things has a sufficientlyhumble attitude. as well as the capitalist. He has not the concentration itself was mastered. I-Ie realizes that historical forces are too'powerful and bf mind, nor the rapidity of judgment, not the decisive Lately the radiance of science has relieved the 0b— lie too deeply for him to stop them or to turn them ness of the capitalist class——andthis, in spite of the scurity into which this rather flippant treatment has back; but on the other hand, he knows that they can fact that his stock of common sense is greater and

accelerated, can more dependable. The trouble is, of course, not that cast this great study. Formerly, for instance, a kind be retarded or and he feels that he of completesatisfaction was felt in the tale of Colum— the workingman is made of different mental stuff, but bus’ voyage and discovery of America. “If this voy that he has not the experience in the world of large age had never been made, America would now be affairs. unknown. If Columbus had not quelled the mutinous No preachingor reading can make up for this lack of It spirit of his crew, he would have had to return to experience. There is no substitute for experience.

Europe, leaving half of the world in outer darkness. is, therefore, fortunate that the working class can at

How delightful that it all turned out exactly as it present secure a fair measure of such experience did 1” through its opportunities in municipal government. It is hard to abandon such readable matter and to Municipal affairs are being conductedwith more and consult modern historical works on the subject. In more efficiency,but in consequencewe notice a danger such work we learn that the progress of civilization ous widening of the gap betweenthe well-meaning but over the western hemisphere did not mainly depend ignorant layman and the highly technical specialist at

upon the exertions of one individual. If Columbus the head of each municipal departmentof a great city. had never lived, or if he had never been drawn to The Comptroller’s report of the City of New York is explore the route by sea to India, or if his men had not commonly intelligible, and yet a less technical proved still more rebellious—under any of these con report would, from an accounting standpoint, be less ditions, the event would have arrived in much the effective. The citizen’s direct control over the munici

same way. It is now understood that the age was pal affairs immediatelyaround him is thus decreasing. if a one of physical and intellectual expansion, that con Nevertheless, working man is to secure good

ditions were ripe for the undertaking by the bolder political training, it must be through matters as local progressivesof just such voyages of exploration. The as possible. The district affairs should be placed as

most that modern history admits is that if Columbus much in his hands as is feasible. At least, he can had never lived the discovery of the new continent determine how his public park shall be laid out and it might have been postponedby some scores of years. how and when is to be used. He can surely be So it is with innumerable other events of history. allowed to say just what shall be done,with public im The Fall of.the Bastille was not the cause of, nor provement appropriations for the neighborhood. Let did it even set in motion, the French Revolution. Our him decide how the streets near his residenceshall be slaves were freed neither by the Civil War, nor by paved and cleaned. a certain document signed by Lincoln. These inci Constructive political action legislates with an eye dents were as mere ripples on the surface, far below not only to efficiency,but also to the effect of the kind which were sweeping mighty under-currents of which of governmentupon the mind of the people. Efficiency even now we have but an imperfect understanding. DEAN LANGMUIR might even for a time not be increasednor expensere The events themselveswere not the forces that made duced, provided that the inhabitants can be educated history, any more than the motorman of a car is the build a deeper channel—one through which they can to a higher capacity for self~government. force that drives forward the car, or guides it around

flow more readily. His conception of constructive po No political training is so effective as that gained curves to the terminus.

litical aetiOn will be that which provides for the has in local affairs. Not only can a greater faculty for Charming as history used to be—and many will tening forward of those forces which are sure to bring initiative and a greater civic responsibility be devel admit this—there can be little question but that it was happiness. oped when one knows every local need,but familiarity \cninparatively useless. Familiarity with the great forces is, a Every present condition as it were, the apex of with every local condition will reveal the measure of 'that shape human affairs, and a knowledge of their in pyramid which. as it recedes in the past, has an in wisdom each step taken. Moreover, efficiency in workings as shown in the past, are of inestimablevalue creasingly broad base upon which it rests. If now we municipal political affairs leads directly to an effective injudging the present. The world is being stirred by reverse the point of view and look forward to any grasp on the wider state, national and international the sense that these forces are consistent, that their desired future condition, it is apparent that we can issues. nature can be fully grasped, and that just so much as a arrive at such future condition only by laying broad Each age has a function of»its own. The last cen our knowledge of them increases, the history-loving foundatiOn. . . tury has been marked by great growth of liberty, both mind will increase in usefulness. a is is If specialist looking for the greatestccnstructive political and intellectual. It is likely that this age Some still prefer the superficial aspectof things. but work which he can undertake, he will not merely seek to be that of the education and political training of the Socialists, who are and have been the world’s lead some immediatebetterment in the workers’ condition. the working class. If so, we should work with the

respectto sounding is ers in for current political truths to He knows that the trouble lies deeperthan that—he current and aid it with all our strength.

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