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(Rational Aeronautics and Space Bdzinktratioo) 232 P RC Rll/!W 301 Jnclas CSCL 03B G3/89 05435 (NASA-TtI-75083j t'O5KOVO OBSF9VRTORY: 33 '?78-:?0'2 Essay 011 ITS HISPCdP p"D SCIEUT'IPIC ACTIVITY (Rational Aeronautics and Space bdzinktratioo) 232 p RC Rll/!W 301 Jnclas CSCL 03b G3/89 05435 SPACE A Unclassifled - lhilimited 19. kcwdty Closril. (of chis Aped 20. Sacwtrity Clorrif. (of this pogd 210 NO. of Pagoo 22. Unclassified Unclassified 23s ii TRAISLATOR ' S PREFACE In Way of 1974 I visited Pulkovo Observatory near Leningrad, a vieit which conjured up im.ges of a tine when the o3servatory tl was th6 %stronomical capital of the world. A century ago positional astronomy was the princid activity of astronomers. The foudation of modern astroncQ FZS %frg built. It was Pulkovo ObSenatOry itsGlf that set the standarjs for 8 great deal of nineteenth eentnTy astronomy: the determinatim of fun- damental constants, the crmpilation of fundamental catalogs of etellsr position. the determination of proper noticns and trfgo- nometric parallax06 of 8-8, the diacovcry Ev-d measurement of double stars, the development of instrumentation and rcethoda of obsorratior, for iiicreased accuracy. To study fhe history crf hilhovo Observatory is to study the development of astronomy in all of Russia over the past century and a half; it hae been the Princioal Astronomfeal Observatcry of the country since the time of its founding. During my visit to the observotmy I mas given a tour of the arounde & a ccpy of A. 5. Dadaev's 1972 rark or, the history of the observatory. As a result of the friendly atti- tude with which I was received, I have since wanted to make ava;lable to readers of Ewlish the historical treatise that was gfven to me. The start of this project took over two years. Though a 1958 version 0' Dadaev's history wa8 translated into English (coincidiw with the IAU meeting in Moscow), the second iv edition of hi8 history is three times longer and containe m-rch more information OK the post-World War I1 activities of the astronomers at Pulkovo. Baeides, the &1@3h version of 1958 is not readily available. Because Pulkovo Obaervatory ranks today with institutions such as Yerkes, Lick, Hale and Greenwich, the histories of which am importadit to aodern astronmy, I felt that my translation prcject would be rorthwhfle, both as a service to those interested in the topic and as a thanlr. you A to the Pulkov.:, astronomers X. N. Tavastsherna and G. S. Kosin. In additior, to the translation I have added a name index (cmtaining full rimes and dates where available), a table of the observatory's directors atid to the list of references 80me roadiy material in English. The Library of Congress 8Chs8ne for transliterating the Russim alohabet has been used thrcugnout. This may make for some confusicrn, a3 DeTch is also krtown 2s Deutsch, Canski" as Hansky, and Oskar Andreevi& Baklund is also J8ns Oskar Backlund. I would like t3 thank Professor S. Vasilevskis (retired L'ck Observetory astronomer) for help in clarifying a number of passages. The ultimate responaibility for the translation, of course, mine. is _- ..e;-i r. F; :.i sc i :.;:.as Medium Altitudes Mission Branch Ames Research Center. ::A?>. Hoffett Piel4, California 29 Octcber 1977 CONTENTS ?ranslator@ 8 preface Author@s introduction 1 The foundhg of the obeematory 5 The astronomical capital of the world 20 At the turn of the century 32 The expansion of programs of investigation 45 Post-revolutionary years 63 Scientific achievements and new searches 39 A second birth 100 Traditions and novelty 116 "High mattem" and everyday work 142 Mysteries and profound speculations 179 Conclueion 212 Literature 217 Directora of the observatory 219 Riame index 220 1 At the present time Pulkovo Observatory bears the name of Ptinciual Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences 1 OF the USSR, but for a very wide circle of people ?n cur country as well as outside its borders, it is known by the first of its r-aes. Founded more than 130 years ago, Pulkovo Observatory, in the first decade of its existence, acquired a reputation ~EIGR~ scientists of the whole world as a first class scientific-invesi' tigtive establishment, and the title of astronomical cupital of the world was already attachtd to it then. The world-wide repu- tatiorr and universal recognition af the observatory came ae a result of its om distinguished works in different areas of astronomy, to astronomical observations of an exceptionally great precision, and to the carefully thought out organization of the observations and the CoRfircied perfection of methcds and means af astronomy. The cbservatory is situated to the south of Leningrad, 19 'Throughout the extent of its history Pulkovo Observatory has had several official names: Principal Astrmomical Observatcry n at Pulkovo (1839-1855), Nikolaevskaia Principal Astronomical Observatory (1855-1918), Principal Russian Astronomical Gbser- vatory (1918-1927), Principal Astronomical Observatory of the USSR at Pulkovo (1927-1945), and Principai Astrononiical Obser- vatory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1945). 2 kilometers from the center of the city, on a hill 75 meters above sea level. A straight and level highway runs almost along the meridian from the city to the observatory, the domes W of which are visible at a distance from Moskovskii Prospect in Lenimrad. At the foot of the hill the highway forks: one /’. branch goes to the city of (formerly TSarskoe Selo)* the other to the main entrance of the observatory 81id on to r Gatchina, Pskov, and Kiev. The fame of Pulkovo stems not only from the scientific activity of the astronomers, but also from the battles fgught by the defenders of the city of Lenin, the cradle of the prole- tariat revolution. Three times in the years of Soviet power Pulkovo was the scene of a bitter, bloody struggle against :;he enemies of the revolution and socialist state. On the third day after the achievement of the rev-lution in Petroerai, in November of 1917, a confrontation took place on the Pulkovo heights between the Red Guard forces and the troops of the Provisional Governmentr which were routed there. In Gctober cf n 1319 the vJhite Guard army of Generai IUdenich was stopped asd routed at Pulkovo. Finally, the Germano-fascist troops, advan- cine: towards Leningrad in 1941, were held back here. From the Pulkcvc heights began the all-out offensive of Soviet troc s on the Leningrad front. From Sectember of 1941 till January of 1944 the southern boundary of besieged Lzninerad was defended and held one and a half kilometers to the south of the main building of the obser- 3 vatary. Intensive artillery and mortar fire from the enemy positions and boabardment from the air brought total destruction c to all buildings of the observatory. General damage done to the observatory was estimated at 137 million rubles (or 26 million American doll-ars, in 3944 currency). - 'Phe year 1953 was the year of the second birth of Pulkovo Observatory. It was not simply restored, but rebuilt from the pound up. Present cost estimates for this- exceed prewar ones. The scientists at Pulkovo worked on diverse problems in astro- nmy and related disciclines, and according to the variety of 'wdertakings by a number of people, Pulkovo Observatory presents itself as one of the mas$ important scientific-investigative astronmicsl institutes in the world. Pulkovo played a significant role in the creation and devel- opment of a number of observatories in our country and beyond the border: Simeiz, founded in 1908, Kislovodsk Mountain Station n n (1948), Blagoveshchensk Latitude Station (1958) , SHernasa n n (29591, Zelenchukskaia (19681, Ulanbztar (Mongolian People's Reoublic, 1960), Chile (near Santiago, in 1962 transferred to a new dace), and others. Pulkovo Observatory has branches at Niko- / --. laev (Ukraine) , Kislomdsk (North Caucasus) , Blagoveehchensk-on- the-Amur (Far East), and investigative bases at the three points. From 1960-1964 the number of investigative expeditionary bases organized by the observatory reached 13, and of ti:ese, two- /- - Zelenchukskaih and Novosibirsk- stand now as invcstigztive centers. The significance of Pulkovo Observatory in the aevelo?ment 4 of modern astronomy is great. The activity of PUlkovc astro- nomers in the D&st and present includes almost all branches of observational astroncmx, with the exception of the monitoring of eneteors, which to an equal extent can be considered an astro- nomical., as well as an atmosoheric, phenomencn. In the litie of workers at Pulkovo were such prominent scientists as Wilhelm von P Struve,wF. A. Bredikhin, A. A. Belopoleskiis A. A. Ivanov, and A G. A. Tikhov. Their works have long been considered classical. The history of the observatory is closely connected in purpose with the history of astronomical science, and its modern activity f;.lls in lfne with the demands of science and life. 96truve is better known by the German form 3f his name (Fried- d rich Georg Wilhelm von Struve) than by the Russian form (Vasilii /- fi IAkcvlevich Struve)e (Tre note ) 5 THl3 FOUNDING OF Th3 OBSERVATORY The date of founding of the astronomical observatory at Pulkovo is considered to be the day of its official inauguration- 7 (19) August 1839. The opening took place in the presence of ~ members of the Academy of Sciences (the full delegation), high dignitaries, foreign officials, eminent scientists and astronomers from other observatories of Russia. The event had i great signi- ficance attarhed to it. The construction of a large, well-equipped astronomical observatory near Saint Petersburg, at that time the capital, by direct authority of the Academy of Sciences was dictated by practical necessity. Russia stood on the path of capitalistic development, which sigiified the expansion of production and a fuller utilization of resources.
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