DOCSLIB.ORG

Promoting Reconciliation, Accountability and Human Rights in Sri Lanka*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Promoting Reconciliation, Accountability and Human Rights in Sri Lanka* A/HRC/32/CRP.4 Distr.: Restricted 28 June 2016 English only Human Rights Council Thirty-second session Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka* * Reproduced as received. GE.16-10852(E) A/HRC/32/CRP.4 1. This oral update is presented pursuant to Human Rights Council Resolution 30/1 on promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka, which was adopted by consensus with the co-sponsorship of Sri Lanka. The Human Rights Council noted with appreciation the High Commissioner’s report on Sri Lanka to its 30th session, including the findings and conclusions of the comprehensive investigation undertaken by OHCHR, and encouraged the Government of Sri Lanka to implement the recommendations contained therein. Sinhalese and Tamil versions of the OHCHR investigation are now available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/LKIndex.aspx. The Human Rights Council requested OHCHR to continue to assess progress on the implementation of its recommendations and other relevant processes related to reconciliation, accountability and human rights, and to present this oral update to the Human Rights Council at its thirty- second session. 2. Building on the recommendations made in the High Commissioner’s report based on the OHCHR investigation, Resolution 30/1 sets out a comprehensive package of judicial and non-judicial measures necessary to advance accountability and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, as well as strengthen protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The resolution represents an historic commitment by the Government of Sri Lanka not only to the international community, but also most importantly to the Sri Lankan people, of its determination to confront the past and end corrosive decades of impunity, serve justice, achieve reconciliation, and build inclusive institutions to prevent the recurrence of violations in the future. As President Sirisena eloquently argued in his Independence Day speech on 4 February 2016, “it will be freedom, democracy and reconciliation which will be brought by implementing these resolutions”1. 3. Nine months on from the adoption of Resolution 30/1, and eighteen months since the inception of the National Unity Government, it is therefore timely to take stock of Sri Lanka’s progress in implementing these commitments, to identify challenges and constraints, and to recommend strategies for moving forward, including how the Human Rights Council can continue to support this process. 4. This oral update has been greatly informed by the High Commissioner’s own visit to Sri Lanka from 6-10 February 2016 2 . The High Commissioner again expresses his appreciation to the Government for the full cooperation extended throughout his visit. He had the opportunity to meet with President Sirisena, Prime Minister Wickremesinghe, Leader of the Opposition Sampathan, Foreign Minister Samaraweera and other ministers, as well as military service chiefs. The High Commissioner travelled to Jaffna, Trincomalee and Kandy, where he met provincial chief ministers and officials, religious leaders and a broad spectrum of victims and civil society representatives. 5. This update has also benefited from the observations and recommendations made by a number of Special Procedures mandate holders who have visited Sri Lanka in recent months. The High Commissioner welcomes the Government of Sri Lanka’s very positive and productive engagement with the United Nations human rights mechanisms including the standing invitation issued by Sri Lanka to all Special Procedures in December 2015. The Working Group on enforced and involuntary disappearances made a full country visit in November 20153. The Special Rapporteur on truth, justice, reparations and guarantees of non-recurrence has continued to remain in close contact with both the Sri Lankan authorities and civil society, making his second and third technical visits in January and 1 http://www.president.gov.lk/news/speech-delivered-by-president-maithripala-sirisena-at-the-68th- independence-day-celebrations-on-february-4-2016/ 2 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17025&LangID=E 3 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16771&LangID=E 2 A/HRC/32/CRP.4 June 2016 respectively4. The Special Rapporteurs on torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment and the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers recently completed a joint official visit in April-May 2016 5. The Special Rapporteur on minority issues is expected to visit in October 2016 and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression has been invited to visit in early 2017. The High Commissioner also welcomes Sri Lanka’s ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All persons from Enforced Disappearance (CED) on 25 May 2016. Several human rights treaty bodies will review progress of Sri Lanka’s implementation of its treaty obligations in the coming months6. Sri Lanka will also come under review at the 28th session of the Universal Period Review Working Group in October-November 2017. On 21 June 2016, the Government provided information to OHCHR which has been taken into account in the preparation of this oral update. 6. OHCHR has continued to provide technical assistance to the Government in a number of areas through its in-country presence and the deployment on mission of experts and senior officials from OHCHR headquarters. This has included support to the design and roll-out of the national consultations process, and advice on concepts for transitional justice mechanisms. OHCHR also works closely with the Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka and civil society, and is fully engaged with the Resident Coordinator and UN Country Team in developing programmatic activities under the UN Peacebuilding Fund. 7. The National Unity Government formed in September 2015 among a broad spectrum of political parties, including the Sri Lankan Freedom Party (SLFP) and the United People’s Party (UNP), has consolidated its position, creating a political environment conducive to reforms. But the full promise of governance reform, transitional justice and economic revival has yet to be delivered and risks stalling or dissipating. Negotiating party politics and power sharing within the coalition has proved complex as the Government seeks to build and retain the two-thirds majority in parliament necessary to reform the Constitution. This is manifest in an extensive Cabinet with overlapping ministerial mandates, and mixed messages on crucial issues such as accountability. 8. Significant momentum has been achieved in the process of constitutional reform. On 10 March 2016, Parliament adopted a resolution establishing a constitutional assembly to draft and approve a new constitution or amendments by the end of 2016, which would then be put to a referendum in 2017. The drafting process has benefitted from an inclusive public consultation process overseen by a Public Representations Committee that received submissions and held district level consultations in the first quarter of 2016. 9. From a human rights perspective, the constitutional reform process presents an important opportunity to rectify structural deficiencies that contributed to human rights violations and abuses in the past and reinforce guarantees of non-recurrence. These could include a more comprehensive Bill of Rights, stronger institutional checks and balances, enhanced constitutional review, improved guarantees for the independence of the judiciary, effective individual complaints mechanisms and greater direct enforceability of international human rights treaty. Also, as demonstrated by other countries’ experience, is the strengthening of civilian oversight over the military in the form of multiple oversight and accountability mechanisms over defence policy, discipline and promotion, budgeting 4 http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=17029&LangIE 5 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19943&LangID=E, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19942&LangIE 6 In 2016, Sri Lanka will be reviewed by CERD (combined 10th – 17th periodic reports) in August, CMW (2nd periodic report) in September, and CAT (5th periodic report) in November. In 2017, Sri Lanka will be reviewed by CEDAW (8th periodic report) in February. 3 A/HRC/32/CRP.4 and procurement. The new Constitution will also be important in facilitating the establishment of the transitional justice mechanisms envisaged by the Government, for instance the criminalisation of international crimes in national law or allowing for the involvement of international judicial personnel. At the same time, the High Commissioner hopes that the political process of adopting constitutional changes will not involve trade- offs and compromises on core issues of accountability, transitional justice and human rights. 10. An early gain from the Government’s first tranche of constitutional reform, the 19th amendment adopted in April 2015, has been the restoration of the Constitutional Council to recommend appointments to the senior judiciary and key independent institutions. This in turn has seen the appointment of reputed members to the Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka. Although the Human Rights Commission still requires
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* **
    A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Advance Version Distr.: Restricted 16 September 2015 English only Human Rights Council Thirtieth session Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL)* ** * Reproduced as received ** The information contained in this document should be read in conjunction with the report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights- Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka (A/HRC/30/61). A/HRC/30/CRP.2 Contents Paragraphs Page Part 1 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1–13 5 II. Establishment of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL), mandate and methodology ............................................................................................................. 14–46 7 III. Contextual background ........................................................................................... 47–103 12 IV. Overview of Government, LTTE and other armed groups...................................... 104–170 22 V. Legal framework ..................................................................................................... 171–208 36 Part 2– Thematic Chapters VI. Unlawful killings ..................................................................................................... 209–325 47 VII. Violations related to the
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka: Tamil Politics and the Quest for a Political Solution
    SRI LANKA: TAMIL POLITICS AND THE QUEST FOR A POLITICAL SOLUTION Asia Report N°239 – 20 November 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. TAMIL GRIEVANCES AND THE FAILURE OF POLITICAL RESPONSES ........ 2 A. CONTINUING GRIEVANCES ........................................................................................................... 2 B. NATION, HOMELAND, SEPARATISM ............................................................................................. 3 C. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND AFTER ................................................................................ 4 D. LOWERING THE BAR .................................................................................................................... 5 III. POST-WAR TAMIL POLITICS UNDER TNA LEADERSHIP ................................. 6 A. RESURRECTING THE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION IN TAMIL POLITICS .............................................. 6 1. The TNA ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Pro-government Tamil parties ..................................................................................................... 8 B. TNA’S MODERATE APPROACH: YET TO BEAR FRUIT .................................................................. 8 1. Patience and compromise in negotiations
    [Show full text]
  • Tides of Violence: Mapping the Sri Lankan Conflict from 1983 to 2009 About the Public Interest Advocacy Centre
    Tides of violence: mapping the Sri Lankan conflict from 1983 to 2009 About the Public Interest Advocacy Centre The Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) is an independent, non-profit legal centre based in Sydney. Established in 1982, PIAC tackles barriers to justice and fairness experienced by people who are vulnerable or facing disadvantage. We ensure basic rights are enjoyed across the community through legal assistance and strategic litigation, public policy development, communication and training. 2nd edition May 2019 Contact: Public Interest Advocacy Centre Level 5, 175 Liverpool St Sydney NSW 2000 Website: www.piac.asn.au Public Interest Advocacy Centre @PIACnews The Public Interest Advocacy Centre office is located on the land of the Gadigal of the Eora Nation. TIDES OF VIOLENCE: MAPPING THE SRI LANKAN CONFLICT FROM 1983 TO 2009 03 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 09 Background to CMAP .............................................................................................................................................09 Report overview .......................................................................................................................................................09 Key violation patterns in each time period ......................................................................................................09 24 July 1983 – 28 July 1987 .................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka: Journalists, Media Professionals and Human Rights Activists
    Country Policy and Information Note Sri Lanka: Journalists, media professionals and human rights activists Version 2.0 July 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Lanka: Tamil Politics and the Quest for a Political Solution
    SRI LANKA: TAMIL POLITICS AND THE QUEST FOR A POLITICAL SOLUTION Asia Report N°239 – 20 November 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. TAMIL GRIEVANCES AND THE FAILURE OF POLITICAL RESPONSES ........ 2 A. CONTINUING GRIEVANCES ........................................................................................................... 2 B. NATION, HOMELAND, SEPARATISM ............................................................................................. 3 C. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND AFTER ................................................................................ 4 D. LOWERING THE BAR .................................................................................................................... 5 III. POST-WAR TAMIL POLITICS UNDER TNA LEADERSHIP ................................. 6 A. RESURRECTING THE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION IN TAMIL POLITICS .............................................. 6 1. The TNA ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Pro-government Tamil parties ..................................................................................................... 8 B. TNA’S MODERATE APPROACH: YET TO BEAR FRUIT .................................................................. 8 1. Patience and compromise in negotiations
    [Show full text]
  • Attack on the Dollar Farm & Kent Farm – Welioya
    The LTTE Originating in the mid-1970s, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), is a mono-ethnic, fascist, terrorist organisation operating in Sri Lanka that seeks to carve out a separate state in an area that comprises 1/3 of Sri Lanka’s land mass and 2/3 of its coastline. Its trail of atrocities has resulted in the killing of some 60,000 persons and destruction of public and private properties. Among its victims are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India, President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka as well as two generations of Tamil politicians and academics of Sri Lanka, including Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar and TULF leaders A.Amirthalingam and Dr. Neelan Thiruchelvam. The LTTE’s global network of propaganda, fundraising, procurement and shipping has been in existence since the early 1980s. The LTTE is a proscribed terrorist organisation in India, US, Canada, UK and other EU countries. Suicide Bombing Since its first suicide attack in 1987, the LTTE has successfully used the art of suicide bombing to achieve the elimination of political leaders, including moderate Tamil leaders who were part of the democratic political mainstream. The LTTE has carried out around 1/3 of all suicide attacks in the world. The use of the cyanide capsule is a standard method of the LTTE suicide bombers to evade arrest. Even its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran displays a cyanide capsule around his neck and has made it mandatory for all LTTE cadres to wear one, to reflect the spirit of sacrifice and martyrdom expected of an LTTE suicide bomber.
    [Show full text]
  • ISAS Insights No
    ISAS Insights No. 302 – 22 December 2015 Institute of South Asian Studies National University of Singapore 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace #08-06 (Block B) Singapore 119620 Tel: (65) 6516 4239 Fax: (65) 6776 7505 www.isas.nus.edu.sg http://southasiandiaspora.org UNHRC Resolution and Sri Lanka’s ‘Domestic Mechanism’: Accountability for Human Rights Violations Following the recent United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution on Sri Lanka, the Sirisena Government has embarked on a process of establishing a ‘domestic mechanism’. It is imperative to set up this mechanism without further delay to address both domestic and international concerns over the alleged human rights violations in the country. Ayesha Kalpani Wijayalath1 In the context of positive signals on accountability and reconciliation by the newly elected government in January 2015, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) decided to defer consideration of the report mandated by Human Rights Council Resolution 25/1, until the 30th session in September 2015. 1 Ms Ayesha Kalpani Wijayalath is Research Assistant at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore. She can be contacted at [email protected]. The author, not ISAS, is responsible for the facts cited and opinions expressed in this paper. Addressing the 30th UNHRC session on 30 September 2015, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein justified the recommendation of the OISL [Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
    [Show full text]
  • The Sri Lankan Navy: a Collective Blind Eye
    THE SRI LANKAN NAVY: A COLLECTIVE BLIND EYE OCT 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our heartfelt thanks go out to the survivors of the Gun Site dungeons who bravely spoke to us, as well as to the other victims of violations committed by members of the Sri Lankan Navy. This report has taken six years and required enormous patience on the part of the victims. We couldn’t have done this work without the invaluable contribution of many Sinhalese – extraordinary researchers, translators, interpreters and the insider witnesses. Among them decent military oficers who would like to see their country’s security establishment reformed so that it is something of which they can be proud. “I WANT THOSE WHO DID THIS TO ME BROUGHT TO JUSTICE.” (GUN SITE TORTURE SURVIVOR) INDEX INTRODUCTION 6 METHODOLOGY 8 A. NAVY COMMAND STRUCTURE 10 1. BACKGROUND 2. ORGANISATION 3. NAVY INTELLIGENCE IN THE NAVY COMMAND STRUCTURE B. TRINCOMALEE 11 ABDUCTION COURT CASE 13 1. BACKGROUND 2. ABDUCTIONS AND VICTIM PROFILES 3. THE POLICE INVESTIGATION 4. AN EMBLEMATIC CASE ? 5. UNITED NATIONS 6. SEPARATE BUT LINKED CASES C. THE TRINCOMALEE TORTURE SITE 22 1. THE TRINCOMALEE NAVAL COMPLEX 2. NAVAL INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY AT TRINCOMALEE 3. SPECIAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT OF NAVY 4. ILLEGAL DETENTION AT GUN SITE (I) SITE LAYOUT (II) TIME PERIOD DURING WHICH THE SITE WAS IN OPERATION (III) PROFILE OF DETAINEES (IV) NUMBER OF DETAINEES 5.TORTURE 6.DETENTION CONDITIONS 7.DISAPPEARANCES: WGEID VISIT TO SITE. D. SENIOR NAVAL OFFICERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF CRIMES 34 E. SHORTCOMINGS AND INTERFERENCE IN 40 TRINCOMALEE 11 ABDUCTION CASE F OTHER TORTURE SITES 42 G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Suspension from the Commonwealth
    Sri Lanka The Case for Suspension from the Commonwealth 1 Sri Lanka: The Case for Suspension from the Commonwealth 19 November 2009 Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 3 Human Rights .............................................................................................................................. 5 Freedom of Movement............................................................................................................... 5 Food and Medicine .................................................................................................................... 6 Security...................................................................................................................................... 7 Rape and Torture....................................................................................................................... 9 Democracy ................................................................................................................................. 10 Media Suppression .................................................................................................................. 10 Murder of Tamil Members of Parliament ................................................................................. 12 Election Farce.......................................................................................................................... 13 Rule of Law ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NIS SL 2010.Pdf
    NATIO N AL AL IN TEGRITY NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT S Y S TEM TEM SRI LANKA 2010 ASS E SS ME N T No 06, 37th Lane, Queen’s Road, Colombo 03 Tel: 011 436 9781-3 Fax: +94 11 2506419 SRI L A N KA 2010 ISBN: 578-955-1281-44-1 NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT SRI LANKA 2010 www.tisrilanka.org ISBN: 978-955-1281-44-1 © Transparency International Sri Lanka Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of April 2011. Nevertheless, Transparency International Sri Lanka cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM | SRI LANKA 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. II LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS ................................................................................................. IV CONTRIBUTORS TO THE STUDY .............................................................................................. V ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................ VI FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... X OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS ................................................................................................. XII I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hewage Law Group Administrative Tribunals and Legal Services Public Policy Matters Mailing Address: 2581 River Mist Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2J 6G1, Canada
    HLG Hewage Law Group Administrative Tribunals and Legal Services Public Policy Matters Mailing Address: 2581 River Mist Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2J 6G1, Canada. Telephone: + 1 613 612 7615 | e-mail: [email protected] | w3: www.hewagelaw.com By EMAIL October 14, 2020 To: Honourable Francois-Philippe Champagne, MP Minister of Foreign Affairs Global Affairs Canada House of Commons office Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6 email: [email protected] Honourable Karina Gould, MP Minister of International Development email: [email protected] Mr. Rob Oliphant Ms. Kamal Khera Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of International Affairs Development [email protected] [email protected] CC: Mr. David Harman Ms. Gillian Frost Director General Exceutive Director South Asia Bureau South Asia Division [email protected] [email protected] Dear Hon. MP Champagne, Hon. MP Karina Gould, Mr. Oliphant, Ms. Khera, Re: A petition # 432-00052 submitted by MP Gary Anandasangaree and others Submission against the Petition Please find our submission on behalf of the Ontario Centre for Policy Research, against petition # 432-00052 submitted by MP Gary Anandasangaree and others to Foreign Affairs. We request the (if Government of Canada decided to respond) shall respond to the petition with a balanced view of this matter. If you need additional information, I am available at 613 612 7615 Yours very truly, HEWAGE LAW GROUP
    [Show full text]
  • Report Sri Lankan Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters
    Report Sri Lankan Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters Report of Sri Lankan Parliament Select Committee on Natural Disasters The Sri Lankan Parliament Select Committee to Recommend Steps to Minimize the Damages from Natural Disasters The Mandate When the tsunami hit people in Sri Lanka were not ready. In the light of the fact that the people of Sri Lanka were not prepared to face an event of this nature and the unpredictable and destructive nature of the tsunami event, on a motion moved in Parliament on 10.02.2005 the Parliament Select Committee consisting of 21 members from all political parties represented in Parliament was appointed with a mandate to: ‘Investigate whether there was a lack of preparedness to meet an emergency of the nature of the Tsunami that struck Sri Lanka on 26th December, 2004 and to recommend what steps should be taken to ensure that an early warning system be put in place and what other steps should be taken to minimize the damage caused by similar natural disaster’. By unanimous choice of Parliament, Hon. Mahinda Samarasinghe, Chief opposition Whip of Parliament was appointed the Chairman of the Committee and the committee commenced its proceedings on February 11, 2005 and had 28 sittings up to the date of submitting this Report. The Committee heard the evidence of relevant personnel, went on field visits and participated in several local and foreign study tours. Members of the Committee: Chairman Hon. Mahinda Samarasinghe, MP Chief Opposition Whip Other Members Hon. (Mrs.) Ferial Ismail Ashraff, MP Minister of Housing and Construction Industry, Eastern Province Education and Irrigation Development Hon.
    [Show full text]