PROFINET Technology and Application

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System Description

Open Solutions for the World of Automation

Introduction

The ever-shorter innovation cycle PROFINET is the innovative The use of open standards, simple for new products makes the open standard for Industrial operation, and the integration of continuous evolution of automation Ethernet. PROFINET satisfies all existing system segments have technology necessary. The use of requirements for automation driven the definition of PROFINET fieldbus technology has been a technology. With PROFINET, from the beginning. PROFINET is significant development in the past solutions can be implemented standardized in IEC 61158 and IEC few years. It has made it possible for factory and process automa- 61784. to migrate from central automation tion, for safety applications, and systems to decentralized ones. for the entire range of drive The continual further development PROFIBUS, as a global market technology right up to clock- of PROFINET offers users a long- leader, has set the benchmarks for synchronized motion control. term perspective for the implemen- 15 years. tation of their automation tasks. Besides the Real-Time capability In today's automation technology, and the use of IT technology, For the plant or machine engi- moreover, Ethernet and information protection of investment also plays neers, the use of PROFINET technology (IT) is increasingly an important role in PROFINET. minimizes the cost of installation, calling the shots with established PROFINET enables the integration engineering, and commissioning. standards like TCP/IP and XML. of existing fieldbus systems like For the plant operator, PROFINET Integrating information technology PROFIBUS, AS-Interface, and enables simple system extensibility into automation allows significantly INTERBUS, without changes to and high system availability due to better communication options bet- existing devices. That means that autonomously running system ween automation systems, exten- the investments of plant operators, segments. sive configuration and diagnostic machine and system engineers, possibilities, and network-wide ser- and device manufacturers, are all The establishment of certification now ensures a higher standard of vice functionality. These functions protected. quality for PROFINET products. have been an integral part of PROFINET from day one.

Contents

1. PROFINET in overview ...... 1 6. IT integration...... 14 1.1 Distributed I/O (PROFINET IO) ...... 1 6.1 Network management ...... 14 1.2 Distributed automation 6.2 Web services...... 14 (PROFINET CBA)...... 1 6.3 OPC and PROFINET...... 15 1.3 Communication ...... 1 1.4 Network installation...... 2 7. Security...... 16 1.5 IT integration ...... 2 1.6 Security ...... 2 7.1 Types of threat...... 16 1.7 Safety ...... 2 7.2 PROFINET security concept ...... 16 1.8 Drive technology and motion control with PROFIdrive ...... 2 8. PROFINET and MES ...... 18 1.9 Fieldbus integration ...... 2 8.1 Operations in MES ...... 18 1.10 Implementation and certification ...... 2 8.2 Maintenance State ...... 18 8.3 Identification ...... 18 2. PROFINET communication ...... 3 2.1 TCP/IP and UDP/IP communication...... 3 9. Application profiles...... 19 2.2 Real-Time communication (RT) ...... 4 9.1 PROFIsafe for PROFINET...... 19 2.3 Isochronous Real-Time communication 9.2 PROFIdrive for PROFINET...... 20 (IRT) ...... 4 9.3 PROFINET profile for devices in process automation (PA) ...... 21 3. Distributed I/O with PROFINET IO...... 5 9.4 Communication Function Blocs...... 21 3.1 Device roles ...... 5 9.5 Additional profiles...... 21 3.2 The device model ...... 5 3.3 The user process...... 6 10. Fieldbus integration ...... 22 3.4 The services of PROFINET IO...... 6 10.1 Integration into PROFINET IO...... 22 3.5 Alarms ...... 7 10.2 Integration in PROFINET CBA ...... 23 3.6 Engineering...... 7 3.7 Address assignment ...... 7 3.8 The GSD file ...... 8 11. Implementation of devices ...... 24 3.9 Replacing devices ...... 8 11.1 Implementation of PROFINET IO...... 24 11.2 Implementation of PROFINET CBA .....25 4. Distributed automation with PROFINET CBA ...... 9 12. Certification and tools...... 26 4.1 Component model ...... 9 12.1 Process of a certification...... 26 4.2 PROFINET CBA engineering ...... 9 12.2 Granting certification ...... 26 4.3 Creation of components ...... 9 12.3 Tools...... 26 4.4 Component connections ...... 10 4.5 Download of connection information ... 10 13. PI – the organization ...... 27 5. Network installation...... 11 13.1 Tasks ...... 27 13.2 Organization of technology 5.1 Network topologies...... 11 development ...... 27 5.2 PROFINET cabling...... 11 13.3 Technical support...... 27 5.3 Plug connectors...... 12 13.4 Documentation...... 28 5.4 Switches...... 13 13.5 Web site...... 28 5.5 Wireless...... 13 14. Glossary...... 29

1. PROFINET PROFINET CBA PROFINET IO in overview

WEB WEB PROFINET is the innovative open Services Services standard of PI for the implementation of integrated automation solutions based on Industrial Distributed Distributed Ethernet. With PROFINET, simple Automation I/O distributed I/O and time-critical applications can be integrated into Ethernet communication just as Fill Fill well as distributed automation system on an automation IRT component basis. NRT Real Time

1.1 Distributed I/O Figure 1.1: Choices of PROFINET Communication (PROFINET IO) machine parts. That significantly Distributed I/O is connected into reduces engineering costs. communication through PROFINET 1.3 Communication IO. Here, the familiar I/O view of PROFINET based on a component PROFIBUS is retained, in which model is described using a PCD Communications in PROFINET the peripheral data from the field (PROFINET Component Descrip- contain different levels of devices are periodically transmitted tion). It is XML-based and can be performance: into the process model of the generated either by the Component · The non-time-critical transmi- control system. Generator of a manufacturer- ssion of parameters, configu- specific configuration tool, or by the ration data, and switching in- PROFINET IO describes a device free available PROFINET Compo- formation occurs in PROFINET model oriented to the PROFIBUS nent Editor. framework, consisting of places of in the standard channel based insertion (slots) and groups of I/O The engineering of distributed on TCP or UDP and IP. This channels (subslots). The technical automation systems differentiates establishes the basis for the characteristics of the field devices between the programming of the connection of the automation are described by the so-called control logic of the individual level with other networks GSD (General Station Description) technological modules (manufactu- (MES, ERP). on an XML basis. rer-specific configuration tools) and · For the transmission of time- the manufacturer independent con- The engineering of PROFINET IO critical process data within the figuration of the overall installation, production facility, there is a is done in the way familiar to in which the communications system integrators from years with Real-Time channel (RT) avai- relationships between the techno- lable. For particularly challen- PROFIBUS. The distributed field logical modules are determined. devices are assigned to one or ging tasks, the hardware- more controllers during configu- based communication channel ration.

1.2 Distributed automation (PROFINET CBA)

The PROFINET component model sees its real use in distributed automation systems. It is ideally suited for intelligent field devices with programmable functionality as well as controllers. The component model describes autonomously acting partial units of machines or plants as technological modules. A distributed automation system designed on the basis of technological modules greatly simplifies the modulari- Figure 1.2: Mecanical, electrical/electronics and software are grouped as technological zation of plants and machines, and modules in the component model therefore the reuse of plant and

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 1

Isochronous Real-Time (IRT) The large number of existing can be used – for example in fieldbus systems makes it neces- case of Motion Control 1.7 Safety sary to support their simple Applications und high PROFIsafe defines how safety- integration into PROFINET for performance applications in reasons of investment protection. oriented devices (emergency factory automation. shutoff switches, light grids, overfill The integration is done with so- protection systems, etc.) can called "proxies". A proxy is a de- communicate safety-information vice which connects an underlying 1.4 Network installation with controllers over a network fieldbus with PROFINET. securely enough that they can be PROFINET network installations used in safety-oriented automation The proxy concept allows the are oriented towards the specific tasks up to EN954's KAT4, AK6, or device manufacturer, the plant and requirements of Ethernet networks SIL3 (Safety Integrity Level). The machine builder as well as the end in the industrial environment. PROFIsafe profile implements user a high degree of investment These give device manufacturers secure communication using stan- protection. clear specifications of device dard PROFINET IO communication interfaces and their cabling. The mechanizms. The interpretation of docukent "Installation Guideline process data is defined in the 1.10 Implementation and PROFINET" gives plant builders profile. and operators well-proven rules for certification the installation of Ethernet networks. For PROFINET devices of different 1.8 Drive technology and types and manufacturers to be able motion control with to communicate error-free, a stan- PROFIdrive dards-compliant implementation of 1.5 IT integration the communications protocols and The drive profile PROFIdrive application profiles by the device Network management includes describes the drive interface from manufacturer is a prerequisite. functions for the administration of the point of view of the control PROFINET devices and switches application, along with its mapping To demonstrate the quality of in Ethernet networks. This includes to the communication systems PROFINET products, a certification device and network configuration PROFIBUS and PROFINET. process is available. A PROFINET as well as network diagnostics certificate demonstrates standards- (e.g. SNMP). The PROFIdrive profile covers compliant behavior within a application scenarios from simple PROFINET network, as defined by For Web integration, PROFINET frequency converters to highly IEC 61158. uses basic Ethernet technology, dynamic servo drivers. The enabling access to a PROFINET scalable functionality was broken component using standard techno- down into six application classes. logy from the Internet arena. To maintain an open connection between PROFINET and other 1.9 Fieldbus integration systems, the open standard OPC can be used. PROFINET offers a model for integration of existing field buses like PROFIBUS, AS-Interface, and 1.6 Security INTERBUS. This allows the construction of arbitrarily mixed Since available security concepts systems consisting of fieldbus- and from the office area really do not Ethernet-based segments. Thus a suffice for the particular require- smooth technology transition is ments in the automation arena, possible from fieldbus-based security concepts for automation systems to PROFINET. technology have had to be developed.

The PROFINET security concept can handle the increased need for network security in Ethernet-based automation systems. It fulfills the requirements for access control, data encryption, authentication, and logging of security-relevant events.

2 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 2. PROFINET ProcessProcess FactoryFactory Motion communication AutomationAutomation AutomationAutomation Control NRTNRT RTRT IRTIRT

PROFINET uses Ethernet as well as TCP, UDP, and IP as the basis for communications. TCP/IP is the de-facto standard for communication protocols in the IT arena. 100ms 10ms <1ms But for interoperability, it is not ITIT Services TCP/IP enough just to establish a common communication channel between ProcessProcess Data Data Real- Time field devices based on TCP, UDP, and IP, because these standards Figure 2.1: The scalable PROFINET – communications for any application area merely represent the basis for data exchange. Additional protocols and can be used just as easily as MAC address is a unique criterion determinations are thus needed on communications optimized for for the addressing of the target top of TCP or UDP, the so-called speed. This coexisting use of Real- device. PROFINET field devices application protocols, which ensure Time and TCP/IP-based communi- can be connected to the IT world the interoperability of applications. cations between PROFINET field without limitations. A prerequisite The interoperability of applications devices can occur on the same bus for this is that the corresponding between field devices is only lines at the same time. services, for instance File Transfer, ensured when the same application must be implemented in the field protocol is being used. Typical The following examples will clarify device involved. This can differ application protocols are, for the basic mechanisms of TCP/IP from manufacturer to manufacturer. instance, SMTP (email), FTP (file and RT communications for PRO- transfer), and HTTP (Web). FINET CBA and PROFINET IO. The features of TCP/IP and UDP/IP are: The different application areas in industrial automation require a 2.1 TCP/IP and UDP/IP · Detection of frame losses by wide performance range for confirmation mechanisms communication. These range from communication · Repetition of transmitted non-time-critical through Real-Time For non-time-critical processes, capable to clock-synchronized. frames if the confirmation is PROFINET uses communications omitted with the standard Ethernet mecha- For non-time-critical processes, · Flow control, that is, the PROFINET uses TCP/IP and nisms over TCP/IP or UDP/IP receiver can control the UDP/IP. In industrial applications, which follow the international transmission frequency of a however, it is usually not enough. standard IEEE 802.3. sender. This ensures that the Here, significantly stronger require- Similar to standard Ethernet, sender will only send a new ments for data bandwidth and for PROFINET field devices are frame after the previous one clock synchronization exist. Data addressed using a MAC and an IP has been confirmed. exchange optimized for perfor- address. In TCP/IP and UDP/IP mance is called Real-Time commu- communications, different networks All PROFINET field devices must nication (RT), the clock-synchro- are recognized based on the IP support data communication over nized communication is called address. Within a network, the UDP/IP. Isochronous Real-Time (IRT).

PROFINET offers scalable data communications. The globally TCP established standard IT services TCP guarantees the error-free, sequential, complete transmission of data from sender to receiver. TCP is connection-oriented, that is, two stations establish a connection before transmission of data, and the Ethernet connection is disconnected after the transmission is complete. TCP includes mechanisms for continuous monitoring of the connection Ethernet is standardized in IEEE established. 802.3. The specifications include access technology, the trans- UDP mission process, and trans- Like TCP, UDP guarantees the error-free, sequential, complete mission media for Ethernet (10 transmission of data from sender to receiver. However, in contrast to Mb/s), Fast Ethernet (100 Mb/s) TCP, UDP is connectionless, that is, each data packet is treated as an and Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gb/s). individual transmission and there is no transport confirmation. PROFINET uses Fast Ethernet. Omission of timeout monitoring and establishment and cleardown of connections makes UDP more suitable for time-critical applications Fast Ethernet introduced and standardized full-duplex ope- than TCP. The data blocking and communications monitoring implicit ration and switching. in TCP can be performed in UDP on the application level, for instance through RPC (Remote Procedure Call).

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2.2 Real-Time Prioritization of data traffic communication (RT) Real-Time communication uses for IP the prioritized transmission of RT- Data transmission with the A data communication over the Frames the VLAN tag as defined in internet protocol (IP) is not a TCP/IP or UDP/IP channel is IEEE802.1Q, with which 7 priority secured packet transmission provided with a certain amount of levels can be configured. (datagrams) between an IP administrative and control infor- source and an IP destination. mation for addressing and flow TCP/IP, UDP/IP and RT commu- Datagrams can get lost because control, all of which slows data nication can be implemented with of noise on the transmission traffic. To enable Real-Time any off-the-shelf Ethernet channel or network overload, capability for cyclical data controller. they can be received several exchange, PROFINET abandons times or arrive in a different order partially IP addressing and flow than sent. It can be assumed control over TCP and UDP for RT 2.3 Isochronous Real-Time however that an arriving communications. The communication (IRT) datagram is correct. Thanks to communication mechanisms of the the 32-bit checksum of the Ethernet (Layer 2 of the ISO/OSI For particularly demanding tasks Ethernet packet the detection of model) are very suitable for this. the hardware Isochronous Real- errors in the packet is very likely. RT communications can always Time (IRT) is available. It is used run in parallel with NRT for example in Motion Control communications. applicationens and in high performance factory automation Special hardware support is The RT communications in PRO- applicationns. necessary for IRT communication, FINET offer the following options: in the form of ASICs with integrated IRT communication is based on the switch functionality and cycle · RT communication within a following prerequisites: network. In this communica- synchronization. The send intervals of the field devices can be flexibly tion, no addressing information · Communication is exclusively determined by the user. The about the target network is within one network segment. necessary. The administrative transitions between the intervals information of TCP/IP or · The bus cycle is divided into are monitored by the hardware. UDP/IP are eliminated. The RT an IRT phase (red interval) and The transition from the “green frames are already identified an succeeding non-isochro- interval” to the “red interval” is upon receipt using the nous phase (green interval; called the "orange interval". In this Ethertype (0x8892) and see Figure 2.2). interval, the ASIC decides whether processed in the RT channel. an TCP/IP AND UDP/IP frame can · During the IRT phase, time With RT communications, bus be forwarded without delaying the synchronization has to be cycles in the single-digit beginning of the next red interval. supported. For this reason the millisecond range are possible. PTCP protocol is implemented If IRT communication is necessary · RT communication between in PROFINET per IEC 61168. in an installation, the bus bandwith networks. In some networks or The precision of time must already be divided into an IRT during system extensions, it is synchronization depends on portion and a portion including necessary to exchange data the application and is generally TCP/IP, UDP/IP and RT portion over network boundaries. This <1 µs. during the engineering phase. kind of network-spanning communication requires addressing information about the target network (the IP address). "RT over UDP" is available for this application case. · Data multicasts with RT. For cyclical data transmission to multiple nodes direct data transfer between IO-Devices is defined based on Ethernet Multicast. Network-spanning MCR data uses "RT over UDP" for data exchange. Figure 2.2: IRT communication is broken down into an IRT channel and an open channel.

4 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 3. Distributed I/O with Programming device / PC e.g. PLC IO-Supervisor PROFINET IO IO-Controller

Commissioning Application program with Plant diagnosis In an automation installation, the access to process signals direct connection of distributed I/O via PLC process image to the Ethernet is implemented Ethernet using PROFINET IO. These field •Configuration§ §•DiagnosisDiagnose devices can either drive digital or •Production§Nutzdaten data •§Status/ControlStatus/Steuern analog input and output signals, or •Alarms§Alarme •§ParameterizationParametrierung take over preprocessing functiona- Field Device Read and write lity. The focus of PROFINET IO is IO-Device der ProzesssignaleProzesssignaleIO data data transmission tailored to performance but with simple communi- Figure 3.1: Communications pathways in PROFINET IO between different cations equipment. Due to years of types of device experience and in the interests of protecting existing investment, the user view from the PROFIBUS establishment of communication channels during system boot. concept was incorporated. The 3.2 The device model most important are: IO-Supervisor Field devices have the duty to A PROFINET IO-Supervisor (IO- · the use of peripheral modules collect or outputthe process signals Supervisor) might be an engi- used under PROFIBUS, in an automation system. To do neering station in an installation, this, they need a degree of · the process of installation which has temporary access to the intelligence, functionality integrated engineering, and field devices during the by the manufacturer either in a commissioning process. · the programming of field fixed form or in a configurable way. devices. IO-Device There are therefore field devices in the following variants: With regards to data exchange, a A PROFINET IO-Device (IO-De- vice) is a decentrally connected few extensions were necessary · Compact devices are field de- field device near the process. It is due to user requirements. These vices with fixed, unchangeable configured by an IO-Controller or are: capabilities for the exchange of IO-Supervisor and transmits its process data. · Prioritization of the data process data periodically to the IO- exchange between different Controller. An IO-Device can main- · Modular devices are field field devices tain communications connections devices whose capabilities are to multiple IO-Controllers and IO- adapted to the installation · Access from multiple control Supervisors simultaneously. during configuration. systems to the same field devices PROFINET IO follows during data exchange the Provider/Consumer · Description of multiple field model. The provider makes data device options in a single GSD available and the consumer file processes the data. · Extension of the PROFIBUS DP device model IO-Controller IO-Supervisor

3.1 Device roles

PROFINET IO distinguishes, similar to PROFBUS, between different device roles. A device can Context Diagnose Context Data IO-Device include multiple roles. Context I/O-Data I/O Data I/O-Data Record Data Data IO-Controller Alarms Alarms Alarms Record Data Record Data A PROFINET IO-Controller (IO- Record Data Data Record Data Record Data Controller) has control over a pro- API = = 0 0 API = = 2 2 API == x x cess distributed over one or more field devices. It takes in process data and alarms, and processes PROFINET IO IO them in a user program. In automa- API == 00 tion installations, an IO Controller is Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 normally a programmable logic controller (PLC), a DCS system or Figure 3.2: The PROFINET IO device model a PC. It is responsible for the

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The PROFINET IO application layer describes modular and compact devices in which the desribed modules are represented by physical slots. A slot can contain one or more subslots, and these can in turn have 1 to n channels, the structure of the inputs and outputs being mapped to these channels and set by the manufacturer. Slot A slot is the physical place of insertion of a peripheral assembly (module) in an IO-Device. Different Figure 3.3: In PROFINET IO, I/O data can be sent in different bus cycles subslots are located in the different slots, and contain data for cyclical data exchange. Field device manu- Controller establishes a connection facturers determine the capabilities based on the data supplied by the 3.4 The services of of a module. The technical data are engineering system. The Applica- defined in the GSD file. tion Relation (the AR corresponds PROFINET IO to the connection) includes all data Subslot needed to establish this data Cyclic data exchange PROFINET supports subslots, exchange. It can be flexibly For the cyclic exchange of process which are an additional addressing designed. One more APIs are signals and high-priority alarms, layer. Each slot has to own at least given within one AR, allowing a PROFINET IO uses the RT one subslot consisting of 1…n finer division of the application (see channel. For transmitting data, channels. For this reason, for Figure 3.3). One AR can include PROFINET IO uses the following example channels that belong multiple communications relations options for this: together can be grouped. The (CRs). The following CRs are thus · RT communication within a definition is contained in the GSD possible for each API: file from the manufacturer. network: For this performance- · One or more I/O-CRs (these dependent communication, the Index break down into input, output, fast RT channel, which means The Index specifies the data, or multicast) no use of UDP/IP, is used related to a specific subslot, to be (Ethertype 0x8892). read or written acyclically. · Alarm-CR for forwarding of events · RT communication between The access possibilities allowed networks: For this communi- are determined in the definition of a · Record data CR for the cation, both the fast RT slot and its subslots. They can be exchange of acyclic data channel (Ethertype 0x8892) distributed over different IO-Con- records and the protocol mechanisms over UDP/IP are used. trollers, where each subslot can be Each IO-Controller/IO-Supervisor mapped to only one IO-Controller can establish an AR to one or more · IRT communication for deter- for write cycles or alarms. Read IO-Devices. An IO-Device can ministic and clock-synchro- access to inputs is allowed from exchange data with multiple IO- nized data trans mission. multiple IO-Controllers. Controllers. Concurrent write accesses to the same data are For the simple integration of application profiles (PROFIdrive, etc.) prevented by the IO-Device. PROFINET IO provides special addressing elements, the so-called API (Application Programming Interface). It is therefore possible to Send cycle e.g. 2 ms use different APIs to support (Reduction Ratio * SendClockFactor) multiple application profiles in one device. Phase 1 = SendClockFactor * 31,25 µs Phase 2 Phase 1

3.3 The user process Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame x … Frame n Frame 1 Frame n … Frame 1 Frame 2 RR = 1 RR = 2 RR = 2 In order to be able to exchange cyclical and acyclical data between an IO-Controller/IO-Supervisor and FrameSendOffset an IO-Device, the communications channels required have to be established by the IO-Controller Figure 3.4: In PROFINET IO, I/O data can be sent in different bus cycles. when the system boots. The IO-

6 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 · Multicast data traffic (MCR= Multicast Communication Rela- 3.6 Engineering tion) is based on RT as well as 3.5 Alarms IRT communication and con- PROFINET IO sends events within Each PROFINET IO field device is sists of a provider which described by a device description publishes data on the bus and an automation process as alarms which have to be acknowledged by file (GSD). These are provided by one or more consumers which the application process. These the manufacturer. process the data. include both system-defined events The data exchange between the (like the insertion or removal of During engineering the IO-Device IO-Device and the IO-Controller assemblies) and user-defined is to be configured to the actual system expansion based on the occurs in a poll cycle configured by events (e.g. defective load voltage) content in the GSD file. The IO- the IO-Controller. The update cycle which are detected in the control from the IO-Controller to the IO- systems used or have occurred in Device is simultaneously integra- Device is specified during configu- the process (e.g. boiler pressure ted, appropriately parameterized and configured into the PROFINET ration with the engineering tool. too high). The following events are topology (Figure 3.5 (1)). This results in mutual monitoring of differentiated. functional operability (watchdog After completion of the engineering · Process alarms: Events which function). All cyclic data has process, the installer loads the data come from the process and are subslot granularity and is provided for the expansion into the IO- sent to the control system with a status encoding the validity Controller (Figure 3.5 (2)). The IO- of the data. · Diagnostic alarms: Events Controller independently takes over data exchange with the IO-Device In contrast to PROFIBUS, data indicating the malfunction of a (Figure 3.5 (3)). transmission in PROFINET IO can field device be optimized regarding frequency, · Maintenance alarms: Events to that is, data can be sent in different transmit information in order to phases (see Figure 3.4). To omit a device breakdown by 3.7 Address assignment achieve this, PROFINET IO defines means of preventive mainte- In IP-based communications, all a "reduction ratio". It determines nance the frequeancy of the data trans- field devices are addressed by an mission. · Manufacturer-specific IP address. PROFINET uses the diagnostics Discovery and Configuration Acyclic data exchange Protocol (DCP) for IP assignment. (record data) PROFINET defines a standard set of alarm causes, like In the factory configuration, each The reading and writing of field device has, among other information (read/write services) · Pull and plug alarms occur in things, a MAC address and a can be performed acyclically by the connection with modular IO- user. The following services run symbolic name stored. These Devices, when a module is information are enough to assign acyclically in PROFINET IO: pulled or plugged in. each field device a unique name · The parameterization of · Return-of-submodule alarms (appropriate to the installation). individual submodules during occur when an IO-Device is Address assignment is performed system boot supplying data again for a in two steps. particular input element. · The reading of diagnostic · 1. Assignment of a unique information For unique identification, alarms plant specific name to the field are always raised on a slot/subslot. device. · The reading of identification Diagnostic and process alarms can information according to the be prioritized differently by the · 2. Assignment of the IP "Identification and Maintenan- user. address by the IO-Controller ce (I&M) functions" before system boot based on the plant specific (unique) · The reading of I/O data name. Which data can be read or written Both steps occur through the acyclically is determined during integrated standard DCP protocol. addressing by the index. Some services are standardized. All other services have to be implemented on a user-specific basis.

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3.8 The GSD file The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) All field devices have to be All PROFINET field devices are addressed based on a MAC address. described with their technical and This is globally unique. The part Company Code (Bits 47 ... 24) is functional options in a GSD file (General Station Description) pro- obtained for a fee from the IEEE Standards Department. This part is vided by the field device manu- called the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). facturer. This is XML-based and PI offers a MAC addresses to all device manufacturers who do not want written in the GSDML language to apply for its own OOOUI, that is, the OUI of PI and a manufacturer- (General Station Description specific part (bits 23 … 0). Companies can request MAC addresses Markup Language). It includes all from the PI Support Center through this service. The assignment of the data needed by the IO-Controller OUI can be granted in 4k steps.The OUI of PI is 00-0E-CF and is for engineering and for data ex- structured as shown in the table below. The OUI can be used to change. This includes, for instance: address up to 16,777,214 nodes.

· Description of individual input Bit values 47 ... 24 Bit values 23 ... 0 and output assemblies · Options for use of I/O modules 0 0 0 E C F X X X X X X in slots Company code Serial number · Parameters necessary for the correct operation of the field devices

· Diagnostics which can be The contents of the GSD file follow For simple identification of a field produced by a field device, and the international ISO 15745 stan- device, PROFINET IO defines a their meanings dard. One GSD file for PROFINET device identification. This consists IO can describe an entire device of a company code (Vendor_ID) · Description of multiple devices of a family in one file. family (multiple bus interfaces and and a manufacturer-specific code peripheral modules). For each bus (Device_ID). The Vendor_ID is interface (Device Access Point, or unique for each company and is DAP) available with the device assigned once by the PI Support family, the manufacturer can define Center. The Device_ID can be a series of peripheral modules. The defined on a manufacturer-specific GSD file is multilingual. basis.

PI provides schemas for the creation of a GSD file and the GSDML specification. There is also a GSD viewer available for the 1 validation and viewing of a GSD 2 file.

GSD 3.9 Replacing devices

Before system boot, each IO- Device must be assigned a unique name (see address assignment). 3 Ethernet Device manufacturer This allows the IO-Device to be accepted in the bus system. Convenient IO-Devices have all the necessary information in a swap- pable memory card. When Figure 3.5: From engineering to data exchange exchanging devices, then, only this module has to be exchanged.

8 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 4. Distributed form of technological modules. The The establishment of communi- automation with functionality of the technological cation relations is done by drawing modules is encapsulated in uniform lines between the components to PROFINET CBA PROFINET components. From the be connected. The connection outside, PROFINET components editor then immediately checks the are accessed through uniformly desired connections for plausibility. PROFINET CBA is a trand-setting defined interfaces. They can be Exchange of data between the concept for industrial automation arbitrarily connected in this way. PROFINET nodes is ensured by which fulfills the requirements of the configured connections. The plant builders and operators for an A distributed automation system technical options for a PROFINET system-wide and manufacturer- designed in this way allows to CBA device are described in an independent engineering process. modularize plants and machines XML-based file, the PROFINET The seamless integration of and therefore the reuse of Component Description (PCD) existing fieldbus systems and segments of plants and machines. which is provided by the manu- Ethernet is an important aspect of This significantly reduces facturer of the field device. the required continuity from the engineering costs. enterprise level down to the field The engineering model makes a level. Figure 4.1 shows the path from a distinction between the program- technological module to a PROFI- ming of the control logic of the PROFINET CBA has a powerful NET component located on the individual technological modules runtime model available. For the field device in software form. and the technological configuration implementation of the PROFINET of the overall system. An system- runtime model in devices, there is wide application is thus built in an operating-system-independent 4.2 PROFINET CBA three phases: runtime source software package engineering available for download from the · Creation of components, Web site www.profinet.com. It For user-friendly configuration of a · Establishment of connections, supports the entire PROFINET PROFINET system, a single manu- communication and can easily be facturer-independent engineering · Download of the connection integrated into PROFINET CBA concept is defined. It is based on information into the PROFINET devices. an engineering object model with devices. which not only configuration tools can be developed which can use 4.1 Component model the components of different 4.3 Creation of components manufacturers, but also manu- Many automation systems can be facturer- or user-specific functional Creation of components (as an divided into multiple autonomously extensions. Thanks to the sepa- image of the technological mo- working segments. These are ration of manufacturer-specific dules) is done by the machine or called technological modules in device configuration, parameteri- plant builder. The programming PROFINET. They work autono- zation, and programming from and configuration of the individual mously and coordinate between system-wide and manufacturer devices (intelligent field devices, one another using a small number independent engineering with the controllers) is done as always, with of handshake signals. PROFINET engineering tool the corresponding manufacturer- (connection editor), products from specific tools. Afterwards, the user PROFINET CBA is based on the different manufacturers can be object-oriented modeling of techno- software is encapsulated in the easily integrated into one form of PROFINET components. logical modules. Based on the installation and diagnosed. object model, machines and plants are structured in PROFINET in the

Figure 4.1: A PROFINET component represents an autonomous part of an automation system.

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To do this, the device manufac- The PROFINET engineering tool turers merely need to extend their binds the individual distributed software tools with the new compo- 4.4 Component connections applications together throughout nent interface. This generates the The PROFINET components the plant. It works in a manufac- PCD with the prescribed structure, turer-independent manner and can generated are connected up into and with contents as specified in therefore connect PROFINET com- an application from a library using PROFINET. In this way, existing the connection editor. This ponents from any manufacturer user programs, and the know-how connection replaces the previous together. The decisive advantage of programmers and service is that communications must no costly programming of component personnel, can continue to be longer be programmed. relationships with simple graphical used. configuration. 4.5 Download of connection information

Connection information is loaded into the PROFINET devices according to the component connection plan. This means that each component knows its own communications partners, communications relationships, and the information to be exchanged. Establishment of the communications connections to the partner and data exchange occur automatically. The connection information is loaded into each consumer, which then independently creates and monitors the communications connections to the participating partner devices. PROFINET CBA communications work based on the TCP/IP, UDP/IP Figure 4.2: The download of connection information to PROFINET devices is done in or RT mechanisms. each consumer.

10 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 5. Network installation Building 1 Building 2

The international standard ISO/IEC 11801 and its European equivalent EN 50173 define an application- FD FD neutral information technology standard networking for a building complex. They are largely identical in content. Both standards assume FD FD an office-like usage for the building and include the requirement of application neutrality. BD BD The specific requirements for Ethernet networks in the industrial environment, like BD = Building Distributor, FD = Floor Distributor · installation-specific cabling Figure 5.1: The structure of Ethernet network in the office usually has a star topology · individual degree of networking for each machine/plant tree, and ring structures. In optic and twisted pair cabling. It is · line network structures practice, a system consists of a used when dividing complex mixed form of the structures systems into system segments. · rugged, industry-compatible examined individually below. They cables and plug connectors can be implemented and used with Line designed to meet particular PROFINET with either copper The line structure can be realized EMC, temperature, moisture, wiring or with fiber optics. by a switch in the vicinity of the dust, or vibration requirements terminal to be connected, or by a Star switch integrated into the terminal. are not taken into account in these The defining characteristics of the standards. The "PROFINET Instal- star structure is a central signal The line structure is used prefe- lation Guideline " thus defines an distributor (switch) with individual rentially in systems with far-flung industry-standard cabling for Fast connections to all the terminals of structure, such as conveyor Ethernet based on the the network. Applications for star systems and when connecting determinations of IEC 11801. network structures are areas with manufacturing cells. high device density in small distances, like small manufacturing Ring (redundancy) If the ends of a line are connected 5.1 Network topologies cells or a single production machine. together, the result is a ring structure. Network topologies are oriented Tree towards the requirements of the The tree topology results from the Ring topologies are used in installations to be networked. The systems with increased availability combination of multiple stars into most common include star, line, requirements to protect against line one network, possibly mixing fiber breaks or the failure of one network component. Office Area Automation Area

Fixed basic installation in a building Largely system -related cabeling Laid under raised floors System -related cable routing 5.2 PROFINET cabling Variable device connection at workplace Connection poins are seldom changed Industry-standard cables can be Pre-fabricated device connection cable Field-preparable device connections subjected to extreme mechanical Tree-shape network structures Quite often: line-form network structures stress. They require special con- and (redundant) ring structures struction. The Installation Guideline Large data packets (e.g. images) Small data packets (measured values) has defined different cable types which are optimally adapted to a Medium network availability Very high network availability variety of particular industrial Moderate temteratures (form 0 to 50°C) Extreme temperatures (from -20 to +70°C) conditions. Sufficient system No moisture Moisture possible (IP65) reserves allow the construction of Virtually no vibrations Vibrating machines an industry-standard installation with no limitation on transmission Low EMC burden High EMC burden distance. Low mechanical danger Danger of mechanical damage Virtually no chemical danger Chemical burden from oily or aggressive At the field level, there is a similar atmospheres requirement for the cabling as for PROFIBUS. Since some nodes are Table 5.1: The differences between office and automation technology are taken into supplied with 24V power in addition account in PROFINET. to the data connection, a hybrid

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5.3 Plug connectors

A significant criterion for industrial usability is the manageability of the connector technology on site. That is why there are plug connectors for both M12 and RJ45 available. They are easy to configure on site with standard tools. Connetors for copper area In the switching cabinet, the RJ45 is used in the IP20 variant for PROFINET. It is compatible with office plug connectors. Plug connectors outside the switching cabinet must meet industrial requirements to an unusual

Figure 5.2: Ethernet networks in industrial applications usually have linear degree. Here, the RJ45 types in topology IP65 or IP67 or type M12 are used. wiring structure works well here. Detachable connections are made Hybrid cables include lines not just using RJ45 or M12 plug connector for signal transmission, but for systems. The device connections power transmission as well. are implemented as jacks. The connecting cables (device connec- Optical fibers are not sensitive to tion, ranging cables) are equipped electromagnetic influences and can with appropriate plugs on both allow longer network spans than ends which can be configured with copper twisted pair wiring. the specified AWG 22 cable.

PROFINET cabling with All devices are attached to an Figure 5.3: Example of an RJ45 plug copper twisted pair active network component. Net- in IP20 Signal transmission over symme- work components in PROFINET trical copper cables (twisted pair) are switches. The specification of The RJ45 in IP65/IP67 is housed in uses 100BASE TX with a network components ensures a rugged housing with a push/pull transmission speed of 100 Mb/s simple installation. Transmission lock. Special variants allow (Fast Ethernet). The transmission cables are configured with the protection classes up to IP68. medium is defined as two shielded same plugs on both ends and in copper cable pairs, twisted in pairs the same pin layout. The maximum The RJ45 plug connectors (STP = Shielded Twisted Pair). segment length is 100 meters. specified for PROFINET are the variants 14 and 5 in the IEC 61076- Only shielded cables and PROFINET cabling with fiber 3-106. connection elements are permitted. optics The individual components have to PROFINET can be operated with fulfill at least the requirements of multimode or single mode fiber Category 5 of IEC 11801. The optic conductor lines. Signal trans- entire transmission path must mission occurs over 2 optical fibers satisfy the requirements of Class D in accordance with 100BASE-FX at as defined in IEC 11801. a transmission rate of 100 Mb/sec. PROFINET cables have also to The optical interfaces conform to have a cable cross-section of AWG the specifications of ISO/IEC 9314- 22 so that attenuation is minimized 3 (multimode) or ISO/IEC 9314-4 and complex wiring structures (single mode). thereby enabled. For this reason, the specification for PROFINET For applications outside the switch- cables supports a modular setup, gear cabinet, the outer sheathing Figure 5.4: Example of an RJ45 plug which states that if simple has to meet the appropriate connector in IP67 installation rules are followed, an requirements for the installation IEC 11801-compliant structure is location (mechanical, chemical, For the M12 plug connectors, the ensured. thermal, etc.). shielded D-coded variant from the IEC 61076-2-101 is used. For multimode, the maximum segment length is 2 km, and for single mode 14 km.

12 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 Hybrid plug connectors are used in with optical plastic fiber. The robust places where distributed I/O connector is well-suited for field modules are connected through a assembly. IP65/67 variants in a 5.5 Wireless combined plug connector with data housing with push/pull lock permit The advantages of wireless data and power supply. These are RJ45 optical connecting points for transmission are increasingly connectors in IP67 with a 2-pair, rugged industrial use outside of a being applied in the industrial shielded data line for communi- control cabinet. arena. This is not just for the cations and 4 copper lines for savings in cabling costs and power supply. Here, too, the fully installation expenditure. The touch-protected plug connector 5.4 Switches flexibility and mobility of wireless enables the use of the same plugs network infrastructure also enables on both ends, since the integrated PROFINET generally uses completely new solutions in areas touch protection makes it switches for network components. where electrical lines cannot be unnecessary to swap pins. Switches are devices which lie in used, or can only be used with the transmission path between limitations, due to mechanical terminals and regenerate and limitations, security requirements, resend any signals received. They or other environmental conside- serve to structure the network. The rations. Application fields, for basic specifications are found in instance, are the integration of ISO/IEC 15802-3. moving system parts into the communications infrastructure, or Switches suitable for PROFINET the connection of difficult to reach are designed for Fast Ethernet sensor, and also mobile operation (100 Mb/sec, IEEE 802.3u) and and observation, driverless full-duplex transmission. In full- transport systems, and the like. duplex mode, a switch sends and receives data simultaneously on PROFINET communications is also the same port. When using Figure 5.5: Example of an RJ45 possible on these wireless commu- hybrid plug connector in IP67 switches, no collisions occur. Thus nications networks. PROFINET has no bandwidth is lost to the Ethernet to be ready to operate with different collision process. Network configu- radio technologies for different Connetors for fiber optics ration is significantly simplified in application areas, with specific Connections using fiber optics are that the inspection of segment parameters regarding transfer preferably implemented compliant lengths within a collision domain is rates, range, number of nodes, and with ISO/IEC 11801 with the duplex unnecessary. similar. Thus profiles are specified for each technology which specify SC plug connector system. This is To maintain compatibility with older how integration into PROFINET is described in IEC 60874-14. systems or individual older terminal done, which topologies and devices or hubs, 10BASE-TX (10 The latest device generations con- performance values can be tain SC-RJ connector technology in Mb/sec, CSMA/CD) is supported. achieved with the technology, and Furthermore, a PROFINET switch accordance with EN 50377-6. This what sorts of conditions apply, for supports prioritized telegrams per plug connector system links the instance regarding security IEEE 802.1Q, standardized advantage of a smaller form factor requirements. with the robustness of the SC plug diagnostic channels, and auto connector required in an industrial polarity exchange, autonegotiation The specification of these profiles environment. The SC-RJ plug mode, and the auto-cross-over is an ongoing task and must keep connector is employed for the first function. Port mirroring for pace with the availability of radio time in the PROFINET networking diagnostic purposes is optional. technologies and the requirements in the field. As a first step, a profile Office switches may be used if they for WLAN is being prepared conform to industrial specifications. corresponding to the standards Industrial Ethernet switches are from 802.11. designed mechanically (IP protection class, etc.) and electrically (24 V power supply, etc.) for rugged industrial use. On the other hand, they have also to fulfill the EMC requirements of the machine in the industrial environment in order to permit reliable operation.

Figure 5.6: Example for a SC-RJ Connector

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6. IT integration NET, ensuring the uniform The data is transmitted in a behavior of all PROFINET standardized format (HTML or devices. XML) and displayed using standard By using the Ethernet as a front ends (browsers like Netscape, communication medium, not only · Automatic address assignment MS Internet Explorer, Opera, etc.) the described automation techno- with DHCP: In the office arena, This enables the integration of logy functionality can be integrated the Dynamic Host Configu- information from PROFINET into Ethernet, but also IT functions. ration Protocol (DHCP) has components into modern established itself as the de multimedia-supported information Ethernet imposes additional requi- facto standard. PROFINET systems. The advantages of Web rements on network management provides for the use of this integration into the IT area, like in contrast with the fieldbus world standard and describes how in connection with TCP, UDP and DHCP can be used sensibly in · the use of browsers as uniform IP. In order to regulate all technical the PROFINET environment. user interfaces, aspects of the integration of The implementation of DHCP PROFINET devices into such in PROFINET devices is · location-independent access networks, a network management optional. to information on an arbitrary concept has been specified for number of clients, PROFINET. The components of Diagnostics management · platform-independence of the the concept are basically the topics The reliability of network operations clients, and of network infrastructure, IP has a very high priority in network management, network diagnostics, management. In existing networks, · reduction of the cost of and clock time synchronization. the Simple Network Management installation and maintenance Network management simplifies Protocol (SNMP) has established for client-side software the administration and manage- itself as the de facto standard for are all made possible for ment of the Ethernet by using maintenance and monitoring of PROFINET components. standard protocols from the IT network components and their world. functions. In order to be able to Functional characteristics monitor PROFINET devices with The main focus of the PROFINET An additional aspect is the use of established management systems, Web integration is the aspect of Internet techniques in automation SNMP is to be implemented. commissioning and diagnostics. technology. PROFINET specifies a SNMP provides for both read Web-based concepts can be used concept in the framework of Web access (monitoring, diagnostics) particularly effectively within this integration which enables access and write access (administration) to area of application. to PROFINET devices. This is a device. done using Web services based on In PROFINET, only read access to · No special tools are needed standard technologies from the for access, since established device parameters are currently Internet arena. standard tools can be used. specified. Optionally, SNMP can also be implemented. When imple- · Due to worldwide accessibility, menting SNMP in components, 6.1 Network management it is simple for the manufac- most access is to the standard turer to support the user during Network management includes all information for SNMP (Manage- commissioning. functions for the administration of ment Information Base 2 (MIB 2)). · The self-description of com- the network, like configuration The specific diagnosis of PROFI- ponents enables access with a (assignment of IP addresses), error NET components is possible using standard tool without configu- monitoring (diagnostics), and the mechanisms described in the ration information. performance optimization. PROFINET specification. SNMP Possible usage scenarios for Web IP management should not open any other diagnostic channels in this context. integration in the areas of commi- The use of TCP, UCP, and IP in It should only enable integration ssioning and maintenance are, PROFINET results in the require- into network management systems among others, testing and ment of assigning node partici- which do not ordinarily process commissioning, an overview of pants, e.g. the PROFINET devices, PROFINET-specific information. device master data, device their own IP parameters (IP diagnostics, and installation and addresses, subnet masks, etc.) device documentation. · Automatic address assignment 6.2 Web services The representation of the infor- with the PROFINET enginee- mation available should be in both ring system: PROFINET speci- Not only the use of modern a format readable by humans (e.g. fies the DCP protocol (Disco- Ethernet-based technologies is using a browser) and in a machine- very and Basic Configuration), possible for PROFINET. A readable form (e.g. an XML file). which enables the assignment PROFINET component can also be Using PROFINET Web integration, of IP parameters with manu- accessed by an application using both variants are consistently facturer-specific configuration/ Web clients based on standard available. For certain information, programming tools or in plant- technologies from the Internet PROFINET Web integration also wide engineering, e.g. in the sector, like HTTP, XML, HTML, provides standardized XML PROFINET connection editor. and scripting. schemas. DCP is mandatory in PROFI-

14 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006

Technical characteristics The basic component of Web integration is the Web server. It forms the interface between PROFINET and the basic technologies for Web integration.

Web integration in PROFINET can scale up with the performance and characteristics of the Web server. This means that even simple PROFINET devices, equipped only with an "embedded Web server", have equal rights with a PROFINET device with an "MS Internet Information Server" or the "Apache Web server" when Figure 6.1: Web integration enables Web access to PROFINET components participating in Web integration.

The Web functionality is scalable. Through the OPC interface, This makes scalable solutions process and maintenance realizable which are configured as 6.3 OPC and PROFINET information can be transmitted from perfectly as possible for the current production to the business system. application case. The PROFINET- OPC can be used for the specific elements can be integrated integration of PROFINET systems OPC servers for PROFINET are seamlessly into the existing Web with business systems, since OPC already available. Arbitrary OPC implementation of a component. has already been a wide spread clients can be used to access standard in the IT world. PROFINET data transparently through these server.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 15

7. Security virus scanners are generally The terminals thus require no available only after 1 or 2 days. security functionality of their own.

The current trends of automation In order to keep potential risks as Data traffic between secure cells or technology and the increasing low as possible, installation and between clients and the cell nodes usage of Ethernet in the auto- production networks must be can also be encrypted, thus secure mation industry, the options for locked away from the networks of against data espionage and data remote maintenance through the the rest of the company. This can manipulation. This is especially Internet, and the networking of be achieved by controlled and interesting in the case of commu- installation networks with offices uniquely identifiable communica- nication over insecure networks, networks or company-internal tion between the systems network such as is the case with remote Intranets, all increase the potential and the office network or company access over the Internet for risk considerably (hacker attacks, Intranet. maintenance intervention. data manipulation and espionage, Until now, however, existing The PROFINET security concept viruses, worms, and Trojans). security concepts have largely offers the following significant Since security concepts from the been designed for protection advantages: against threats from the Internet, office area really do not suffice for Protection of devices without the particular requirements in the and can counter this sort of threat automation arena, security con- from the office network only their own security cepts for data security in automa- partially at best. The special functionality tion technology must be developed. requirements of automation tech- Existing networks or automation nology are also not taken into devices can be secured with no The PROFINET security concept account. side effects. In many cases, can handle the great need for extension of automation devices network security in Ethernet-based with their own security functionality automation systems. This concept 7.2 PROFINET security is either, technically infeasible, fulfills the requirements for access concept particularly due to the fact that control, data encryption, authentifi- smaller automation devices do not cation, and logging of security- The core of the security concept is have the necessary technical relevant events. in the security-motivated segmen- hardware features, or it would not tation of the automation network. be economical. The cell concept Secure automation cells are built. provides a very efficient option for 7.1 Types of threat The network nodes within a cell are securing existing networks. protected by special security The particular focus of security in network components (e.g. switches Simultaneous protection of automation technology is to ensure or security appliances) which multiple devices the availability, reliable operation, control the data traffic from and to With the cell concept, multiple and protection of industrial plants the cell and check access devices can be secured simul- and production processes. privileges. Only authorized data taneously, meaning smaller costs Potential threats in automation traffic is permitted. Access from for the user and also significantly systems can come from outside via client PCs to secure automation lower configuration effort, since not the Internet just as well as from devices can be performed with a all terminals have to be individually inside via the office network. special security client software. configured for security.

Firewalls protect against risks coming from the Internet.

From the internal office network, there can for instance be temporarily high communications traffic (e.g. triggered by broadcasts) which lead to a production process being affected or even interrupted. Here, it is necessary to limit unnecessary communications. Basically, access from the office network to the automation network has to be permited. Malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojans are seen by most companies as the greatest security risk. The spread of these programs can be so fast that not even multilevel firewalls can provide sufficient protection, since appropriate patches for operating Figure 7.1: The core of the PROFINET security concept is the security-motivated systems or virus signatures for segmentation of the automation network

16 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 Real-Time and security For new threats, the time elapsed Protection of underlying Real-Time capability and security between appearance of the virus fieldbuses are basically conflicting require- (or similar) and availability of a The underlying fieldbuses, like ments. Any security mechanism corresponding update is at least 1 PROFIBUS, are connected via have to check, based on rules or or 2 days. During this time, the proxies in PROFINET, and thus configurations, whether certain virus scanner is helpless against correspond to an automation connections or access are allowed the threat. All in all, this means that component from the point of view or not. That costs time and in the industrial environment virus of the Ethernet. It is fully sufficient performance, too. But with the cell scanners are only of partial to secure Ethernet data traffic, so concept, it is possible to achieve usefulness. the PROFINET security concept is both at once. also capable of securing a fieldbus Since PROFINET security network connected to the Ethernet. Within the cell, Real-Ttime data components allow only authorized traffic can run free of influence from access to the automation devices, The protection functions of any security mechanism. Access to only the accessing device have to the security components be correspondingly protected, devices inside the cell is only The protection function can be insofar as the possibility of a virus checked at the cell input. implemented from and to cells attack exists. The industrial PCs Integrated protection from (including blocking and releasing of within a secure cell thus generally IP and layer-2 services) by control need no virus scanners, reducing malicious software of the entire data traffic (based on costs to an enormous degree and Viruses, worms, and trojans have IP and layer 2), and suitable avoiding performance hits. to be ranked as serious threats. processes can be used for secure However, virus scanners cannot be identification (authentification) of used as the usual counter in many Moreover, PROFINET security network components are capable the network node or serve to cases in the industrial segment, encrypt the data. since it weighs down performance of blocking unneeded ports, greatly to such an extent that production reducing the risk of infection by PROFINET security components malicious software, since these data traffic can be suppressed or use open and established IT often require specific ports to be break down. security mechanisms, whereby the open, e.g. email viruses needing integration into the collection of Another disadvantage of virus port 80. networks in the office environment scanners is their very high can be achieved. Firewall mecha- maintenance cost. Updates to the Despite all this, a virus infection can never be fully ruled out. Here, nisms are available for control of virus patterns have to be made data traffic, and certificate-based often – in some situations multiple too, the security segmentation of the installation network is an VPN or SSL for the secure times per day. In the automation identification and encryption of the field, it is not practical for industrial advantage, since the entire network is not affected and further data. VPN and SSL certificates PCs to be rebooted several times a have the advantage that, unlike IP day. spread is prevented or at least slowed. or MAC addresses, they cannot be falsified, rendering them suitable for higher security requirements.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 17

8. PROFINET and MES Enterprise Resource The integration of automation Planning ERP systems, Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is gai- Interface defined by ISA S 95 ning importance in company-wide, Manufacturing integrated information systems. Execution System While the interfaces between MES MES and ERP are defined in the context of the IEC 62264 specifications, until now there has been no Production Quality Inventory specification for interfaces between Maintenance Interface defined by PROFINET MES and automation systems. Fertigungs- und Prozess- Automation Controller & Field Devices 8.1 Operations in MES IEC 62264 divides MES into the following four operations: Figure 8.1: Maintenance operations · Maintenance Operations PROFINET devices send their · Production Operations status to higher-level devices in a 8.2 Maintenance State standardized format. A state model · Quality Operations, and In maintenance, the procedure of is available for this purpose, which besides the states "good" and · Inventory Operations. state-based maintenance is currently gaining significance. It is "failure" also defines the two pre- Since the topic of maintenance has based on the capability of devices warning levels "maintenance re- great significance in both factory and components to determine their quest" and "maintenance demand." and process automation, Mainte- states and to communicate them nance Operations is supported first over agreed mechanisms. by PROFINET. The result is a 8.3 Identification corresponding document in which, among other things, the information Besides the Maintenance State, content important for an MES the capability of devices and interface is defined. components to provide up-to-date "type plate information" and the information needed for functional and local assignment is an important prerequisite of MES Maintenance Operations. The functions already defined in the document “Identification and Maintenance states Maintenance Functions (I&M)” Degradation have therefore also to be [%] integrated into PROFINET devices. Alarm 1 Alarm 2 100%

Limit 2 adjustable

Limit 1 adjustable Good Maintenance request Maintenance Failure demand 0% critical Time Time for planning of maintenance tasks

adjustable adjustable

Figure 8.2: Maintenance states

18 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006

9. Application profiles

Application profiles are common specifications by manufacturers and users about particular characteristics, performance features, and behaviors of devices and systems. This unification with the help of application profiles has the following advantages:

· Plant operators: The exis- tence of certified profile- conform devices provides a wide independency from single device manufacturers without

loosing a profound set of functionality, Figure 9.1: Safety-oriented operation with PROFIsafe · System integration and installation: The use of certi- (Safety Integrity Level). It implements secure communication with fied devices guarantees a high 9.1 PROFIsafe for PROFINET degree of conformity and inter- a profile, that is, using a particular operability, since the devices Distributed I/O for factory and format for user data and a special protocol. pass a wide range of tests process automation had to live for being elaborated and agreed a long time with the restriction that The specification was collaborated within PI. security tasks could only be upon by manufacturers, users, triggered with conventional techno- · Planing: Through the unifica- standardization organizations, and logy on a second level or testing institutes (TÜV, BGIA). It is tion of the device basic decentrally over special buses. functionality a unified nomen- based on uniform standards, PROFIBUS with PROFIsafe for particularly on IEC 61508, which clature comes up that brings a security-relevant applications was tremendeous simplification of specially addresses requirements the first system to create a for software development. the product choice. complete, open solution able to · Device manufacturer: Unifi- handle the known user scenarios. PROFIsafe takes all error possibi- cation of the use and extension PROFIsafe for PROFINET follows lities into consideration (except for of the achievable integration the same principles. sabotage – Sequrity has to be used depts of the devices in different for this) which can arise in serial PROFIsafe defines how safety- automation systems bus communications, like delay, oriented devices (emergency loss or repetition of data, incorrect The concept of the profile extends shutoff switches, light grids, overfill order, incorrect addressing, or data from a few specifications for a protection systems, etc.) can falsification. particular class of devices to communicate safety control infor- thorough specifications for appli- mation over a network securely cations in a particular industrial enough that they can be used in branch. The term application profile safety-oriented automation tasks is used as an overarching concept. up to EN954's KAT4, AK6, or SIL3

In general, two groups of application profiles are distinguished:

· General application profiles with applicability to different application fields (this includes the PROFIsafe profile, for instance). · Specific application profiles which are developed only for a particular type of application, like PROFIdrive, Encoder, Ident Systems, or PA Devices. PROFIBUS offers a large number of these profiles and can therefore be used in an application-oriented way. These profiles are integrated into PROFINET step by step as required. Figure 9.2: PROFIsafe is available for PROFIBUS and PROFINET IO

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 19

Application Class 4

Automation

Technology There are a series of protective Interpolation measures from which the following Position Control were selected for PROFIsafe: Clock

· Serial numbering of security ControlWord + Speed Setpoint+ ... Status Word + Actual Position... telegrams Clock Synchronous · Time expectation for incoming Operation Drive Drive Drive telegrams, with a new conse- cutive number and confir- Closed Loop Speed Ctrl. Closed Loop Speed Ctrl. Closed Loop Speed Ctrl. mation · Passwords between sender and receiver · Additional data security (Cyclic M M M Redundancy Check, CRC) Encoder Encoder Encoder The skillful combination of these protective measures, along with a Figure 9.3: PROFIdrive positioning with central interpolation and orientation regulation patented "SIL monitor" (to monitor the frequency of defective messages) allows PROFIsafe to high-level technology interface. All In application class 5, a position reach security classes up to SIL 3 drive-related regulation processes target interface is used. Positional and higher. run in the appropriate drive. regulation in this case is done in the drive. The PROFIsafe profile V2 is also In application class 3, the drive available for use with PROFINET. functions as an autonomous one- Application class 6 covers appli- It is suitable for use with PROFI- axis positioning drive, while the cations with distributed automation BUS as well as with PROFINET. control coordinates the overlying and angle synchronization between The possibilities of Ethernet-based technological processes. drives. In these applications, clock- communications, such as signifi- synchronized operation and multi- cantly higher resources (address In application class 4, RPM cast communications between space, telegram size, etc.) and the regulation is done on the drive, and drives are necessary. use of active network components position regulation in the control; (switches, routers) are taken into this is typical for motion control and Drive model account in the new version. robotics applications. The strong The drive model defined in requirements for movements PROFIdrive is built on the device accuracy assume clock-synchro- model for PROFIBUS and nized operation (see Figure 9.3). PROFINET. The data exchange 9.2 PROFIdrive for between control and rive is based PROFINET on corresponding services of the communications system used (see The drive profile PROFIdrive Figure 9.4). describes a common interface between drives and the overlying Drive parameterization control process as well as the The configuration of a drive is done mapping of this interace to the by setting parameters. PROFIdrive communication systems PROFI- defines a protocol for the trans- BUS and PROFINET.

Scope of function Application The PROFIdrive profile covers all Layer PROFIdrive Device application scenarios from simple PROFIdrive Application frequency converters to highly Drive Object Model dynamic servo drivers. The functionality was broken down into six application classes.

Cyclic Acyclic Clock Communication Alarm Application class 1 targets Data Data Isochronous Mechanism Services Exchange Exchange Operation PROFIdrive applications with simple drives, like Communication frequency converter, in which the Communication Model drive is controlled through an RPM Layer or frequency target by the overlying Network Interface automation system.

In application class 2, the Network (physical) automation processes overlying the drive are subdivided into many subprocesses and distributed over the drives. The interface between Figure 9.4: PROFIdrive basic model (application layer and communication layer) control and drive corresponds to a

20 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 mission of parameters between the control or engineering system and 9.4 Communication Function the drive. The protocol is trans- 9.5 Additional profiles Blocs mitted over the standardized servi- Besides the application profiles ces of PROFIBUS or PROFINET. The communication services for described, a series of additional In a profile-specific area, PROFIBUS and PROFINET are profiles for PROFINET will be PROFIdrive defines parameters for defined in IEC 61158-5. The released soon. The profiles already the configuration of the PROFIdrive representation of these services in available for PROFIBUS will be interface. This enables the inter- applications depends on the converted to PROFINET, and new operability between drives from respective control systems and profiles are also being specified. different manufacturers. devices supplied by different manu- The Train Applications profile is Migration facturers. one of those initial new profiles. The functionality of PROFIdrive, In the field of PLC, IEC 61131-3 is Train Applications previously available only for recognized as the worldwide stan- Train Applications include applica- PROFIBUS, was extended to dard that specifies the program- tion profiles for devices in rail auto- PROFINET with the version ming model and the programming mation. Through the use of PROFIdrive V4.0, while keeping languages. The standard defines a PROFINET, Real-Time and IT the user interface. This makes a set of language elements and communications are made problem-free migration from PRO- mechanisms (e.g. data types, available for applications in rail FIBUS to PROFINET possible. The function blocks) that are used vehicles. functionality is independent of the similarly in a well-defined set of communication system used. programming languages (e.g. The standardization of subsystems ladder diagram, structured text). is furthered by the creation of device profiles. A PROFINET 9.3 PROFINET profile for There is available a common set of profile for the rail communications devices in process communication building blocks for network standardized and wide- automation (PA) PROFINET IO and PROFIBUS DP. spread in rail vehicles is being These building blocks can be used specified based on Wired Train Requirements from the process in application programs, that use Bus (WTB) and UIC specifications. engineering sector of the physical the IEC 61131-3 languages. Later steps will result in profiles for transmission technology implemen- a variety of subsystems in rail ted especially with PROFIBUS PA, Thus, a vendor independent automation. interface for access to PROFINET such as intrinsic safety and bus IO-Devices and PROFIBUS DP- power from devices, will also be Slaves is defined. available for systems based on PROFINET via gateway between The application profiles to couple PROFINET and PROFIBUS PA. identification and weighing already PROFINET protects the investment use these communication buidling in existing PROFIBUS PA systems blocks. There are correspondent and otherwise provides migration application specific buidling blocks options from PROFIBUS PA to available. PROFINET. These gateway solutions are based on the PROFIBUS integration in PROFINET IO (see Chapter 11). This secures the already taken investments.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 21

10. Fieldbus integration

PROFINET specifies a model for the integration of existing PROFIBUS and other fieldbus systems like INTERBUS and DeviceNet. This allows the construction of arbitrarily mixed systems consisting of fieldbus- and Ethernet-based segments. Thus a smooth technology transition is possible from fieldbus-based systems to PROFINET.

The large number of existing fieldbus systems makes it neces-

sary to support their simple inte- Figure 10.1: The integration of fieldbus systems is easy with PROFINET gration into PROFINET for reasons of investment protection. The following cases are distinguished: The following fieldbusses will be integrated in the first phase: 10.1 Integration into · The system operator would like to be able to integrate PROFINET IO · PROFIBUS DP existing installations into a Fieldbus integration into PROFI- · PROFIBUS PA newly installed PROFINET NET IO is based on the proxy · AS-i system easily. concept. Usually, fieldbus systems · INTERBUS are integrated into PROFINET IO · The plant and machine builder · DeviceNet would like to use the estab- as modular device. lished, available device lines The integration of further Each fieldbus node is built on their fieldbusses are being considered. unchanged for PROFINET own module in only one IO-Device. automation projects. Thus the data of all modules can Integration example with · The device manufacturer be transmitted in one Ethernet INTERBUS would like to be able to frame. The characteristics of the INTERBUS systems are integrated integrate existing field devices fieldbus nodes continue to be into PROFINET very comfortable. into PROFINET installations available to the corresponding In the context of modular without any costs of change. submodule. No additional configuration tool is necessary for the integration, slot 1 of the PROFINET Fieldbus solutions can easily and fieldbus proxy, since the connec- IO-Device model is reserved for the seamlessly be connected into a tion of a modular devices is INTERBUS master. Over the cyclic PROFINET system using proxies. supported by any programming process data channel, which is The proxy functions as a system. used for status messages and representative of the fieldbus control registers, the state of the device on the Internet. It integrates INTERBUS system can be queried the nodes connected to the and special actions like the underlying fieldbus system into the connection and disconnection of overlying PROFINET system. This nodes can be performed. allows the advantages of fieldbuses like high dynamics, locally exact diagnostics, and automatic system configuration to Physical Device be used in the PROFINET world without settings in the devices. The Slot 1 transfer of system advantages P simplifies planning due to well- Proxy understood workflows and the P Slot 2 commissioning and operation using D the complete diagnostic capabilities D Slot n .. of the fieldbus system. Device and . D software tools are also supported in the usual manner and integrated Fieldbus D into the management of the logical PROFINET system. Device dev 1

Figure 10.2: Modular integration: Every INTERBUS device is mapped on a module in an IO device

22 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 The cyclic process data of slots Connecting fieldbus devices Integration of fieldbus from 2 on up are directly assigned The proxy concept in PROFINET applications to the input and output data of the enables the integration of existing An entire fieldbus application can individual INTERBUS slaves, while fieldbus systems in a simple way be modeled as a PROFINET the PROFINET IO parameters are and with high transparency. component in the framework of the used to set node-specific data and component model. This is for the modeling of device-specific The proxy is a representative on important when an already existing PCP parameters. Diagnostic the Ethernet for one or more system has to be extended using messages from the INTERBUS fieldbus devices (e.g. on the PROFINET. It is not at all important system are available as PROFIBUS). This representative which fieldbus is used to automate PROFINET IO channel diagnostics. maintains a transparent conversion the segment. of communications (no protocol The device model works like an tunneling) between the networks. For communications between the INTERBUS connection assembly For instance, it forwards cyclical existing system and PROFINET, which is not connected to the data transparently to the fieldbus the fieldbus master in the backplane of the control system, devices. PROFINET component has to be but rather is contacted through a PROFINET-capable. Thus the PROFINET connection. existing fieldbus mechanisms are Proxy used within the components, and INTERBUS devices are described PROFINET mechanisms outside using the language FDCML. Since the components. the description options of GSD can PROFIBUS DP also be covered by FDCML, the Intelligent Intelligent effort to describe a component is DP slave DP slave significantly reduced for the device manufacturer, since the description Controller must only be written once, in FDCML. GSD files are then Fieldbus generated at the push of a button from the FDCML editor. Figure 10.3: The principle of integration of individual fieldbus devices using a proxy Distributed I/O 10.2 Integration in PROFINET DP slaves In PROFIBUS, the proxy is a CBA PROFIBUS master on one side, coordinating the data exchange of Figure 10.4: The principle of In PROFINET CBA, there are two the PROFIBUS nodes, and on the integration of fieldbus applications variants available for the connec- other side it is an Ethernet node tion of fieldbus systems: This migration option ensures the with PROFINET communications. user (system operator or builder) · connection of fieldbus devices Proxies can be implemented as protection on the investment in through proxies, and e.g. PLCs, PC-based controllers, or existing systems and wiring. as pure gateways. Moreover, existing know-how in the · the connection of entire user programs is preserved. This fieldbus applications. In the component view, intelligent slaves as used as independent makes the seamless transition to PROFINET components. In the new system segments with PROFINET connection editor, such PROFINET possible. PROFIBUS components are not distinguishable from the components on the Ethernet. Proxies make the communications between devices on different bus systems transparently possible.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 23

11. Implementation of devices

Application (e.g. PLC) 11.1 Implementation of PROFINET IO Application Interface For PROFIINET IO, there is a specification which details the device model and the behavior of a PROFINET IO Kernel field device in the form of protocols ) and communication workflows (so- RPC called state machines). This type of description has already been Linux established for PROFIBUS. The level of detail of the PROFINET IO Real-Time specification allows the software (e.g. UDP channel generation of a standard stack of

Operation System IP from different stack suppliers. System Interface Software stacks For PROFINET IO field device development, pretested software stacks and ASICs are available nowadays which completely or Ethernet partially contain the functionality of an IO-Device. Using these components, a field device developer is able to develop a Figure 11.1: The PROFINET CBA software is made available by PI for certifiable field device. The members. software stacks are generally independent of operating system and Ethernet controller, and Development packages Beyond providing the PROFINET include the mandatory services. For the development of PROFINET mechanisms, the ERTECs contain Figure 11.1 shows the structure of IO-Devices, some companies offer all functions on a chip that are the software stacks for IO-Devices. development packages which are needed for high-performance system capacities. Example implementations with customized to a particular Ethernet easily manageable user interfaces controller. For all other Ethernet controllers, there are software Since PROFINET field devices exist. The scope of delivery of the must always be connected to the software stack includes the areas stacks available which have to be correspondingly adapted. communications system through a shown in blue in Figure 11.1. switch, the ERTEC-ASIC offers Adaptation to the operating system The following sections contain decisive cost advantages in used, a TCP/IP or UDP/IP stack, three examples for available comparison to other Ethernet and the changes to the Board support from different companies controllers, since it already has 4 Support Package are all done by for the development of PROFINET full-duplex switch ports integrated. the field device manufacturer. products. A bus connection to external Hardware switches is therefore not needed. Solution by Siemens The ASICs of the ERTEC family The spectrum of hardware support The ERTEC400 is a high-perfor- support the PROFINET Real-Ttime ranges from ASICs with or without mance communications ASIC with characteristics Real-Time and integrated switch ports to piggy- integrated 4-port switch, ARM 946 Isochronous Real-Time and time back solutions which has only to be processor and PCI bridge. It is also stamping according to IEEE 1588 adapted to the application. The optimized for both the realization of development basis is an Ethernet an IO-Controller and an IO-Device. Development kits for developing a ASIC in any case. ASICs are IO-Device and worldwide technical currently available on the market The ERTEC 200 is optimized for support is available for users which already ntegratei the switch the implementation of IO-Devices. during implementation. Detailed functionality in hardware. It has a 2-port switch with PHYs documentation on the ASICs and and an ARM 946 processor development kits are available at integrated. www.ad.siemens.de/csi/pnio-doc.

24 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 Solution by Hilscher Solution by Softing In order to ensure a high degree of Softing offers implementations of 11.2 Implementation of flexibility, Hilscher has defined the PROFINET IO using hyNet32 netX product family based on a processors and other hardware. PROFINET CBA system-on-a-chip design. The hyNet32 processor family is a For PROFINET component The netX is based on an ARM 926 series of different highly integrated technology, just as for PROFINET EJ-S CPU which runs at 200 MHz. network processors, which use the IO, there is a detailed specification The two 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet same 32 RISC/DSP kernels. The available. The specification interfaces include IEEE 1588 clock individual processors are optimized describes the communications, synchronization and have both hub to different application cases. The device model, engineering, network and switch functionality built in. The spectrum ranges from the hyNet32 management, Web integration, and PHYs, with automatic cross-over LS as a starting point, to the high- fieldbus connections. detection, are part of the netX. end processor hyNet32 EXS. The In addition to the specification, PI hyNet32 EXS has 4 Ethernet The central element in netX is the offers a PROFINET software MACs, 2 PHYs, and hub and package in source code form. This data switch, which connects the switch functionality. This lets it PROFINET runtime software has a 32-bit ARM CPU and the other bus implement solutions with the modular structure and consists of master to the memory and the strictest of requirements. Its little internal peripherals. several layers, each of which must brothers have a smaller number of be adapted to the system MACs and PHYs. The features of the netX enable the environment. The adaptations are operation of standard operating Together with the processors, the limited to the porting interfaces to systems like Windows® CE or operating systems Linux, 4NetOS, the different functional parts of the Linux. There is also a license-free and Nucleus can be used with the environment, the operating system, netX-optimized operating system corresponding tool chains. A power such as WinCE, and the device rcX available. DSP library is also available. application, e.g. PCS. As support for porting tasks, there is also an netX products support RT, and will HyNet32 processors are suitable extensive user description, soon also support IRT. either for hardware platforms for including example applications. PROFINET IO-Devices or for A particular feature of netX is the PROFINET IO-Controllers. There The PROFINET software includes support of different Ethernet-based are a variety of evaluation boards the entire run-time communication. and conventional fieldbuses available with appropriate software With this combination of specifi- activated based on corresponding and drivers. cation and operating system configuration of the communication independent software as source channels. code, the possibility of a low-cost integration of PROFINET into the Detailed information on netX different operating system environ- products are available on the ments of the devices has been www.hilscher.com Web site. created. The PROFINET runtime source software is structured in such a way that it supports the simple integration of existing application software into the runtime object model. Example portations are available.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 25

12. Certification and 12.1 Process of a certification tools The process of a certification, as 12.3 Tools shown in Figure 12.1, proceeds in the same way as for PROFIBUS. XML Viewer For PROFINET devices of different The certification test for PROFINET It is often important for the user to types and manufacturers to be able checks the compliance with the inspect the functionality of a to perform different tasks in the hardware guidelines according to PROFINET field device without automation process correctly, they the PROFINET specification. The having detailed knowledge of the must exchange information over main part is concentrated on contents of the description file. This the bus without errors. A compliance with PROFINET is done using the XML Viewer, prerequisite for this is a standards- functionality. available at www.profinet.com . compliant implementation of the communications protocols and The defined test cases which are Using the XML Viewer, GSD files application profiles by the device run through in a certification test for PROFINET IO and PCD files for manufacturer. are entirely practically oriented and PROFINET CBA can be viewed. are reflected in industrial require- The XML Viewer interprets such a To ensure the quality of PROFI- ments. Therefore, only those test NET products, PI has established a file and is capable of checking it for cases are checked which could certification process. A PROFINET correctness. arise daily in any installation, in certification demonstrates standard order to give all users optimum Any off-the-shelf XML editor can be compliant behavior within a safety from day one in using their PROFINET network, as defined by used to create a GSD or PCD. device in an automation system. IEC 61158. Ethereal The certification test is structured A certification test is a standardized The bus monitor available for as follows: testing procedure performed by download at www.ethereal.com can be used to view all PROFINET experts in Test Laboratories · Test of the hardware accredited by PI. Only certified and Ethernet frames and display devices guarantee worldwide · Automated PROFINET state them in a convenient format. Due conformity of a PROFINET product machine test to its rich variety of trigger options, in an automation facility with nodes this tool is a must-have for · Simulation of diagnostics and from different manufacturers. For developers. alarms this reason, only a certified field Test tool for PROFINET CBA device may carry the PROFINET · Interoperability test name. In order to be able to prepare · Inspection of the GSD file newly developed products for certification, a test tool for As a system operator, you can be PROFINET CBA devices is Development of sure that the automation facility will available for download at PROFINET device and exhibit stable behavior for years. www.profinet.com. This test tool registration to test allows device manufacturers to perform static tests before 12.2 Granting certification certification.

Once a device has passed all tests, Component Editor Test of PROFINET the manufacturer can request a PROFINET components can be device certification from the PI Support constructed using the Component Center. Each certified device Editor that is available for includes a certification number as download at www.profinet.com. This reference. The certificate has a tool ist of value for all who need to no validity of 3 years and can be create PROFINET components. It Test passed? extended after new testing. generates automatically all necessary information the PROFINET Tests which lead to certification connection editor requires. yes can only be performed by accredited Test Laboratories. The addresses of the Test Laboratories Application for a can be found on the Web site certificate www.profinet.com .

Figure 12.1: The process of PROFINET certification.

26 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 13. PI – the organization of members to standards The PI Support Center coordinates bodies and unions. all ongoing activities. · Global technical support For its maintenance, ongoing deve- More than 500 experts are active in through the Competence and lopment, and market penetration, the working groups for the Training Center an open technology needs a development and marketing of the technologies. company-independent institution as · Quality control through device a working platform. For this reason, certification. The subdivision into over 50 WGs the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation allows very efficient development e.V. (PNO) was founded in 1989 as Membership work, concentrating on particular a non-profit interest group for Membership is organized regio- topics and industries. manufacturers, users, and nally. It is open to all companies, institutions. The PNO is a member unions, institutions, and persons All members have the right to in the umbrella group wanting to participate construc- participation in the working groups PROFIBUS/PROFINET Internatio- tively in the development and and can therefore influence further nal (PI) founded in 1995. With 24 spread of the PROFIBUS and development. All new results are regional user organnizations (the PROFINET technologies. Through presented to the members for Regional PROFIBUS/PROFINET the combined efforts of often very comment before being released by Associations, or RPA) and about different members from different the Advisory Board. 1300 members, including those in industries, there is a significant the USA, China, and Japan, PI synergetic effect and a healthy represents the largest interest exchange of information is gene- group in the world in the area of rated. This leads to innovative 13.3 Technical support solutions, effective use of resour- industrial communications. The PI supports more the 30 Compe- ces, and finally to competitive RPAs organize presentations on tence and Training Centers world- advantages on the market. fairs and informational evens and wide and has accredited 7 Test also ensure that new requirements Laboratories for certification work. in the market are taken into These organizations advise, train, account during further develop- 13.2 Organization of and support users and manu- ment. technology development facturers in many ways, or perform testing for certification. As institu- Activity in technological develop- tions of the PI, they provide their 13.1 Tasks ment is controlled by the Advisory services in the context of the Board. uniform regulations in a company- The significant tasks of PI are: independent manner. They are Development teams are organized regularly checked for their suita- into Technical Committees (TCs) · Maintenance and development bility in one of the accreditation with more than 50 fixed working of the technologies PROFIBUS processes customized for each groups (WGs). There are also a and PROFINET. group. Current addresses can be changing number of ad-hoc WGs found on the organization's Web · Support for the global reach of taking on limited topics temporarily. the technologies. site. The WGs work through new · Protection of investment for specifications and profiles, support users and manufacturers quality control and standardization, through influence on standardi- participate in standards bodies, zation. and lead effective marketing · Representation of the interests measures (presentations, confe- rences) to spread the technologies.

Abbildung 13.1: PI Organization

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 27

Brochures and books These local site present current Significant topics are presented in topics/events (news and events, 13.4 Documentation brochures from a marketing stand- press releases), provide infor- As support for users and point. There is a corresponding mation on the technologies (short brochure available for PROFINET. technical descriptions, FAQs, manufacturers, PI provides a wide WBT), have a series of application variety of documentation. This is The documents can be available in the English language. reports, and provide a point for downloaded from the Web site members to freely download all www.profinet.com . If needed, they PROFINET Standard technical and marketing docu- Contains the basic specifications of can also be ordered electronically ments. PROFINET CBA and PROFINET or on CD-ROM. A list of IO, along with a selection from documentation available can also For discussion of technical be obtained from the Web site. questions, there are two open other documentation, like the forums for PROFIBUS and GSDML device description for PROFINET IO. PROFINET. 13.5 Web site The product catalog for PROFIBUS PROFINET Guidelines Includes specifications for imple- PI maintains a shared Web site in and PROFINET products give an mentation, test processes, and English for both the PROFIBUS excellent overview of the performance capabilities of installation. and PROFINET technologies member companies. (www.profibus.com and PROFINET Profiles www.profinet.com). The RPAs Include the approved profile additionally provide their own Web specifications. There is a distinction site in local languages which are drawn here between industry- accessible through the PI Web site. specific and general application profiles.

Members Assembly

Board of Directors Advisory Board

Executive Directors TC 1 Test and Certification

TC 2 Business Office Certification Office Communication Profiles

TC 3 PA TC 3 FA Process Automation Factory Automation Profiles Profiles

TC 4 System Integration

TC 1 Marketing

Figure 13.2: Organizational structure of the technology development

28 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006

14. Glossary

Logical application relation between two participants, that AR Application Relation can comprise more than one communication relations. The network node which establishes the connection is Principle of establishment of Client/Server called the client. A server is then the node to which the connections connection is established. Software representation of a technological module with defined functionality. An automation solution consists of Component several PROFINET components. A PROFINET component contains in general one technological function and the assigned hardware device. Functional extension of a manufacturer-specific Component configuration tool to generate the XML-based PROFINET Generator Component Description (PCD). Manufacturer-independent engineering tool for the Connection configuration of system-wide applications. The connection

editor editor consolidates the individual distributed applications together graphically throughout the installation. Logical communication relation (channel) between two CR Communication Relation participants, that is driven by a specific protocol. Carrier Sense Multiple CSMA/CD Process to regulate access of individual nodes to the bus. Access/Collision Detection Defines the assignment of IP parameters using manufacturer-specific configuration/programming tools or in DCP Discovery and Basic Configuration system-wide engineering, e.g. in the PROFINET connection editor. Dynamic Host Configuration De facto standard for the dynamic assignment and DHCP Protocol administration of IP addresses in a predefined range ERP Enterprise Resource Planning Protected trademark of Xerox Ethernet is standardized and describes the physical and Ethernet (since 1975) data link layers of a network. Part of a Ethernet frame showing the protocol type. Ethertypes are granted by IEEE. They are therefore an Ethertype unanimous differentiating criterion from other protocols. The RT communication within one network is indicated in PROFINET by the Ethertype 0x8892. FTP File Transfer Protocol Protocol for the transfer of files; based on TCP/IP Connection between two networks with different software Gateway and hardware A GSD (General Station Description) contains an XML- based description of the characteristics of I/O devices like GSD General Station Description communications parameters, as well as the number, type, configuration, parameters, and diagnostic information of modules. General Station Description GSDML is the descriptive language for creating a GSD file GSDML Markup Language for PROFINET IO-Devices. She is based onXML. Appearance of a system on the operating and observation HMI Human Machine Interface platform HTML Hypertext Markup Language Document description language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Application protocol supported by the World Wide Web. I&M functions are general information providing functions I&M Identification and Maintenance about devises, like manufacturer, veresion, ordering data, Functions Functions e.t.c. A device (typically a controller) that initiates I/O data IO-Controller exchange. Decentrally located field device assigned to an I/O IO-Device controller. I-/O- Programming device/PC with commissioning and

Supervisor diagnostic functionality in PROFINET IO. Connectionless protocol for the transfer of data telegrams. IP Internet Protocol IP is often used in combination with TCP in order to ensure secure transfer of data.

PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006 29

Isochronous Real-Time channel for particularly high- performance requirements of, for instance, motion control IRT Isochronous Real-Time applications (clock-synchronized applications). When implemented in hardware, clock rates of under 1 ms and a jitter precision of µs can be achieved. Also known as Ethernet address; used to identify an MAC Address Media Access Control Address Ethernet node. The Ethernet address is 6 bytes long and is assigned by the IEEE. MES Manufacturing Execution System Information container which has a temporally changeable Object state and for which it is defined how it must react to incoming messages. Mechanism for the generation and editing of documents OLE Object Linking and Embedding containing objects created by different applications. Generally accepted interface introduced in 1996 for the OPC OLE for Process Control exchange of data between Windows-based applications in automation technology. PROFINET Component XML-based file containing information about the functions PCD Description and objects of PROFINET components. PROFINET Stand-alone tool for the generation of XML-based Component PROFINET Component Description (PCD) files; available Editor for download from the www.profibus.com Web site. A representative object in the object model which stands for a field device or a field device group from the point of Proxy view of PROFINET. The proxy is a representative on the Ethernet for one or more PROFIBUS devices. Defined interface which allows programs on remote RPC Remote Procedure Call devices to be invoked. Name of the status of a system "in operation", as opposed Runtime . to the status of the system "during engineering". Simple Network Management A TCP/IP-based communications protocol for maintenance SNMP Protocol and monitoring of network components. Real-Time channel for the transmission of time-critical process data within the production system in the area of RT Real-Time factory automation. May be implemented in software based on existing controllers. Technology for the segmentation of an Ethernet network Switch into different subnets; serves to avoid collisions and better technology utilize bandwidth. Communication protocol for the transfer of data between Transmission Control local networks. TCP is connection-oriented and is used for TCP Protocol/Internet Protocol communications on the Internet. TCP is usually used in combination with IP (TCP/IP). Transport protocol with broadcast characteristics, suitable UDP User Datagram Protocol for transmission of time-critical I/O data Union Internationale des Chemins UIC International Railway Union de Fer XML Extensible Markup Language Definition of a structure data description Part of the Ethernet frame used for the prioritized transmission of RT data. It mainly contains the priority VLAN Tag Virtual Local Network information of the frame, and causes the priority-oriented forwarding in switch devices. XML Extensible Markup Language Definition of a structured data description WTB Wire Train Bus

Additional information, along with PROFIBUS and PROFINET documentation, tools, and the PROFINET Runtime Source Software, is available on the www.profinet.com Web site.

30 PROFINET Technology and Application, Version April 2006

PROFINET System Description Version April 2006

Order number 4.132

Publisher PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e. V. PROFIBUS Trade Organization PTO Haid-und-Neu-Straße 7 16101 N. 82nd Street, Suite 3B 76131 Karlsruhe AZ 85260 Scottsdale Germany USA Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 Phone: +1 480 483 2456 Fax: +49 721 96 58 589 Fax: +1 480 483 7202 [email protected] [email protected]

Liability exclusion PNO / PTO has elaborated the contents of this brochure carefully. Nevertheless, errors can not be excluded. Liability of PNO / PTO is excluded, regardless of its reason. The data in this brochure is checked periodically, however. Necessary corrections will be contained in subsequent versions. We gratefully accept suggestions for improvement.

Terms used in this brochure may be trademarks, their use by third parties for any purposes may violate the rights of the owner.

This brochure is not a substitute for standards IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 and the PROFIBUS and PROFINET guidelines, profiles as well as the PROFINET Runtime Software. In case of doubt, please refer to these publications which take precedence.

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Australia & New Zealand PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) PROFIBUS User Org. Russia PROFIBUS User Group Mr. V. Oestreich, Mr. P. Wenzel c/o Vera + Association Mr. John Immelmann Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7 Mrs. Olga Sinenko PO Box 797 76131 Karlsruhe Nikitinskaya str, 3 North Ryde Business Centre Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 105037 Moscow, Russia NSW 1670 North Ryde Fax: +49 721 96 58 589 Phone: +7 095 742 68 28 Phone: +61 2 8877 7007 [email protected] Fax: +7 095 742 68 29 Fax: +61 2 8877 7099 [email protected] [email protected] Irish PROFIBUS User Group University of Limerick PROFIBUS Slovakia PROFIBUS Belgium Mr. Hassan Kaghazchi Dept. of Autom. KAR FEI STU Mr. Herman Looghe Automation Research Centre Mr. Richard Balogh August Reyerslaan 80 National Technology Park - Plassey Slovak Technical University 1030 Brussels Limerick Ilkovièova 3 Phone: +32 2 706 80 00 Phone: +353 61 202 107 812 19 Bratislava Fax: +32 2 706 80 09 Fax: +353 61 202 5 Phone: +421 2 6029 1411 [email protected] [email protected] Fax: +421 2 6542 9051 [email protected] Ass. PROFIBUS Brazil PROFIBUS Network Italia c/o Siemens Ltda IND1 AS Mr. Maurizio Ghizzoni PROFIBUS Association South East Asia Mr. Paulo Camargo Via Branze, 38 Mr. Volker Schulz R. Cel. Bento Bicudo, 111 25123 Brescia 60 MacPherson Road, 4th Floor 05069-900 Sao Paolo, SP Phone: +39 030 338 4030 Singapore 348615 Phone: +55 11 3833 4958 Fax: +39 030 396 999 Phone: +65 6490 6464 Fax: +55 11 3833 4183 [email protected] Fax: +65 6490 6465 [email protected] [email protected] Japanese PROFIBUS Organisation Chinese PROFIBUS User Organisation Mr. Shinichi Motoyoshi PROFIBUS User Organisation Southern Africa c/o China Ass. for Mechatronics Takanawa Park Tower Mr. Dieter Dilchert Technology and Applications 3-20-14 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku P. O. Box 16887 Mrs. WangJun Tokyo 141-8641 1612 Dowerglen 1Jiaochangkou Street Deshengmenwai Phone: +81 3 5423 8628 Phone: +27 11 201 3200 100011 Beijing Fax: +81 3 5423 8734 Fax: +27 11 609 5850 Phone: +86 10 62 02 92 18 [email protected] [email protected] Fax: +86 10 62 01 78 73 [email protected] Korea PROFIBUS Association PROFIBUS i Sverige Mr. Cha Young-Sik Mr. Peter Bengtsson PROFIBUS Association Czech Republic #306, Sungduk Building Kommandörsgatan 3 Mr. Zdenek Hanzalek 1606-3, Seocho-dong, Seocho-gu 28135 Hässleholm Karlovo nam. 13 Seoul 137-070, Korea Phone: +46 4 51 49 460 12135 Prague 2 Phone: +82 2 523 5143 Fax: +46 4 51 89 833 Phone: +420 2 2435 7610 Fax: +82 2 523 5149 [email protected] Fax: +420 2 2435 7610 [email protected] [email protected] PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation Schweiz PROFIBUS Nederland Mrs. Karin Beyeler PROFIBUS Denmark c/o FHI Kreuzfeldweg 9 Mr. Kim Husmer Mr. Dolf van Eendenburg 4562 Biberist Jydebjergvej 12A P. O. Box 2099 Phone: +41 32 672 03 25 3230 Graested 3800 CB Amersfoort Fax: +41 32 672 03 26 Phone: +45 40 7896 36 Phone: +31 33 469 0507 [email protected] Fax: +45 44 9777 36 Fax: +31 33 461 6638 [email protected] [email protected] The PROFIBUS Group Mr. Bob Squirrell PROFIBUS Finland PROFIBUS User Organisation Norway The New House c/o AEL Automaatio c/o AD Elektronikk AS 1 Grove Road Mr. Taisto Kaijanen Mr. Kai Atle Myrvang Epsom, Surrey, KT17 4DE Kaarnatie 4 Haugenveien 2 Phone: +44 20 7871 7413 00410 Helsinki 1401 Ski Fax: +44 870 141 7378 Phone: +35 8 9 5307259 Phone: +47 909 88640 [email protected] Fax: +35 8 9 5307360 Fax: +47 904 05509 [email protected] [email protected] PTO Mr. Michael J. Bryant France PROFIBUS PROFIBUS Polska 16101 N. 82nd Street, Suite 3B Mrs. Christiane Bigot Mr. Dariusz Germanek Scottsdale, AZ 85260 USA 4, rue des Colonels Renard ul. Konarskiego 18 Phone: +1 480 483 2456 75017 Paris 44-100 Gliwice Fax: +1 480 483 7202 Phone: +33 1 42 83 79 13 Phone: +48 32 371365 [email protected] Fax: +33 1 42 83 79 13 Fax: +48 32 372680 [email protected] [email protected]

PROFIBUS International Support Center Haid-und-Neu-Straße 7 76131 Karlsruhe Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 Fax: +49 721 96 58 589 [email protected] © Copyright by PNO 04/06