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The Politics of Policy Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Edited by Lucy Gilson, Marsha Orgill and Zubin Cyrus Shroff

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The Politics of Policy Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Edited by Lucy Gilson, Marsha Orgill and Zubin Cyrus Shroff A HEALTH POLICY ANALYSIS READER: THE POLITICS OF POLICY CHANGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES EDITED BY LUCY GILSON, MARSHA ORGILL AND ZUBIN CYRUS SHROFF A HEALTH POLICY ANALYSIS READER: THE POLITICS OF POLICY CHANGE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES EDITED BY LUCY GILSON, MARSHA ORGILL AND ZUBIN CYRUS SHROFF A health policy analysis reader: the politics of policy change in low- and middle-income countries/ Lucy Gilson, Marsha Orgill, Zubin Cyrus Shroff, editors ISBN 978-92-4-151451-4 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Gilson L, Orgill M, Shroff ZC, editors. A health policy analysis reader: the politics of policy change in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/ about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. The named editors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Printed in France CONTENTS Preface .......................................................................................... 1 Foreword ...................................................................................... 2 Contributors ................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................ 4 Introduction .................................................................................... 5 Lucy Gilson Aims and structure of the Reader ................................................................................5 How to use the Reader ............................................................................................6 Resources ..........................................................................................................7 Part A. Health policy analysis: starting points Lucy Gilson, Irene Akua Agyepong and Jeremy Shiffman What is health policy analysis? ..................................................................................10 Why does health policy analysis matter? ....................................................................... 11 Overview: how do health policies emerge and unfold in low- and middle-income countries? .............. 12 The political economy of development: explaining policy change ............................................ 13 Policy studies and public administration ........................................................................ 15 Three concluding thoughts ...................................................................................... 21 Part B. Critical influences over health policy processes in low- and middle-income countries B1.Power in policy change ...................................................................... 31 Lucy Gilson and Jeremy Shiffman B2.National contexts ...........................................................................37 Lucy Gilson and Irene Akua Agyepong B3.Global health actors and national policy-making .......................................... 45 Jeremy Shiffman and Johanna Hanefeld Part C. Health policy processes in low- and middle-income countries C1.National experiences of health policy formulation and policy change ......................55 Lucy Gilson and Irene Akua Agyepong C2.Agenda-setting processes .................................................................. 61 Zubin Cyrus Shroff, Johanna Hanefeld and Jeremy Shiffman C3.Research, evidence and policy change ..................................................... 71 Lucy Gilson, Marsha Orgill and Zubin Cyrus Shroff C4.Policy implementation ...................................................................... 81 Marsha Orgill and Lucy Gilson Part D. Analytical and methodological papers D1.Using health policy analysis prospectively to influence policy change .....................95 Marsha Orgill and Lucy Gilson D2.Methodological issues in health policy analysis research .................................. 101 Lucy Gilson and Marsha Orgill A Health Policy Analysis Reader for LMICs - iii Part E. Papers included in the Reader Part A. Exemplar papers Reich, M. R. (1995). The politics of health sector reform in developing countries: three cases of pharmaceutical policy. Health policy, 32(1-3), 47-77 ......................................................... 108 Walt G, Gilson L (1994). Reforming the health sector in developing countries: the central role of policy analysis. Health Policy Plan. 9:353–70 ................................................................. 109 Part B. Exemplar papers B1 Dalglish S, Surkan P, Diarra A, Harouna A, Bennett S (2015). Power and pro-poor policies: the case of iCCM in Niger. Health Policy Plan. 30(Suppl 2):ii84-ii94 ................................................... 110 Gilson L, Schneider H, Orgill M (2014). Practice and power: a review and interpretive synthesis focused on the exercise of discretionary power in policy implementation by frontline providers and managers. Health Policy Plan. 29(Suppl 3):iii51-iii69 ...........................................................111 B2 Carbone G (2011). Democratic demands and social policies: the politics of health reform in Ghana. J Mod Afr Stud. 49(03):381-408 ................................................................................ 112 Olivier de Sardan JP (2011). The eight modes of local governance in West Africa. IDS Bull. 42(2):22-31 . 113 B3 Hawkins B, Holden C (2016). A corporate veto on health policy? Global constitutionalism and investor-state dispute settlement. J Health Polit Policy Law. 41(5):969-95 ................................. 114 Ogden J, Walt G, Lush L (2003). The politics of “branding” in policy transfer: the case of DOTS for tuberculosis control. Soc Sci Med. 57(1), 179-88 ............................................................... 115 Part C. Exemplar papers C1 Berlan D, Buse K, Shiffman J, Tanaka S (2014). The bit in the middle: a synthesis of global health literature on policy formulation and adoption. Health Policy Plan. 29(Suppl3):iii23-34 .................... 116 Shearer JC, Abelson J, Kouyate B, Lavis JN, Walt G (2016). Why do policies change? Institutions, interests, ideas and networks in three cases of policy reform. Health Policy Plan. 31(9):1200-11........... 117 C2 Shiffman J, Stanton C, Salazar AP (2004). The emergence of political priority for safe motherhood in Honduras. Health Policy Plan. 19(6):380-90 ................................................................ 118 Walt G, Gilson L (2014). Can frameworks inform knowledge about health policy processes? Reviewing health policy papers on agenda-setting and testing them against a specific priority-
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