DANGDUT KOPLO: SELERA LOKAL MENJADI SELERA NASIONAL Michael H.B

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DANGDUT KOPLO: SELERA LOKAL MENJADI SELERA NASIONAL Michael H.B DANGDUT KOPLO: SELERA LOKAL MENJADI SELERA NASIONAL Michael H.B. Raditya Institut Seni Indonesia – Yogyakarta [email protected] Abstrak Dangdut Koplo merupakan sebuah kesenian yang berasal dari masyarakat dengan geo-kultur tertentu, yakni Pantura dan Jawa Timur. Namun demikian, dangdut koplo tetap merupakan bagian dari genre musik dangdut secara umum. Perkembangan dangdut koplo semakin terejwantahkan jika bertolak dari konstelasi yang terjadi belakangan. Hal ini turut terejawantahkan dengan masifnya genre ini di televisi. Namun di awal perkembangannya, genre ini tidak terlalu mulus, terlebih ketika Inul Daratista naik kelas dari panggung hajatan ke panggung televisi. Hal ini turut merubah kiblat dangdut ala Rhoma menjadi dangdut koplo. Naiknya intensitas atensi masyarakat akan dangdut koplo telah menjadi lonjakan besar bagi masyarakat pelakunya. Dangdut koplo seakan menjadi selera bersama, selera lokal yang menasional. Namun yang menjadi persoalan adalah eksploitasi dangdut koplo mulai tidak wajar. Singkat kata, artikel ini akan menilik kembali persoalan selera dan estetika lokal yang menasional. Proses analisis yang didapat bahwa estetika dangdut koplo turut dikonstruksi kembali oleh televisi Kata Kunci: Dangdut Koplo, Estetika, distribusi, lokalitas, nasional Pendahuluan menciptakan hal yang baru dengan intepretasi Tidak dipungkiri bahwa dangdut merupakan masyarakatnya. Singkat kata, hal ini turut diartikan genre musik paling fenomenal di Indonesia. sebagai proses apropriasi masyarakat lokal. Kekuatan dangdut tidak hanya terdapat pada aspek Jika menilik kembali pada persoalan seni musikal, namun turut terdapat pada aspek yang paling dasar. Kesenian merupakan salah satu kontekstual. Dalam hal ini, dangdut selalu unsur dari tujuh unsur kebudayaan, selain sistem diibaratkan dekat dengan rakyat. Selain alunan religi, bahasa, ilmu pengetahuan, sistem kekerabatan, musiknya yang membuat untuk bergoyang, teks dari mata pencarian, dan teknologi (Koentjaraningrat, lagu dangdut turut menceritakan keketiran dan cerita- 1979). Dalam pembicaraan kebudayaan yang lebih cerita sedih layaknya yang dialami oleh masyarakat. general, tidak ada budaya yang asli dari sebuah Nilai kesamaan tersebut menumbuhkan loyalitas tempat. Kebudayaan merupakan proses dari kebersamaan yang menyeluruh untuk masyarakat. perjalanan panjang dan terdapat banyak pengaruh- Jika ditilik dari perkembangannya, dangdut pengaruh yang ada. Selalu terjadi proses akulturasi, merupakan campuran dari beberapa jenis musik yang asimilasi, bahkan hibridasi kebudayaan yang terjadi ada. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa dangdut pada sebuah proses kebudayaan. merupakan campuran atau kombinasi dari musik- Dalam hal ini masyarakat mengartikan musik yang telah berkembang sebelumnya di musik dangdut dengan budaya setempat dan Indonesia. Secara eksplisit, hal ini dapat dihubungkan menciptakannya lagi menjadi sesuatu yang baru dengan adanya pengaruh akan kontekstual yang bahkan berbeda dari dangdut sebelumnya, dan salah terjadi. satunya adalah dangdut koplo asal Jawa Timur yang Eksistensi dangdut dapat terjaga karena jenis berkembang pesat di Pantura. Dangdut koplo yang musik ini mau mengalami perkembangan seiring berkembang di Jakarta turut menjadi pembahasan dengan perubahan zaman yang turut mempengaruhi yang menarik. Setidaknya selera masyarakat akan kebudayaan, manusia, hingga pola pikir masyarakat. dangdut koplo itu sendiri menjadi pembahasan yang Selain itu, munculnya genre baru dalam musik tidak menarik, terlebih ketika dangdut koplo menasional. terlepas dari kreativitas para komposer, penulis lagu, Bila dilihat dari asal muasalnya, penamaan musisi, masyarakat dan kebudayaan setempat. Dangdut, dibentuk karena adanya suara “dang” dan Kebudayaan setempat mempunyai cara tersendiri “dut”, pada tabla atau kendang yang menjadi ciri dalam menerjemahkan segala sesuatu, serta khas dari jenis music tersebut. Suara kendangan menjadikan genre ini mempunyai ketukan yang unik dangdut turut terpengaruh atas kontekstual yang dan pas. Jika bertolak dari etimologinya, sebenarnya terjadi di masyarakat. Di antara jenis musik yang kata dangdut sendiri dimaksudkan sebagai kata mempengaruhi, eksistensi musik tradisi, daerah, atau cemoohan atau ejekan bagi orkes Melayu dengan dapat kita sebut lokal, tetap terjaga. Di mana musik gaya Hindustan yang mengikuti suara tabla dengan dengan unsur etnik Indonesia, khususnya Jawa cara membunyikan suara terentu sehingga terdengar Timur, turut berkontestasi dengan dangdut. Musik “..dangduuut” (Banoe,2003:108). Dari etimologi daerah tetap mempunyai kekuatan tersendiri, seperti dangdut tersebut, secara eksplisit dapat diketahui Didi Kempot, Trio Macan, dll (Suseno, 2005: 34-52). bahwa musik dangdut merupakan perpaduan dari Dari beberapa unsur dan pengaruh musik musik melayu dan musik india, dan menghasilkan yang mempengaruhi Dangdut, terbukti bahwa harmonisasi suara baru, yaitu dangdut. Menurut dangdut merupakan musik yang melebihi genre Suseno, istilah Dangdut baru muncul dan dikenal luas musik biasanya. Dangdut dapat lebih adaptif sesuai pada tahun 1970-an, kata dangdut diindikasikan perkembangan zaman. Hal ini merupakan berasal dari bunyi kendang yang biasanya digunakan keistimewaan dangdut, karena dangdut dapat dalam pertunjukan dangdut, seperti tabla. Di saat itu menerima unsur musik dari mana pun untuk Billi Silabumi hanya mengejek genre (musik dikombinasikan. Senada dengan hal tersebut, dangdut) baru dengan kata dangdut di media massa. Lockard (1998) menyatakan bahwa: Alhasil media turut mempunyai kontribusi yang Dangdut emerged from the cultural cukup besar dengan menjadikan musik campuran ini melting pot of Jakarta, a city sometimes menjadi musik Dangdut (2005:24-27). compared to the spicy Indonesian salad Sebenarnya cikal bakal Musik Dangdut gado-gado because of its assimilation and sendiri telah berkembang sejak tahun 1950an, intermingling of peoples and ideas arriving berawal dari perkembangan musik yang sangat from outside. dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan zaman disaat itu. Lockard menekankan bahwa dangdut merupakan Diawali dengan Musik Melayu Deli, Melayu Deli ini percampuran layaknya makanan gado-gado, yang merupakan musik Indonesia dengan sentuhan dapat diartikan bahwa dangdut merupakan Semenanjung Melayu (Weintraub, 2010). Lagunya percampuran dari banyak jenis musik lainnya. Alhasil terdengar sangat melayu, seperti lagu Mainang dalam perkembangannya dangdut tidak akan pernah Sayang, Serampang Dua belas, dll. Setelah Deli lekang oleh waktu atau zaman. Melayu, Unsur Pop yang telah terkenal dan sedang Senada dengan Lockard, Sumadjo mengatakan naik daun, membentuk Pop Melayu. Pada saat itu bahwa: musik berkiblat pada genre pop dan pop Melayu. Identitas adalah keselarasan di Adanya kebosanan dengan Pop, maka muncul nuansa antara unsure-unsur yang berbeda-beda, musik unsur India, pada saat itu film India merajai kesimetrisan dan keseimbangan yang serasa perfilman dan acara televisi di Indonesia. Tak di antara mereka yang berbeda-beda, yang dipungkiri bahwa Musik India pada saat itu menjadi menciptakan keteraturan dalam sebuah kiblat musik masyarakat, khususnya jawa. keutuhan. Sifat ini menjadi identitas apabila Setelah India, adanya nilai agama yang kuat sistem hubungan abstar yang sama mempengaruhi unsur Timur tengah masuk ke dalam berulang-ulang diwujudkan dalam kuantitas tataran musik Indonesia, dan saat itu musik Arabian Nampak. Sebuah identitas akan berubah atau timur tengah menjadi kiblat, seperti halnya kalau sistem hubungan abstarknya yang kasidahan, dan lagu bertema Islam lainnya. Secara membetuk pola tertentu juga berubah. kontekstual, di kala itu persebaran pengaruh India (2010:52) dan Timur Tengah turut dipengaruhi oleh keputusan Hal ini membuktikan bahwa cairnya jenis musik ini Soekarno yang menutup jalur distribusi barat di kala menjadikan identitas dari dangdut semakin kuat. itu (HB Raditya, 2013). Paska dari musik timur Bercampurnya segala elemen musik menjadi sebuah tengah, terlebih pengaruh yang diberikan Soeharto di kesatuan baru yang membuat masyarakat tidak kala itu membuka peluang barat kembali kehilangan unsur apapun. Dalam hal ini dangdut berkontestasi dalam industri di Indonesia, dan musik menjelma sebagai sebuah partikel budaya di dalam rock kembali hadir di Indonesia secara legal (HB masyarakat. Raditya, 2013). Sebenarnya, tidak hanya rock yang Tidak hanya itu, keberadaan musik dangdut berpengaruh di kala itu, adalah musik latin dan fusion turut berpengaruh pada fungsi simboliknya pada yang ikut menjadi kiblat musik dangdut. Setelah masyarakat, di mana nilai kebersamaan hadir. musik-musik rock dan barat mencapai puncaknya, Acapkali dangdut turut menjadi media berbagi dan muncul musik beraliran disco atau midi. Musik bersilahturahmi masyarakat pada waktu-waktu tertentu. Dangdut sebagai perayaan di setiap acara membuat terkadang dangdut koplo dipisahkan dari masyarakat. Bahkan, dangdut turut dijadikan media dangdut, namun sejatinya tidak. politik untuk mengumpulkan massa –atau Pada perkembangannya, dangdut koplo menjadikan bintang dangdut sebagai anggota partai. tersebar di jawa timur, dan persebaran paling luasnya Hal tersebut terjadi ketika Partai Golkar terdapat di jalur pantura. Hal tersebut terbukti dengan menggunakan Rhoma Irama sebagai lambang mereka banyaknya grup dangdut koplo di sepanjang jalur (Weintraub, 2010: 148). Masyarakat terpesona pantura, dan pemasangan lagu dangdut koplo di dengan hingar bingar sang raja Dangdut. Namun sepanjang jalan pantura bila kita menaiki transportasi dalam perkembangannya, dangdut
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