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Working with the Serial Console

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Working with the Serial Console Working with the serial console From ArchWiki Configure your Arch Linux machine so you can connect to it via the serial console port (com port). This will enable you to administer the machine even if it has no keyboard, mouse, monitor, or network attached to it (a headless server). As of Arch Linux 2007.x, installation of Arch Linux is possible via the serial console as well. A basic environment for this scenario is two machines connected using a serial cable (9-pin connector cable). The administering machine can be any Unix/Linux or Windows machine with a terminal emulator program (PuTTY or Minicom, for example). The configuration instructions below will enable GRUB menu selection, boot messages, and terminal forwarding to the serial console. Contents 1 Configuration 1.1 Configure console access on the target machine 1.1.1 GRUB2 and systemd 1.1.1.1 Without GRUB2, systemd only 1.1.2 GRUB v1 and No systemd 2 Making Connections 2.1 Connect using a terminal emulator program 2.1.1 Command line 2.1.1.1 dterm 2.1.1.2 Minicom 2.1.1.3 picocom 2.1.1.4 Screen 2.1.1.5 Serialclient 2.1.2 And, for Windows 2.1.3 Graphical front-ends 3 Installing Arch Linux using the serial console 4 Troubleshooting 4.1 Ctrl-C and Minicom 4.2 Resizing a terminal Configuration Configure console access on the target machine GRUB2 and systemd If you configure the serial console in GRUB2 systemd will create a getty listener on the same serial device as GRUB2 by default. So, this is the only configuration needed for Arch running with systemd. To make grub enable the serial console, open /etc/default/grub in an editor. Change the GRUB_CMDLINE_DEFAULT line to start the console on /dev/ttyS0 . Note in the example below, we set two consoles up; one on tty0 and one on the serial port. GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,38400n8" Now we need to tell grub what command to start in order to enable the serial console: ## Serial console GRUB_TERMINAL=serial GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND="serial --speed=38400 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1" Rebuild the grub.cfg file with following command: # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg After a reboot, getty will be listening on /dev/ttyS0 , expecting 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity and one stop bit. When Arch boots, systemd will automatically start a getty session to listen on the same device with the same settings. Without GRUB2, systemd only Ignore this entire section if you have configured GRUB2 to listen on the serial interface. If you do not want GRUB2 to listen on the serial device, but only want getty listening after boot then follow these steps. To start getty listening on /dev/ttyS0 use systemctl: # systemctl start [email protected] You can check to see the speed(s) getty is using with systemctl, but should be 38400 8N1: # systemctl status [email protected] To have getty listening on /dev/ttyS0 every boot, enable the service for that specific port: # systemctl enable [email protected] Now, after a reboot, getty will be listening on device /dev/ttyS0 expecting 38400 baud, 8 data bits, no parity and one stop bit-times. GRUB v1 and No systemd Edit the GRUB config file /boot/grub/menu.lst and add these lines to the general area of the configuration: serial --unit=0 --speed=9600 terminal --timeout=5 serial console Add suitable console parameters (e.g. change the serial device name or baud rate if required) at the end of your current kernel line: console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600 For example, the kernel line should look something like this after modification: kernel /vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/md0 ro md=0,/dev/sda3,/dev/sdb3 vga=773 console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600 Note: When the terminal --timeout=5 serial console line is added to your menu.lst grub configuration, your boot sequence will now show a series of "Press any key to continue" messages. If no key is pressed, the boot menu will appear on whichever (serial or console) appears first in the 'terminal' configuration line. The lines will look like this upon boot: Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Press any key to continue. Next, we have to edit /etc/inittab and add a new agetty line below the existing ones: c0:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 9600 ttyS0 linux Edit /etc/securetty and add an entry for the the serial console, below the existing entries: ttyS0 Reboot. Note: In all of the steps above, ttyS1 can also be used in case your machine has more than one serial port. Making Connections Connect using a terminal emulator program Note: Before making a connection, it is recommended to add your user to the uucp group. Otherwise you will need root's permission to make a connection: # gpasswd -a username uucp See Users and groups#User groups for details. Perform these steps on the machine used to connect the remote console. Command line dterm dterm (https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/dterm/)AUR is a tiny serial communication program. If you invoke it without parameters, it will connect to /dev/ttyS0 at 9600 baud by default. The following example connect to /dev/ttyS0 at 115200 baud, with 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit-times: $ dterm 115200 8 n 1 See its homepage[1] (http://www.knossos.net.nz/resources/free-software/dterm/) for more examples. Minicom minicom (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=minicom) can be obtained from the official repositories. Start Minicom in setup mode: $ minicom -s Using the textual navigation menu, change the serial port settings to the following: Serial Device: /dev/ttyS0 Bps/Par/Bits: 9600 8N1 Press Enter to exit the menus (pressing Esc will not save changes). Remove the modem Init and Reset strings, as we are not connecting to a modem. To do this, under the Modem and Dialing menu, delete the Init and Reset strings. Optionally save the configuration by choosing save setup as dfl from the main menu. Restart minicom with the serial cable connected to the target machine. To end the session, press Ctrl+A followed by Ctrl+X . picocom picocom (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=picocom) is a tiny dumb-terminal emulation program that is very like minicom, but instead of mini, it is pico. The following example connect to ttyS0 at 9600 bps: $ picocom -b 9600 /dev/ttyS0 See its manual for detailed usage. Screen screen (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=screen) is able to connect to a serial port. It will connect at 9600 baud by default: $ screen /dev/ttyS0 A different baud rate (e.g. 115200) may be specified on the commmand line. screen /dev/ttyS0 115200 Serialclient Serialclient[2] (https://github.com/flagos/serialclient) is a CLI client for serial connection written in ruby. Install it with the following: # pacman -S ruby # gem install serialclient Then, you can use like this: $ serialclient -p /dev/ttyS0 And, for Windows On Windows machines, connect to the serial port using programs like PuTTY[3] (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html) or Terminalbpp[4] (https://sites.google.com/site/terminalbpp/). Graphical front-ends gtkterm (https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gtkterm/)AUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror (http://pkgbuild.com/git/aur-mirror.git/tree/gtkterm)] provides a graphical interface to the task, with most abilities provided by vte (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=vte). cutecom (https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/cutecom/)AUR is another gui enabled serial monitor. putty (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=putty) is also available for Linux. Installing Arch Linux using the serial console Note: The Arch Linux monthly release(i.e. the installation CD)'s boot loader has been configured[5] (https://projects.archlinux.org/archiso.git/tree/configs/releng/syslinux/archiso_head.cfg#n1) to listen on 0 port( ttyS0 /COM1) at 38400 bps, with 8 data bits, no parity bit and 1 stop bit-times. 1. Connect to the target machine using the method described above. 2. Boot the target machine using the Arch Linux installation CD. 3. When the bootloader appears, select Boot Arch Linux (<arch>) and press Tab to edit 4. Append console=ttyS0,38400 and press Enter . 5. Now systemd should detect ttyS0 and spawn a serial getty on it. Login as root and start the installation as usual. Note: After setup is complete, the console settings will not be saved on the target machine; in order to avoid having to connect a keyboard and monitor, configure console access on the target machine before rebooting. Note: While a port speed of 9600 is used in most of the examples in this document, working with higher values is recommended (List of available speeds is displayed in Minicom by pressing 'Ctrl-A' and then 'P') Troubleshooting Ctrl-C and Minicom If you are having trouble sending a Control-C command through minicom you need to switch off hardware flow control in the device settings (minicom - s), which then enables the break. Resizing a terminal Unlike ssh, serial connection does not have a mechanism to transfer something like SIGWINCH when a terminal is resized. This will cause weird problem with some full-screen programs (e.g. less ) when you resized your terminal emulator's window. Resize the terminal via stty is a workaround: $ stty rows lines cols columns However the above one requires you to manually input the proper geometry.
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