5894 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY '17 service; to the Committee on Post Ofllce and acting through the Shipping elution with reference to defeat of legisla­ Civil Service. Board Emergency Fleet Corporation; to the tion titled "The Subversive Activities Control By Mr. ROSS: Committee on the Judiciary. Act"; to the Committee on Un-American Ac­ H. R. 6565. ·A bill to amend the, Surplus By Mr. WOLVERTON: tivities. · ' Property. Act of 1944, as amended, to pro­ H. Res. 595. Resolution to direct the Com­ 1935. Also, petition of Allan K. Millman vide preference to certain widows of veterans mittee· on Interstate and Foreign Commerce and others, petitioning consideration of their in the purchase of surplus property; to the to recommend a national fuel policy; to the resolution with reference to defeat of the Committee on Expenditures in the Execu­ Committee on Rules. · Mundt-Nixon. bill, H. R. 5852; to the Commit­ tive Departments. tee on Un-American Activities. By Mr. BYRNES of : PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS 1936. Also, petition of Ruth Turoff and H. R. 6566. A b111 to amend section 101 of - others, petitioning consideration of their res­ · the National Security Act of 1947; to the Under clause 1 of rule xxu; private olution with reference- to defeat of legisla­ Committee on Expenditures in the Executive bills and resolutions were introduced tion titled "The Subversive Activities Con­ Departments. · and severally referred as follows: trol Act"; to the Committee on Un-American By Mr. HOFFMAN: . Activities. -By Mr. COLMER: . H. R. _6567. A bill to remove subsidy on ex­ 1937. H. R. 6580. A bill to authorize Joe Graham Also, petition of Jack·safer and oth• ported cotton; to the Committee on Agri­ ers, petitioning consideration of their reso­ culture.· Post, Not 119, American Legion, upon certain conditions, to lease the lands conveyed to it lution with reference to defeat of legislation By Mr. BLOOM: titled "Thll Subversive Activities Control H. R. 6568. A bill to authorize .the appoint­ by the act of June 15,. 1933; to the Commit­ Act"; to the Committee on Un-American ment of three additional judges for the tee on Armed Services. Activities. By Mr. JACKSON of Washington: United States District Court for the Southern 1938. Also, petition of S. Schaeffer and District of ; to the Committee on H. R. 658L A bill for the relief of Andrew L. Johnson and Charles W. Gunstone; to the others, petitio~ing consideration of their the Judiciary. resolution with reference to defeat of legisla­ By Mr. HINSHAW: Committee on the Judiciary. By, Mr. JAVITS: .tion titled "The Subversive Activities Control H. R. 6569. A bill to amend the Veterans Act"; to the Committee on Un-American Regulations to ·provide increased rates of H. R. 6582. A ·bill for the relief of Hedwig Activities. compensation for ·certain veterans ·with spe­ Pospischil; to the Committee on the ·Judi­ cific service-incurred disabilities; to the ciary. Committe~ on Veterans'• Affairs. · By Mr. MUNDT: By Mr. WOLCOTI': H. R. 6583. A bill authorizing the issuance H. R. 6570: A bill to provide for the con­ of a patent in fee to John Grey Owl; to the SENATE version of national banking·associations into Committee on Public Lands. and their merger or consolidation with State By Mr. POAGE: MONDAY, MAY 17, 194S banks, and for other purposes; to the Com­ H. R. 6584. A bill for the relief of Mr. Sam mittee on Banking and Currency. Patterson; to the Committee on the Judi­

LAWS PASSED BY MUNICIPAL COUNCILS OF ST. Wyndmere and Lidgerwood, N.Dak., re­ By Mr. HILL, from the Committee on TH01'4AS AND ST. JOHN, AND ST. CROIX, questing •a Government support price on Armed Services: V.I. eggs. s: 2592. A bill to authorize the Secretary of A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, There being no objection, the petition the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the transmitting, pursuant to law, copies ofilegis­ Secretary of the Air Force to return certain lation passed by the Municipal Council of was received, referred to the Committee lands situated in Puerto Rico, in accordance St. Thomas and St. John and the Municipal on Banking and Currency, and ordered with the terms of the conveyances to the Council of St. Croix, V.I. (with accompany­ to be printed in the RECORD, without all United S~ates Government, and final judg­ ing papers); · to the Committee on Interior the signatures attached, as follows: men~ in certain condemnation proceedings; and Insular Affairs. We, the· undersigned farmers and poultry without amendment (Rept. No. 1300). raisers, demand a Government support price By Mr. BUTLER, from the Committee on NICK SCALES, JR. Interior and Insular Affairs: A letter from the Chairman of the Export­ on eggs, as the price today 1s 33 cents per dozen, current receipts. S. 1413. A bill to authorize the State of Import Bank of Washington, reporting, pur­ Minnesota to condemn lands owned by the I WALTER PALDA, suant to law, the payment of the claim of United States in the county of Cass, State Nick Scales, Jr., under the Federal Tort Mrs. JAMES PALDA., ALFRED GIVA, of Minnesota, for fish propagation, and for Claims Act, 1946; to the Committee on the other purposes;. with amendments (Rept. No. Judiciary. JOHN FISCHER 1304); . (And sundry other citfzens of Wyndmere WAIVER OF MONTHS' PREVIOUS SERVICE RE­ ·s. 2496. A b111 to provide for th,e conveyance and Lidger~ood, N.Dak.). QUIREMENT FOR CERTAIN SHIP RADIOTELE• to Pinellas County, State of Florida,· of cer­ GRAPH OPERATORS REPORTS OF COMMI'l'TEES tain public lands herein described; with A letter from the Chairman of the Federal amendments (Rept. No, 1305); • The foll9wing reports of committees S. 2548. A b111 to amend the Mineral Leas­ Communications Commission, making a were submitted: statement and submitting recommendations ing Act of February 25, 1920, to· permit the of that Commission with regard to the pres­ By Mr. LANGER, from the Committee on exercise of certain options on or before Au­ ent temporary power of the Commission to Post Office and Civil Service: gust 8, 1950; without amendment (Rept. No. waive the 6 months' previous-service require­ S. 1861. A bill to .amend the act entitled 1306); . . . ment for ship radiotelegraph operators of cer­ "an act to reclassify the · salaries of post­ H. R. 4201. A b111 to authorize payments to tain cargo ships imposed by section 353 (b) masters, officers, and employees of 'the postal the public-school district or districts serving of the Communications Act of 1934, as -service; to establish uniform procedures !of­ the Fort Peck project, Montana, for the edu­ amended ( 47_U : S. C. 353 (b) ) ; to the Com­ computing compensation; and for other pur.o cation of dependents of persons engaged on mittee on Interstate 8lld Foreign Commerce. poses,". approved July 6, 1945, so as to pro­ that project; without amendment (Rept. No. vide promotions for temporary employees of 1307): . .. . REPORT ON PERSONNEL CEILINGS the custodial service; with amendments H. R. 4512. A bill to provide for the convey­ .1\ letter from ·the Director of the Bureau (Rept. No. 1296); and · ance of certain land to the State of Oklahoma of the Budget, transmitting, pursuant to S. J. Res. 193. Joint resolution to grant for the use and benefit of the Northeastern law, his report of personnel ce111ngs for the :free postage to members of the armed forces State College, at Tahlequah, Okla.; without quarter ended March 31, 1948 (with an ac­ While confined for treatment in a m111tary amendment (Rept. No. 1308); companying paper); to the Committee on or naval hospital, and to veterans while H. R. 4513. A b111 to eliminate the require­ Post Office and Civil Service. being furnished hospital treatment or in­ ment of oaths tn certain land matters, and for other purposes; without amendment PETITIONS AND MEMORIAL stitutional care in institutions operated ·by or under contract with the Veterans' Admin­ (Rept. No. 1309); Petitions, etc., were laid before the istration; with an amendment (Rept. No. H. R. 4551. A bill to provide for the addi­ Senate and referred as indicated: 1297). tion of certain surplus Government lands to By Mr. SMITH, from the Cotnmittee on the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recrea­ By the PRESIDENT pro tempore: tional· Area project, and fo.r other purposes; A resolution of the California Federation Labor and Public Welfare: S. 2215. A bill to provide for research and without amendment (Rept. No. 1310); of Women's Clubs, Modesto, Calif., favor­ H. R. 5155. A b111 to authorize the Secretary ing the enactment of legislation providing ·control relating to diseases of the heart and circulation; with amendments (Rept. No. of the Interior to have made by the Public an adequate and balanced military strength; 1298)". . Road:S Administration and the National Park ordered to lie on the t(tble. By Mr. AIKEN, from the Committee on Service a joint reconnaissance survey of the A pap~r in the nature of a petition from Labor and Public Welfare: · Chesapeake & Ohio Canal between Great Mrs. Reva Cooper :aarse, of Buffalo, N~ Y., S ~ 1390. A bill to broaden the cooperative · Falls, Md., and Cumberland, Md., and to re­ praying for the enactment of legislation pro­ extension system a.s established in the act port to the Congress upon· the advisab111ty vtding local Federal jurisdiction bver In­ ·or May 8,.1914, and acts supplemental tt.ereto, and practicab111ty of constructing thereon a dian affairs through the United States dis­ by providing for cooperative extension work parkway, and for other purposes; without trict courts, and the United States Supreme between colleges receiving the ben.efit,s of amendment (Rept. No. 1311); Court (with accompanying papers); to the this act and the acts of July 2, 1862, and H. R. 5244. A bill to amend an act entitled Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. August 30, 1890, and other qualified colleges, "An act 'to allow credit in connection with . A resolution adopted by the Lions Clubs universities, and research agencies, and the certain homes-tead entries for military or of zone 2, district 12 W, of western Tennessee, United States Department of Labor; with an naval service rendered'during World War II"; assembled at Pilot Knob, Tenn., favoring the amendment (Rept. No. 1314}. without amendment (Rept. No. 1312); and enactment of legislation providing for the By Mr. BALL, from the Committee on Labor H. R. 5839. A . blll to authorize the. con­ construction of a steam plant at New John­ and Public Welfare: veyance to States, or political subdivisions, sonville, Tenn.; to the Committee on Ap- S. 2237. A bill to increase certain benefits · of roads leading to certain historical . areas propriations. · payable under the Longshoremen's and Har­ administered by the Department of the In­ A resolution adopted by_ the Board of bor Workers' Compensation Act; with an terior, and for other purposes; without Supervisors of DelaWare County, N. Y., pro­ amendment (Rept. No. 1315). amendment (Rept. No. 1313). testing against the enactment of legislation By Mr. TYDINGS, from the Committee on By Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on the providing for the construction of the pro­ Armed Services: Judiciary: · · posed flood-control dam on the Charlotte S. 83. A bill authorizing the naturalization River, in Davenport, N'. Y.; to the Committee H. R. 5870. A b111 to amend the act c:if May 16, 1946 (Public Law 383, 79th Cong.) I as of Elizabeth Pickering Winn; without amend­ on Public Works. amended to provide increased allowances for ment (Rept. No. 1316); A paper -in the nature of a petition from S. 158. A bill for the relief of certain the General Conference of the' African the escorts of repatriated war dead; Without .amendment (Rept. No. 1303). Basque aliens; with an amendment (Rept . Methodist Episcopal Church in thirty-third No. 1337); quadrennial session at Kansas City, Kans., By Mr. KILGORE, from the Committee on Armed Services: S. 660. A bill for the relief of Peter Drozd; signed by J. A. Charleston, chairman, and with amendments (Rept. No. 1339); William P. Stevenson, secretary, reque-sting • S. 2593. A bill to authorize the Secretary the Congress to adopt the President's civil­ of the Navy to convey to the Commonwealth S. 709. A bill for the relief of Carlos Rig­ of Virginia a · right-of-way for public high':' genbach; without amendment (Rept. No. rights program; to the Committee on the 1317); . Judiciary: way purposes in certain lands at Pungo, Va.: without amendment (Rept. No. 1301). S. 765. A bill for the relief of Santiago Sola­ GOVERNMENT SUPPORT PRICE ON By Mr. GURNEY (for Mr. BRIDGEs), from barrieta; with an amendment (Rept. No. EGG&-PETITION the Committee on Armed Services: 1322); Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask S. 22tn. A b111 to authorize the Army and S. 933. A bill for the relief of Emanuel Navy Union, United States of America, De­ Carinas; wi-th an amendment (Rept. No. unanimous consent to present for appro­ partment of Illinois, to construct a recrea­ 1338); . priate reference and printing in the REc­ tional park on the grounds of the United · S. 1337. A bill for the relief of Hou Ch~ng ORD a petition signed by Walter Palda, States Naval Hospital, United States Naval Chay; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1323); Mrs. James Palda, Alfred Giva, and John Training Center, Great Lakes, Ill.; . without S. 1364. A blll for the relief of Kihei Mat­ )fischer, and . sundry other citizens of amendment (Rept. No. 1299). · suo; without amendment {Rept. No. ·131B) i 5898 CONGRESSI-ONAL RECORD--SENATE MAY 17 S. 1409. A bill for· the rellef of Markoto ment the bill (S. 2589) to provide for ex- is reasonable to .anticipate, however, that Iwamatsu; with an amendment (Rept. No. -tension of the terms of office of1the pres- tapping this new· source of energy will cause 1324); ent members of the Atomic Energy Com- profound changes in our present way of S. 1606. A bill for the rellef of Wladyslav life·." ., ,. Plywacki; w_ithout ~mend~ent (Rept. No. mission, and I subm'it ' a report · the joint com­ ment of new policies and new administra­ zation· within very recent weeks. · What the , mittee fully and currently informed with re­ tive approaches. Many of the Commission's beneficial results of this action may be can­ spect to the Commission's activities." policies are in the process of formulation. not be presently evaluated. It was intended that by setting up such a Many of the plans of the Commission are on Due to the nature of the Commission's op­ joint committee, necessary secrecy of the the drafting table. These are conditions to eration, its budgetary and accounting prob­ project could be preserved, but at the same be reasonably expected. Fairness to the lemS' are ramffied and very extensive. The time a responsible body of Congress would be Commission dictates that additional time be accounting situation has been more com­ constantly kept informed so that it would be allowed for the Commission to develop more plicated because of the fact that under pre­ able, from time to time, to make such recom­ definitely its administrative policies in order vious wartime operation of this project ne­ mendations for legislation affecting the pol- · to justify conclusion as to the final direction cessitating complete secrecy, utmost speed, icy and operation of the atomic-energy pro- · of this program. etc., standardized accounting procedures . gram, and to make such reports as might be The Commission has just announced the were not in effect; therefore, historic de­ indicated in the public· interest. recent test of an atomic weapon which is the tailed costs are not fully available. A sat­ Although the law went into effect on Au­ culmination of· researches and plans begun isfactory system has not yet been set up. gust 1, 1946, the President did not appoint 3 to 4 years ago. The results of such pro- This fact is recognized by the Appropria­ the members, of the Commission until Octo­ . gressive developments cannot now be ade­ tions Committees of the Congress as well as . her 28, 1946, and the General Manager was quately or properly evaluated as to their by the Commission itself in its most recent not appointed until December 30, 1946. The long-ran,ge effect upon the nationa~ needs. report of February 2, 1948. · · transfer of the affairs of the Manhattan Dis­ In the field or patents, while, the law sets It is to be noted that, in addition to strict . trict (which vas the wartime agency in up a framework for establishing a program scientific ·and production activities of the charge of this project) to the Commission for patent acquiSition and compensation, no Commission, it is. involved, under · exi~ting occurred on January 1, 1947. The nomina­ such program has as yet been finally estab­ policies, in the operation of cities and towns tions were sent to the Senate by the Presi­ lished in. this field hitherto sacred to the in­ within the project. The problems of such dent on January 20, 1947, and thereafter be­ dividual. operations are under serious consideration, ginning on January 27, a substantial por­ Recent events have shown that labor-man­ both by the Commission and by the joint tion of the time of the Commissioners and agement disputes in vital installations have comrr.ittee. Complicated problems of juris­ the General Manager was devoted to hearings threatened continuity of operation. In one diction, of administrative authority, of vot­ on the question of the confirmation of their instance a settlement was had 2 hours after ing rights, including prerogatives attendant nominations until their confirmation on the the so-called dead line for a walk-out. At upon residence, town management, court ju­ 9th of April 1947. The first terms of the the time · of filing this report, this same in­ risdiction, heavy subsidies, schooling, pubiic Commissioners were fixed by law for expira­ stallation is again in the throes of a labor utilities, and other problems, demand care- tion 2 years after August 1, 1946, which was dispute and is presently operating as a result ' ful and more mature experience and exami­ the effective date of the act. of injunction proceedings instituted under nation before any final policies with respect 'In fixing the term of oftice for the first .the Taft-Hartley Act. The effective period thereto can be adopted by .the Congress or by Commissioners at 2 years after the effective of that injunction is rapidly running out. the Commission. date of the act, it was the purpose of the The joint committee is determined that la­ A vital section of the efficient and progres­ Congress to provide at least a 2-year period bor-management policies be reliably estab­ sive advancement of atomic science is the for examination and observation of the pro­ lished so that continuity of operation can be ·reactor prograp-1. Recently a basic change gram. 'rhe legislative intent to provide an ·assured in these vital plants. The joint in the operation of this prog_ram has been initial 2-year term was predicated upon the committee has held hearings on this subject, decided upon and certain preliminary steps sound reasoning that in an undertaking of but no satisfactory formula was presented to effectuate this change have been under­ this magnitude a minimum of 2 years. would or developed. The joint committee has taken. The operation of this proposed pro­ be necessary before any valid evaluation of asked the Atomic Energy Commission to gram will be and must be continuously un­ the administrative polici-es could be made. der the most careful observation for a sub­ provide it with its plans for the accomplish­ stantial period of time. Only experience These terms all exp!re on August 1, 1948. ment of this purpose. The joint committee Since the Commission was not confirmed un­ is aware that the Atomic Energy Commis­ can evaluate this move. til the 9th day of April 1947 and from a prac­ sion is also vitally interested in the accom­ The importance of establishing satisfac­ tical standpoint has had uninterrupted and plishment ·of this purpose, but the Com­ tory and adequate personnel programs 'in unquestioned security in the perfprmance of mission has not as yet developed its spe­ the operation of this project is evident. The its duties only since that time, it is obvious cific proposals for the reliable solution of necessity for security cannot be disputed. that there has been but 1 year for the reliable this problem. Policies for assuring the personnel security formulation of programs and for the obser­ of the project under conditions of fairness to vation and study instead of the 2-year period The Commission recently has begun t individuals but at the same time protecting wisely contemplated by the law. put into -effect a changing theory of sec­ inviolate tne rights of the public and the in­ The transition from the military operation tional operation of the program which is in tegrity of this national venture, have been to eventual full control by the Atomic Energy the nature of decentralization. This meth­ and still are in a state of study and trial. Commission was accompanied by many dis­ od of operation may have much to recom­ The Commission has been searching· for a locations and uncertainties. Following the mend it but only 0xpetience can demon­ final formula and the joint committee has confirmation of the Commissioners, they and strate whether or not it is a progressive move. been concerned with the necessity that a the join,t ·committee undertook the coordi­ While many advisory groups have been set reliable formula be established .. · nation of their respective duties; on the one up by law and by the Commission, to give it The unsettled international situation has a hand, the Commission went forward with advice and suggestions as to the develop­ direct effect upon the pattern of our atomic plans for the development of their adminis­ ment of pertinent phases of the atomic en­ energy program. Had a satisfactory system trative policies under the act and, on the ergy program, it is to be noted that the joint of international control been established other,· the joint committee began to inform committee has received few reports of these certain provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, itself and receive information as to the en­ advisory groups and, therefore, is in no tn due time, would have automatically be­ tire situation and the proposals for future position to reliably gage either the extent come void and many vital powers of the development. of these recommendations or the degree to Commission would have been transferred to As noted before, the necessary activities of which such recommendations have been ac­ an international agency. It is now conceded, the Commission ramify throughout the gen­ cepted and put into effect or held in abey­ however, after nearly 2 years of exhaustive eral economy and the national policy of our ance, or rejected, by the Commission, effort in the United Nations, that ~atisfactory j

5900 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE MAY -· 17 universal-agreement for reliable international Program were granted until the 15th of terior and Insular Affairs, and appears under control of atomic energy is presently impos­ May to file their views on the report cori.i. a separate heading.) · sible. Only time and ma:turing events· wii:!.. cerning the Howard Hughes investiga­ By Mr. BALL:. enable us to determine tb,e permanei:\t direc­ S. 2676. A bill to authorize the. Secretary tion r>f · our administrative policies in this tion. Due to the unfortunate ·circum;.. of the Interior to convey a certain parcel of field. stances which prevailed on Friday, I did land in St. Louis County, Minn., to the Un'i:. It is important to emphasize that these not ask unanimous consent that, the varsity of Minnesota; to the Committee on matters which have been referred to are con­ time be extended until today, as I in­ Interior and Insular Affairs. ditions which suggest the formative nature of .tended, and the time has now actually By Mr.· LANGER: our atomic energy program and by no means expired. However, at this time I ·ask S. 2677. A bill to amend the act entitled indicate a lack of progress. Further, they unanimous consent, on behalf of the "An act to reclassify the salaries of :post­ must not be interpreted as a criticism of the Senator from Florida [Mr, PEPl'.ER], the masters, officers, and employees of the Postal Commission or as evidence that the joint Service; to establish uniform procedures for comrp.ittee lacks confidence in the present Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. Me- computing c.ompensation; and for other pur­ Commission. Since the confirmation of the ) GRATH], the Senator from Maryland [Mr. poses," approved July 6, 1945, with respect to Commissioners on April 9, 1947, very definite O'CoNoR], and myself, to file minority clerks in air mail field railway post offices; to progress has been made in our atomic energy views. the Committee on Post Office and Civil program. This fact is encouraging but would The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Service. in no way justify any hasty conclusions based out objection, the minority views will be S. 2678: A bill granting exemption from upon insufficient knowledge as to the ad­ received· and printed. income t ax in the case of retirement pen­ visability of any particular permanent ad­ sions and annuities of governmental em­ ministrative pattern in this gigantic but in­ AffiCRAFT INVESTIGATION-MAJORITY ployees; to the Committee on Finance. fant national venture. VIEWS (PT. 3B OF REPT. NO. 440) S. 2679. A bill to confer jurisdiction upon On January 30, 1948, your joint committee the Court of Claims to determine the filed a unanimous report to each House of the Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, from amounts due to and render judgment upon Congress and, clearly recognizing the pres­ the Special Committee To Investigate the the claims of the employees of the Alaska ent inadequacy of the cumulative informa­ National Defense Program, I ~sk unani­ Railroad for overtime work performed; to tion and the definite need for continued ex­ mous consent to file a report on the air­ the committee on the Judiciary. amination before a final conclusion of any ·craft investigation containing the ma­ By Mr. GURNEY: kind could be drawn about the long-range jority views. I should like to file it at S. 2680. A bill to enhance further the se­ administration of this program, stated: the same time the Senator from New curity of the United States by preventing dis­ "As a legislative committee, it does not feel Mexico [Mr. HATCH] files the minority closures of information concerning the that it should at this time draw any final cryptographic systems and the communica­ conclusions respecting the operation of this views. tion intelligence activities of the United program or the administrative policies in ef­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without States; to the ·committee on Armed Services fect. Sufficient time has not elapsed to war­ objection, the report will be received and By Mr. TAYLOR: rant conclusions of this kind. This is not to printed. S. 2681. A bill for the relief of Charles be construed either as ari attitude of hos­ ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED Jeszua Kratka; to the Committee on the tility or an attitude of approval, but on the Judiciary. contrary expresses an attitude on_the part of , The Secretary of the Senate reported , (Mr. TAYLOR also intrQduced Senate bill the committee to objectively evaluate the that on May 14, 1948, he presented to the 2682, to prohibit the segregation of persons various phases of the program as a result of · President of the United States the en­ in the public schools of the District of Co­ more mature opportunity." rolled bill

- 1948 CO.NGRESSIDNAL "RECORD-SENATE 5905 Assets Administration and assigned as as- Sale .of Ozark Chemical Defense Corp., of pelled by brutal force: should ultimately sistant general counsel. . Tulsa, Okla., to the .Ozark-Mahoning Co., for become a free nation. Assistant general counsel,. War Assets Ad­ $670,000; Approved January 16, 1948. · ministration, from July 1946 tq December Sale of brick factory building located at - It is unnecessary to recount the efforts 1946, at which time w~s appointed general Trenton, N.J., to the Daunt Corp., Brooklyn, which have been made in that direction, counsel, War Assets Administration. N. Y., for $200,000. Approved January 14, the sacrifices and .the tragedies which ·served as general counsel from t~at date 1948. have followed the Jewish people from the until November 13, 1947, when Bresident Sale of surplus unit of Douglas Aircraft Co., time of their dispersal until this hour. made appointment as Associate Administra­ Inc., located at Long Beach, Calif., to county It is unnecessary to recount the heart­ tor, War Assets Administratio:J;l. of Los Angeles, for $162,500. Approved Jan­ was separated from active duty with the uary 9, 1948. aches whicn have accompanied the ef­ Department of the Army on. the same d~te Sale of Kollmorgan Optical Corp., plant; forts to establish a free, independent that he was sworn in as Associate Admims- · located at Brooklyn, N. Y., to the New York nation in Palestine. It is unnecessary to trator, War Assets· Administration. . State Institute of Applied Arts and Sciences, recount any of the mistakes 'which may Beca.me acting Administrator, War · Assets for $135,000. Approved January 9, 1948. have been made either by the Jewish Administration, upo!l the effective date. of Sale of carbon-black plant at Seagraves, people or by their friends, in or out of Maj. Gen; Robert M. Littlejohn's resignation, Tex., to the Columbian qarbon Co. for $1,- public office, in the effort to establish a November .28, 1947. . 420,000. Approved January 6, 1948. Appointed Administrator, War Assets Ad­ free nation in Palestine. . Sale of milling plant located at Fredericks­ When the United Nations was created, minlstrati0n, by Presidential. order, Decem- burg, Mo., to. the St. Louis. Smelting & ber 20, 1947. · Refining Co. for $210,000. Approved Janu­ I think it was the sentiment of a vast ary 5, 1948. majority of those who were familiar with Mr. · THOMAS of Oklahoma. Mr. the subje.ct and the situation that the President, I also ask per~ission to have Sale or- feed recovery facilities located at Trenton, Mich., to the Trenton Chemical Co. United Nations shouid act in such a way printed as a part of my remarks a list for $75,000 . . Approved January 5, 1948. and render such a decision as to create a containing a few of the many surplus war · Sale of fruit dehydrating plant located at new nation which ·might .itself become a properties which have been approved re­ Visalia, Calif., to John C. Kazanjian, of Visa­ member of the United Nations ·and be cently for either sale or lease by the Wa-,: lia, for $22.,000. Approved December 19, heard in its own defense on any proposal Assets Administration. . This list em­ 1947. " . . . ·. or any conditio·n in· which it might be braces only projects which have been , .· Sale of· a portion of . the surplus Wfigh,t concerned: Personally, I had hoped that · · approved for disposition during the past Aeron~~utJcal Corp . . phint located at Lock­ · all of· Palestine might become · a fre'e few months. The total value of such land, Ohio, to the Electr~c Auto , Lit~ - Co., . nation, to be occupied· and,. inhabited by . projects is approximately $75,000,000. Toiedo, Ohio, . for .. $8,400,000. Approved· December 18,1947. · · the people of every race and every .re­ There being no objection, the list was Ten-year lease .of the Government•owned ligion who might desire to remain there ordered to be printed. in the RECORD, as blast furnace and byproduct plant In Gads.. · or to go to this new nation as a home. follows: den, Ala., to the Republic Steel Corp., Cleve­ The United . Nations, through its PARTIAL LIST OF .WAR SURPLUS PROPERTIES AP•· land, Ohio; at a minimum guaqmteed rental · proper commission, recommended the PROVED FOR SALE OR LEASE BY JESS LARSON, of $15,000 monthly for the first 3 months and partition of Palestine, giving t.he ·jews a · WAR ASSETS ADMINISTRATOR $20,000 monthly, thereafter, during- the life certain portion of it, .which was to b·e · ·sale of Jayhawk Ordnance Works, Galena, of the lease. Approved January 9, 1948. allotted to them for the ·establishment Kans., to Spencer Chemical Co., Kansas City, Lease of portions of surplus magnesium. Mo., for $H,OOO,OOO. Approved May 12, 1948. plant at Spokane, Wash., t.o the Chromium of a free, independent natiori. They ac­ Sale of Malleable Irc:in Casting Plant lo­ Mining & Smelting _Co. of for 5 cepted that decision of the United Na­ cated at Ashtabula, Ohio, to Lake City Malle­ years, with annual rentals of ·2 to 6 percent, tions. I am sure that all of us had hoped able, Inc., for $1,600,000. Approved April 5, on: plant valuation of $9,999,170 with such that the decision of the United Nations 1948. rental percentage, graduated upward during would· be recognized by all interests in­ Sale of Basic Magnesium Plant, Heng:erson, the 5-year lease period. Approved February volved-the Arab and the Jew and non­ Nev., to the State of ·Nevada, for $24,000,000. 26, 1948. . Arab and non-Jew-who not only are approved April 1, 1948. REPUBLIC OF ISRAEL concerned wtth the reestablishment of a Sale of two marine turbiJ.?.e manufa.cturing home in Palestine for the Jew, but who plants to the N~vy for $9,023,561. Approved Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, be­ March 31, 1948. , fore we enter ·upon a discussion of the are dedicated to the proppsition that Sale of iron ore concentration facil1ties at unfinished business, which is the civil­ self-determination by any people is· a Iron Mountain, Mo., to the Ozark Ore Co. for functions appropriation bill, I wish to worthy ambition for their · consumma- tio~ · $340,000. Approved March 17, 1948. . make a brief comment upon an inter­ Sale of Ozark Ordnance Works located at national occurrence of great importance Unfortunately, this .decision has not El Dorado, Ark., to the Lion Oil Co. for, not only to the people involved but, I been accepted with the degree of coop­ $10,500,000. Approved MarcQ. 3, 1948. eration and tolerance . which we had a Sale of surplus oil terminal at Jackso11ville, believe, to the w.orld. · I refer to the cre­ Fla., to Navy Department for $268,664; Ap- ation and the present existence of the right to expect; and this is a rather proved February 27, 1948. - Republic of Israel, recognized first by the strange situation, in a sense, because the Sale of drop hammer steel forging facili­ Government of the United States, which amount of land involved is so infinitesi­ ties at Harvey, Ill., to the Wyman-Gordon Co. I think was an appropriate priority in mal, when compared to the total area of for $2,671,025.11. Approved February 27, the world or when compared to the area 1948. regard to -the recognition of this new of the territory occupied by the Arabs, Sale of surplus iron and steel .foundry at member of the family of nations. which is so large in proportion to the Watervliet, N. Y.', to Adirondack Foundries & All of us are familiar with the tragic area of the land involved in ·Palestine Steel, Inc., for $257,000. Approved February story involving the history of Palestine 27, 1948. . . that it seems. rather difficult to under­ and the Jewish people. We are familiar stand, certainly· from any territorial · Sale of Texas City, Tex., aviation gasoline with the historical conquest of that little plant . to Republic .on Refining Co. for viewpoint, why the Arabs oppose the cre­ $2,300,000: Approved February 24, 1948. . country and of that gre·at people, incll,ld­ ation of this small nation along the Sale of surplus United States Navy store­ ing the Reiman Empire's overrunning of Mediterranean, to which the Jewish peo­ house at New Windsor, N.Y., to Reconstruc­ Palestine and the final qispersal' of the ple may repair for citizenship and co­ tion Finance Corporation for $175,000. Ap­ Jewish people. During all these cen­ operation and development. proved. February 16, 1948. turies, no matter where .the Jew has It seems to me that tlie creation of Sales of surplus blast furnace, located at found his home, he lias in his heart held Ironton, Utah, to Kaiser-Frazer Corp. for $1;- · this nation, even under the difficulties 150,000. Approved February 5, 1948. closely the ambition ·and the desire that and turmoil with which it is now sur-.. Sale of dolomite quarry at Wingdale, N.Y., ultimately there might be created· in rounded, is a vindication of tbe United to the D.' H. Litter Co., Inc., of New York, for Palestine a free nation to which the Jews N'"ations. I feel confident that the recog­ $275,000. Approved January 23, 1948. . might resort-not all of them, of course, .nition of this new nation by the Govern­ Sale of aircraft plant at Bristol, Pa., to the because no on~ is optimistic enough to ment of the United States is likewise a Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co./ of feel that even a majority of the Jews St. Paul, Minn., for $861,000, approved Janu­ vindication of the decision of the United ary 14, 1948. of the world will ever ·live in this new Nations in the partitioning of Palestine Sale of partially c·omplet.ed electric fur­ · republic;· bu.t it has been the historical between the Jews and the Arabs. . naee .steel plant at Newport, Ky., to the In,. · ambition .of the Jewish people that the Notwithstanding present diffi.culties, · I ternational Detrola Corp., Detroit,. Mich., for · seat·· of their ancient · existence, · tl)eir sincerely .hope that through the inter,;, $1,350,000. Approved .January 16, 1948. · birthpface, ·from which they · were ex- · position ci:f the ·united :Nations: · tlieie 'I

·5906 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.-SENATE MAY' i7 .

.may be brought about peace in the Mid­ ·and·obstacles, have tried unceasingly to enter ·Senator· from -Mtchigan ~Mr: VA;NDt_~­ dle East between the Jew -and the 4rab, Palestine. BERGJ. In the Second World war, the Jewish .that there may be a strengthening of the people in Palestine made a full contribution . There being no oojection, ·the state­ new nation which has just started out. in the struggle of freedom-loving nations ment was ordered to be printed in 'the upon its tempestuous career; that alt the , against the Nazi evil. The sacrifices of their RECORD; as follows: · world will recognize the justice of the soldiers and efforts of their workers gained The prompt recognition of the prov1sio1'lal decision of the United Nations and the them title to rank with the people who government as the de facto authority in the justice of our recognition · of this new founded the United Nations. • On November new state of Israel is the logical and proper nation in the Middle East, and that ul­ 29, 1947, the General Assembly of the United step following the termination of the Brit­ timately, without further bloodshed or Nations adopted a resolution for reestablish­ ish mandate. It takes account of the real.: further fanaticism or further appeal to ment of an -independent Jewish state in 1ty that no other authority can fill what Pales.tine ~nd called upon inhabitants of the otherwise would be a cruel and dangerous prejudice of any sort, this new nation . country to take such steps as may be neces- vacuum in this area of Palestine. It responds among the nations of the world may find sary on their part ~o put the plan into effect. to a basic decision of the United Nations a place at the council table of the' United This recognition by the-United Nations of taken at our instance. . It is positive action Nations, that it may find welcome among the 'right of the Jewish people to establish after ~any months· of critical and unhappy all the other nations of the world, and their independent state may not be revoked. indecisiOn. If the present course of the that in a very short time the other na­ It is, moreover, the self-evident right of the United States is followed by other govern­ tiops of the world will acknowledge and Jewish people to be a nation, as all other ments, I am unable to believe that the nations, ~'n its own sovereign state. parties in controversy cannot be successfully recognize the creation and existence Accordingly we, the members of the Na­ summoned to the bar of the United Nations and the right to creation and existence tional Council, representing the Jewish in behalf of an urgent truce. The restora­ ·of the new Republic of .Israel. people in ·Palestine and the Zionist move­ tion .of law and order and an environment . Mr. Presjdent, I read the proclamation ment of the world met together in solemn of peace is indispensable to. the best evolu­ setting up the new government for the assembly by virtue of the natural arid his­ tion for an concerned.: Republic of Israel. It seems to me so toric right of Jewish people and of resolu­ fair, so tolerant, and. so broad-minded, tion of the General Assembly of the United _ Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I de­ Nations: : _ sire to as&ociate myself with the Senator . recogpizing the right of all peoples within . Hereby proclaim the establishment of .the from Kentucky · [Mr.· BARKLEY] in.- the the territory, regardless of . race, creed, Jewish state in Palestine, to be called Israel. or ancestry, to enjoy liberty and· free­ views expressed concerning the recogni­ y.le hereby_declare that as from the ter­ tion by the United States of the state of .. dom uq.der the flag of the new Republic, mination of the mandate at' midnight this Israel. · that. . I ask ttnanimous ,consent to have -night of the 14th to 15th of May 1948 and . :printed at this point in the RECORD, as a until the setting up of duly elected bodies of ~he. st~te of Israel is now a reality. part of my ., remarks, the proclamation ·the state in accordance with -a constitution This s1gmficant development, after years creating the new Republic of Israel, in to be drawn up · by a constituent assembly of constant'. effort and suspense, should not later than the. 1st day of October 1948, mark a turning point in the struggle of order.that we may embalm in the RECORD the present National Council shall act as the an oppressed people for just recognition of our. proceeclfngs tbis historic docu­ Provisional State Council and ·its executive ·of their rights and of their claims.. · ment. organ, the Natiol}.al Administration, shall There being no objection, the proc­ constitute the Provisional Government of the But more .remains to be done than lamation was ordered to be printed in the ·State of Israel. : ·formal ·recognition of the existence of RECORD, as follows: The state of Israel will promote 'the ·de- the state of Israel. Having taken the lea~ in 'according th1s recognition, the The land of Israel was the birthplace of .· velopment of the country for the benefit of the Jewish. people. · all its inhabitan,ts; will be based on precepts Umted_States should pursue every effort Here their spiritual, religious, and national ·· of liberty, justice, and peace taught by- the consistent with our position among the identity· was formed. Here they achieved Hebrew ·prophets; will uphold the full social family of nations to assist in the consum- independence and created a culture of na­ and political equality of all its citizens with­ . mation of plans for the fulfillment of ; tional and universal significapce. ;Here they out distinction of race, _creed, or sex; will the destiny of the new ·state. ·wrote and gave the Bible to "the world1 guarantee ·full freedom of conscience, wor­ ship, education, and culture; will safeguara Last February 11 I addressed the Exiled from Palestine,· the Jewish people United States Senate on the question of remained faithful to it in all the countriGs the sanctity and -inviolability of shrines and of .their dispersion, never ceasing to pray · holy places of all religions; and will dedicate Palestine and at that time urged that and hope for their return and restoration of itself to the principles of the Charter of the ; the_ar:r;ns embargo-then and now-in · their national freedom: . United Nations. e_ffect_against the Jewish -inhabitants of Impelled by this histot:ic association·, Jews The state of Israel wlll be ready to cooper­ that unfortunate country was indefen­ strove throughout the centuries to go back ate V{ith .the organs and representatives of sible and should be lifted promptly. . to the .land of their fathers and regaih Rtate­ the United Nations in the implementations of the resolution of November 29, 1947, and Historic events have transpired since . hood. ~ In recent decades the.y. returned in .that time. Tragic events that have . their· ma~>&es. . Tl,ley recl~ime_d a Wilderness, will ·take steps to bring about an economic Of . bro~ght bloodshed and death ·to. the . revive<;l their language, '!J'\lilt cities ~nd vil- union over the whole Palestine . lages, and established a vigorous and ever­ We appeal to the United Nations to assist sacred places where once the Prince of . growing community, with its own economic ...the Jewish people ill the bUilding of its sta~ Peace taught his lessons-of good will to and cultural life. They s_ought peace, yet and actp1it Israel into the family of- nations. all. The termination of the British · were ever _prepared to defend tpemselves. . . In the .midst of wanton aggression we call mandat{! over Palestine, and withdrawal They .brought blessings of progress to all in­ upon the Arab inhabitants of the state of of the troops which . have maintained habitants of the country. Israel to return to the ways of peace and whatever peace ther.e was throughout In the year 1897 the First Zionist Congress, play their part in the development of the inspired by Theodore· Herzl's vision of a state; with full and equal citizenship and due that ar~a in recent months, ·have paved Jewish state, proclaimed the right of the representation in all its bodies and institu- the way for establishment by the Jewish Jewish people to a national revival in their . tions, provisional or permanent. people "of the homeland for which mil­ . own country. · ' We offer peace and amity to all neighbor­ lions throughout the world ha_ve prayed. This right was acknowledged by the Bal- ing states and their peoples, and invite them. Today that homeland, Israel, stands . four Declaration of November 2, 1917, and to cooperate with the independent Jewish as an accomplished fact. Our own reaffirmed by the mandate of the League of nation for the common good of 'all. The state _country, which in November took the lead Nations, which gave explicit internatlon~l of Israel is ready to contribl,lte its full share recognition td the historic connection of the . to the peaceful" progress and reconstitution toward bringing about the recommenda­ Jewish people with Palestine and their right of the Middle East. tion for partition by the General As­ to reconstitute their national home. Our call goes out to the Jewish people all sembly~ now again has been· the first to The Nazi holocaust which engUlfed mil­ , over the world t~ rally· to our side in the task recqgnize the new state of Israel.- But, lions of ·Jews in Europe proved. anew -the of immigration and development and to stand · the United States, after giving its sanc­ urgency of the reestablishment.of .the Jewish by us in the great struggle for the fulfillp1ent tion to partition, denied the Jewish of the drear,n of generations.:_the redem,ption state,_ which would solye the· problem of people of Palestine access to· th~ arma­ Jewish homelessness by opening the gates to of Israel. · ments and munitions ·without which they all Jews and lifting the Jewish · people to equality in the family of nations. · Mr. President, l also ask unanimous could hardly be expected to defend them­ Survivors of . the European catastrophe, as consent· to have printed at this point in selves against the aggression which .. w.ell ·as Jews . from other. lands, claiming the RECORD a statement on the same sub­ everyone knew would follow any at~ their right to a life of dignity, freedom, and . ject issued on Saturday last-by -the ·dis­ -tempts to set up a·separate Jewish' state. labor, and undeterred by hazards, hardships, ting.uished President pro tempore, the So toc;lay, with that seP.ax:ate st.ate est ~b- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5907 lished, and in the face of all-out" attacks I think it is anomaious and somewhat concerned and to see to it that, insofar from the air as well as by ground forces, regrettable that the Government ' of as we have a responsibility to the United our Nation strangely, and contra­ Egypt, which was unable to raise a hand Nations, that responsibility shall be met dictorily, still denies the Jewish armed in defense of its own independence, or in full. And it is a · challenge to the forces _access to weapons and other mili­ in association with the Al11es during the United Nations to see that its machinery tary supplies. Yet these- are available late World War, should now find it ex­ is made to function as effectively as pos­ to their enemies from sources within the pedient' to use its armed forces for the sible to meet crises of this particular United Nations. invasion of Palestine, as it is said in their kind. . Let us be consistent. Our interna­ statement, "in order to subdue terror­ Much has to be done by the United Na­ tional policy should be in a;ccord with · istic bands." The methods. adopted for tions, much has to be done by ourselves, realfties. We cannot continue to wel­ the subduing of terroristic bands, con­ to insure that, out of the effort which is come the new Jewish state w1th one sisting apparently of the bombing from now being undertaken in Palestine, par­ hand, while with the other we -hold her the air of the open city of Tel Aviv, are tition and a permanent state will be off from obtaining the means of defense very curious methods to adopt, and I finally realized in perpetuity. Several Of which alone will permit her to win trust that the Security Council of the the steps yet to be taken by us have been through this critical period of her United Nations, ·under the agreements mentioned, namely, the lifting ·of the existence. Israel deserves an oppor­ and under the Charter will see fit very arms embargo, the giving of as full recog­ tunity to prove her ability to stand promptly to take cognizance of actions nition as we can give to the new state of among the nations of- the world as a fre·e of this character, and to take appro­ Israel, and the realistic expression of the , and sovereign state. priate measures to see that such action full sympathy which is ours toward a Let us, also, cooperate to the utmost by members of the United Nations shall people struggling to be free and inde­ in having Israel admitted as a member not be permitted further to destroy tbe pendent; a people who, like ourselves, of the United Nations. In this way we prestige of the United Nations, which has hav'e great democratic concepts im­ will give further>evidence of our readi­ already suffered very greatly as a result bedded deeply in their philosophy of life. ness and willingness to· aid a sovereign of the somewhat tortuous course ·pur­ They. deserve our syn;i.pathy just as far as people in its announced plan to achieve sued in dealing with the Palestinian we can extend it; they deserve our moral lasting peace with the freedom-loving problem, which has so long challenged support just as far as-we can give such nations of the world. ' the statesmanship of all the world. support; and · they deserve every other Mt. BREWSTER. Mr .. President, I · .I am grateful for what has been done, appropriate kind of support which we should like to associate myself with the and I trust it means that now, in the can provide to help bring out of the pres­ remarks of the Senator from Kentucky language of the distinguished chairman ent crisis the assurance that the state -[Mr. BARKLEY] in expressing the pro­ of the Committee on Foreign· Relations, which has now become a reality shall live found gratification of many of those who the other nations· of the world- may see in perpetuity. · have appreciated the significance of the fit to follow the present policy of -the I join the rejoicing at the present time; developments in the Middle East, in the United States, without deviation, and, by but in the midst of rejoicing and in the prompt action by our Government in be­ that method, restore · somewhat · the midst of the satisfaction which we can prestige of the United Nations as an take as the result of an eventuality which ing the first to recognize this new state. instrument of preserving peace, and also It is born under auspices that no other has followed seeming failure on our part contribute to the stability of this new and on the part of the United Nations to state in the history of mankind has ever state that has been born, which, in my enjoyed, as a result of · the considered act effectively in the past, much remains judgment, may once again send to all to be done, and much is involved which conciusion of the United Nations, repre­ the world a message of peace and good senting far more than two-thirds of the should give us pause in contemplation of · will, if the plain mandates of the United consequences which may ensue and of opinion of ·mankind, practically all the Nations and the Charter are now applied nations of the world outside those with mighty problems which lie ahead. The to this very delicate problem. struggle in Palestine is not finished; the large Moslem populations, in pronounc­ Mr. IVES. Mr. President, I rise to join ing partition as · the solution of the outcome still hangs in the balance. We other Senators in hailing the establish­ cannot anticipate with certainty at the Palestinian problem, and defining the ment of the new state in Palestine, the .boundaries of the state which has come present time what the ultimate results state of Israel. -Its establishment has a will be. We can hope; we can- have into being, associated with our Govern­ tremendous world-wide signiftcan.ce and faith; and we do have hope and faith. ment. is likely to have a world-wide impact, But unless the new state has the moral - There were delays and ·variations in the effect of which is hard to compre­ support of ourselves and of the United policy which have very greatly injured hend at the present time. I very thor­ Nations in such a manner that the United apparently our prestige in the United oughly agree with the well-chosen re­ Nations, through the instrumentality of Nations, but at the same time express­ marks which have been expressed by the Security Council and the other avail­ ing I think what is the strong support -those who have preceded me. able United Nations' machinery, may of many Americans for the action of our As I view this event from an over-all take appropriate and effective _action· 'Government. standpoint, it provides the United States unless we ·are determined to see that In this connection I was privileged to and the other nations of the world with the prqblem is met squarely and that read the discussions yesterday in con­ a great challenge. Upon the outcome of the result is to be, as it should be, nection with the recognition of Russia, our ability and the world's ability, as ex­ pressed through the United Nations, to the complete and ultimately successful · by the distinguished chairman of the establishment of the state of Israel in Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, meet this challenge may depend ultimate Palestine, may not be realized. and the care and attention which was peace for mankind. It is not my purpose unduly to _express satisfaction in what Therefore, Mr. President, in closing, I given to that problem at that time. I appears to be a reversal of the policy of repeat that it remains for us as a Nation trust that there will be further clarifica­ our national administration, although I to accept this new challenge, with which tion of the considerations which have do take such satisfaction; and I am very we are now faced; to stand steadfast on led to this recognition, which, in my glad to note that the realities of condi­ the decision to recognize the State of judgment, is amply justified, and also of tions as they exist finally have been rec­ Israel; to exercise the moral influence the implications of the recommendation ognized. This seems to me to be a time which should be ours; and, through its in the assigning of representatives to to consider what we as a nation should -exercise, to obtain through the instru­ the new state that shall be selected with do now· where Palestine and the United mentality of the United Nations, the re- due regard for the very delicate prob­ Nations are concerned. - . sults and the ultimate success for which lems presented. Moreover, I trust there Mr. President, I said this situation con­ we hope and pray and which should be will be an immediate lifting of the em­ stitutes a distinct challenge. It is a chal­ obtained. - bargo upon the shipment of arms, in lenge to us now that our Government has Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I order that this new state may be able reversed itself and made a decision, to want to associate myself with the re- _now to defend itself against the obvious pursue that decision, and to abide by it . marks of the distinguished Senator from acts of aggression which have been noti­ regardless of obstacles or consequences. Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY]. I was pleaeed fied by the Government of Egypt to the It is a challenge to us to fulfill our own to hear the Senator from Maine [Mr. Security Council of the United Nations. obligations where the United Nations is BREWSTER] add his remarks to those of i"' .

5908 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 the Senator from Kentucky. The mat­ boy, has grown and flourished. I doubt Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I wish ter of the recognition of Palestine comes if there is another institution like it. to join with my esteemed colleague the with a great deal of satisfaction to me Today it is one of the unique institutions junior Senator ·from Nebraska [Mr. and, I know, to the Senator from Maine. of its kind in the world. It has become WHERRY] in the very splendid statement I think we were the first advocates of that a vast enterprise, and in very recent years he has made with reference to our mu­ move. As the Senator from New York several million dollars have gone into the tual friend, the late Father Flanagan. [Mr. IvEsl has said, there is much more expansion and improvement of both the It was my privilege to know Father to be done. I hope that now that we · physical plant and the service to home­ Flanagan very intimately for the past 30 have made the decision we will stick to less youth which represent the modern years. He started his work for boys, as it and see that it is carried out. Boys Town, a separate incorporated my colleague has just said, in 1917. I Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, on last community. became a resident of Omaha during 1918, Saturday, following the recognition of The 5,000 boys who have been renewed and immediately learned of the fine work the new Jewish state by the United in their belief in mankind and prepared Father Flanagan was doing, and became States, the Senator from lllinois issued for life during the 32 years of Father personally acquainted with him. I was a statement to the press. I now ask Flanagan's endeavors among them will a member of many civic boards in the unanimous consent that the statement be an ever-spreading leaven in the life city of Omaha with Father Flanagan, so issued at that time be incorporated of our Nation. The total benefits can I know intimately of the devout interest in the body of the RECORD at this point. never be computed. he took in the kind of work to which he There being no objection, the state­ Through his remarkable · capacity, devoted his life. I endorse everything ment was ordered to be printed in the backed by his faith in God and in the my colleague has said with reference to REcoRD, as follows: soundness of ·the American boy, Father this great man. My State, yes, and the The dramatic announcement by President Flanagan overcame many obstacles in Nation, have lost one of their great men. Truman of the recognition by the United the development of his idea. · The work he has done will remain always States of the new Jewish state of Israel will Boys Town now covers a thriving as a monument to his memory. strike a responsive chord in the hearts of 160-acre area, on which are dormitories, Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish freeinen all over the world. business offices, grade and high schools, to associate myself with the Senators By the President's bold and statesmanlike and other buildings. Not only are the act, the new Jewish state starts life under the from Nebraska in the fine tribute they most favorable auspices. The greatest na­ boys cared for in a material way, but have paid Father Flanagan. During the tion in the world has given its sanction to the under Father Flanagan's wise policy time I was Governor of my State he came creation of the newest nation. they are trained for citizenship; They to North Dakota and visited what we The recognition of Israel is doubly grati­ govern themselves, through a mayor and called at that time the State Industrial fying to me because throughout my public six commissioners elected every 6 months School, to which delinquent children career. I have struggled side by sid!'l with all among themselves. were sent. Father Flanagan spent over men of good will in America who have worke~ In Boys Town democracy rules su­ a week interviewing the boys then in the to create a homeland for the Jews in Pales­ tine. preme. There is no difference in treat­ school, and asking the authorities of our The American people, remembering that ment because of race, religion, or color. State to send .certain of the bqys to Boys their own aspiration for freedom was achieved The boys are taught standard school Town, in Nebraska. Later Father Flan­ only through force of arms, have a deep sym­ subjects, to prepare them for successful agan appeared before various congres­ pathy for those who now carry the banner care.ers. Many. of them have gone to sional committees, and in my opinion of Israel on high. college. made a fine contribution in behalf of Good morals require us to lend our mate­ As evidence of the esteem in which finding a solution of the problem of juve­ rial help to free nations menaced by aggres­ Father Flanagan and his achievements nile delinquency. sion. Now that the new Jewish state has achieved recognition, and the British man-· were held in Nebraska, he served for 10 The death of Father Flanagan comes date has ended, the time has come to' re­ years as president of the Omaha Welfare as a very great loss not only to the State move the embargo on the shipment of arms Board, and was accorded many honors of Nebraska, but to the entire Nation. to that country. · by the citizenry, inCluding that of Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, South The caliber of the men who now constitute Omaha's "first citizen" award by Post Dakota is a neighbor of Nebraska, and as the leaders of Israel guarantees a just and No. 1 of the American Legion in Omaha one of the representatives in the Senate wise administration of that nation. I am and the humanitarian award of the of the citizens of my State, I join with · satisfied that their actions in the troubled months which lie ahead will amply justify Variety Clubs of America. my colleagues from Nebraska and North the confidence placed in them by the Presi­ In these times, when juvenile delin­ Da~ota WhQ have so eloquently expressed dent of the United States and the American quency has attained such· proportions the thoughts of the people in our area people. throughout the world, it is fitting indeed regarding the good work done by Father that we pay tribute to and acclaim to all Flanagan. All those residing in that area DEATH OF FATHER FLANAGAN our people the achievements of Father know about his devotion to the task of Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, it is Flanagan. Truly the world is a better lifting boys to a higher level of life, and with profound sadness that I rise at this world for his having lived in it. The we feel that in Boys Town there is a liv­ time to call attention to the Senate of · procedures he developed in the handling ing memorial to the work Father Flana­ the death on Saturday of Msgr. Edward of boys will be employed by others to gan has done. It furnishes a goal which J. Flanagan. · _ the ·benefit of all youth fortunate many other communities could well seek ·Father Flanagan was one of Nebras­ enough to come under their beneficent to reach, for we know of the great work ka's best loved citizens. He was likewise influence. he has done for the young ·citizens, not one of its most famous residents, being All of this occurred because in the only of our area but of the whole United known the world over as the founder and heart of this priest .was a desire to help States. developer of Boys Town. his fellow man. But ·Father Flanagan DEPARTMENT OF ARMY CIVIL FUNCTIONS His untimely death came in the line of had more than the desire to act; .he had APPROPRIATIONS duty. He died in an American military the unique gift of leadership, and the hospital in Berlin while traveling abroad ability to transmit his enthusiasm into The Senate resumed the consideration to help the United States Army in the the hearts of others. of the bill (H. R. 5524) making appropri­ development of youth facilities in occu­ Father Flanagan now has concluded ations for civil functions administered by pied areas. It was his second major trip · his part in the task of establishing and the Department of the Army for the fiscal overseas · in. such a capacity. A similar developing Boys Tow·n, but Father Flan­ year ending June 30, 1949, and for other visit had been made by him last year in agan's spirit will live as long as the purposes. Japan and the Far East. hearts of men respond with compassion Mr. GURNEY obtained the floor. No word I express here today could and generosity to prolong and expand Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator yield compare with the living monument the program for orphaned youth to so that I may suggest the absence of a which will perpetuate the name of Father which Father Flanagan gave his life. quorum? · Flanagan. Boys Town, which he found­ He was a living example of the true Mr. GURNEY. I yield. ed in 1917 on $90 and a burning convic­ American spirit in the highest and best Mr. WHERRY. I suggest the absence tion that there is no such thing as a bad form. of a quorum.

/ 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5909 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The friend, Senator OvERTON. They will not ects which the Chief of Engineers has clerk will call the roll. _ return until tomorrow. Nevertheless_ before him ·when he makes out his budg­ The Chief Clerk called the roll, and this afternoon I wish to make the open­ et requests for a fiscal year. the following Senators answered to their ing remarks on the bill. It is a very im­ The Corps of Engineers is a decen­ names: portant measure. In view of the size of tralized organization, with skilled engi­ Aiken Gurney Millikin the appropriation, $708,000,000, it must neers on the ground where the projects Ball Hatch Moore receive serious consideration. are located. In making up his annual Barkley Hawkes Morse Brewster Hayden O'Conor I invite the attention of Senators pres­ budget, the Chief of Engineers calls for Bricker Hickenlooper Pepper ent in the Chamber at the moment to recommendations from his field officers. Brooks Hill Reed the book in which the hearings are These recommendations are scrutinized Buck Hoey Revercomb printed. It contains 1,430 pages, with Butler Holland Robertson, Va. carefully by the Chief of Engineers in Byrd Ives Saltonstall the index. The committee held hear­ his own office, and each project is put Cain Jenner Smith ings for longer than 2 weeks. The bill through, anew, the test of economic jus­ Capper Johnson, Colo. Sparkman was reported to the Senate from the Chavez Johnston, S. C. Stennis tification, to be sure that the rising ben­ Connally Kem Taft Committee on Appropriations by vote of efits have more than kept pace with the Cooper Kilgore Taylor 16 to 3. rising costs. The optimum engineering Cordon . Knowland Thomas, Okla. In presenting House bill 5524, the construction rate is decided upon; and Donnell · Langer Thomas, Utah Downey Lodge Tydings so-called civil-functions appropriations finally, subsequent to all these analyses, Dworshak Lucas Vandenberg bill, to the Senate, I should like to take the projects are presented to the Bureau Eastland McFarland Watkins a few minutes to explain briefly what the of the Budget. In his presentation of Ecton McKellar Wherry Ferguson McMahon Wiley bill contains and to outline the reasons his budget to the Bureau of the Budget, Fulbright Magnuson Williams why the Senate Appropriations Commit­ the Chief of Engineers again runs the George Martin Wilson tee by an overwhelming majority has gantlet of economic necessity, possible Green Maybank Young recommended its passage. postponement, immediate need, and so Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the The civil functions of the Army De­ forth. The projects included in the bill Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BALD­ partment are varied in nature and are now before the Senate are those which WIN] is absent by leave of the Senate , administered by several branches of the have successfully completed this admin­ on. public business. · Army. The Corps of Engineers carries istrative obstacle course. The Senator from New Hampshire on river and harbor and flood-control Navigation projects are in the non­ [Mr. BRIDGES], the Senator from South work; the Quartermaster Corps has re­ deferrable cat_egory because they actu­ Dakota [Mr. BUSHFIELD], the Senator sponsibility for burial of the war dead ally serve one of the vital transportation from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART], and the and maintains the United States Sol­ needs of this country. It is interesting Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. Mc­ diers' Home; the Signal Corps operates to note that during the last years of the CARTHY] are necessarily absent. and maintains our Alaskan ·communica­ recent war, great impetus was given to The Senator from Vermont [Mr. tions system; ahd the Army Department, the construction and utilization of large FLANDERS] and the Senator from Wyo­ through General Mehaffey, maintains and deep-draft tankers and freighters ming [Mr. RoBERTSON] are absent on om­ and operates the Panama Canal. All to provide more expeditious and economi­ cia! business. these are considered civil functions of cal transP<>rtation of foreign and coast­ The Senator from Nevada [Mr. MA­ the Army Department, and this bill pro­ wise cargoes. Likewise, similar progress LONE] is absent on otncial business at­ vides the funds with which these func­ was made in the development of large tending the funeral of the Honorable tions are carried out. river towboats and cargo barges for sim­ John H. Overton. The Budget Bureau requested that ilar transportation of cargoes on the The Senator from Minnesota [Mr. Congress appropriate $737,804,300 for rivers. - THYE] is absent by leave of the Senate. Army Department civil functions for the For example, before the war,' the typi­ The Senator from Maine [Mr. WHITE] . :fiscal year ending June 30, 1949. The cal tanker had a draft when fully loaded is absent because of illness. · House reduced this request to $606,558,- of 27 feet, while our present-day fleet of Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Sen­ 766 and the Senate committee has raised T-2 tankers draws over 30 feet when ator from Louisiana [Mr. ELLENDER], the the House figure to $708,586,666. The loaded to capacity of 140,000 barrels­ Senator from Georgia [Mr. RussELL], the b1ll in its present form is below the which is half again as great a load as Senator from Arkansas [Mr. McCLEL­ budget request to the extent of $29,217,- prewar tankers carried. Bigger · ships LAN], and the Senator from Rhode Island 634. For comparison, the present bill need deeper channels. [Mr. McGRATH] are members of the appropriates $206,462,754 more than was The American-fiag fleet has grown committee on the pa:rt of the Senate at­ appropriated for 'the current fiscal year. from 12,000,000 deadweight. tons in 1939 tending the funeral of the late Senator Since the river and harbor and flood­ to 41,000,000 tons in 1947. Similarfy, John H. Overton, of Louisiana, and are control work carried on by the Corps of river tows have increased tremendously therefore necessarily absent. Engineers represents by far the largest in size. While before the war the value The Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. percentage of the total expenditures for of commodities carried in one river tow MYERS], the Senator from Wyoming [Mr. civil functions, it is that portion of the rarely exceeded $200,000, today million­ O'MAHONEY], and the Senator from Ten­ appropriation bill with which I want to dollar tows are common. Larger barges nessee [Mr. STEWART] are absent on deal in some detail. and bigger tows demand better locL fa­ public business. River-and-harbor and flood-control cilities. The Senator from Montana [Mr. projects come before the Appropriations All the while these tremendous ad­ MuRRAY] and the Senator from Texas Committees after they have been au­ vances were being made in the various [Mr. O'DANIEL] are absent by leave of the thorized by the Public Works Commit­ types of cargo-carrying vessels, the de­ Senate. tees of Congress. Prior to such authori­ velopment of navigation projects to keep The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc­ zations studies must have been requested pace therewith was halted by the war. CARRANl, the Senator from North Caro­ by Congress. The projects in the bill Furthermore, even the maintenance of lina [Mr. UMSTEAD], and the Senator now before you have been conceived eXisting facilities was drastically cur­ from New York [Mr. WAGNER] are neces­ and brought along thus far as a result tailed throughout the war years. We sarily absent. of prior congressional action. These finally took cognizance of the lag in The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev­ projects have survived a rigorous screen­ waterway improvements, and passed the enty-two Senators having answered to ing process. In the first place, there 1945 and 1946 River and Harbor Authori­ their names, a quorum is present. must be reason for the authorization for zation Acts. Having done ·that, it would Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, we the initial study, and subsequent to such be foolhardy and inconsistent to fail to have now before us the civil-functions authorization these projects must run appropriate the implementing funds. bill for the Department of tht:: Army. It the gantlet of engineering considera· It is significant to note that the 1938 is quite evident that we cannot conclude tion, feasibility and economics, local sup­ appropriation act, before the war, for the the subject this afternoon, for the rea­ port, interagency concurrence, State ap­ improvement of river and harbor projects son that' we are awaiting the return of proval, and favorable congressional ac­ amounted to $91,000,000. The amount Senators attending the funeral in Lou­ tion. After such projects are authorized, the Senate committee recommends for isiana of our- late colleague and great they are added to the hacklog of . proj- that purpose during the fiscal year 1949 XC!V-_-373 5910 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE - MAY 17 is $113,000,000-or only slightly more cultural economists. However, many of this bill in committee and who have filed than we appropriated 10 years ago when us know from our own experience and a minority report are recommending domestic, foreign, and coastwise water observation, as well as from the vivid that the amount in ·the bill be scaled . traffic was much less than it is today. comments of our friends and neighbors down $200,000,000. In that connection I In 1938 the Engineering News-Record who have been flooded out, that the eco­ think it is significant to note that under index for construction stood at 235. To­ nomic loss and suffering to farmers are ECA it is contemplated tliat during the day it stands at 440; construction costs very real. first 12 months we will spend for coal have nearly doubled. That means that Flood control also makes it possible to production equipment in foreign coun­ in 6:-der to accomplish the same volume grow crops where the hazard of overflow tries the sum of $49,100,000; for petro­ of work that was done 10 years ago, we is otherwise so great that farmers are leum production equipment we will spend should appropriate about $180,000,000. unable to risk the losses from flooding. $42,400,000; for steel manufacturing Actually we are proposing the appropria­ There are hundreds of thousands, and equipment, $28,300,000; for electrical tion of only $113,000,000. probably millions, of acres of rich river equipment, $43,300,000; and for freight The committee believes.that reasonable bottomlands which now are unused and, cars, $53,000,000. progress should be made toward· meet­ are wasting away as brush lands or are So, Mr. President, we are going to ing the widespread public demand for the put only to a relatively unproductive type spend $216,100,000 to help develop the accomplishment of work on the backlog of use, simply because they are endan­ natural and industrial resources of for­ of improved water transportation facili­ gered by annual or more frequent inun­ eign countries and yet there are those ties that play such an important part in dation. Proper flood control removes who contend that we should cut this bill our present-day economy. this hazard from these fertile lands; and down by about an equal amount. This For many days the subcommittee had will make it possible to add these areas call to aid foreign countries, in my opin­ before it literally hundreds of individuals to our resources of rich, crop-producing ion, makes it mandatory now that we and groups representing communities lands. Here, again, the influence of proceed apace, not only for the protec­ large and small, spread over the entire greater agricultural prosperity on our tion of our own priceless natural re­ country; 1,430 pages of hearings were entire economy and national life is ex­ sources, but quickly push _this program taken. For the most part, they repre­ tremely widespread and important. which will make it possible for us to con­ sented logical and convincing justifica­ Thousands of prosperous farming com­ tinue to expand our ability to produce tions for their needs. The total value of munities throughout our entire Nation in order also to meet these foreign de- the river and harbor improvements which are convincing testimony that a sound mm~ . • were recommended to our subcommittee and expanding agriculture is the back­ I believe in the purposes of the Eco­ over and above those included in the bone of our democracy. nomic Cooperation Act, and I cast my House version of the bill is $105,000,000. In addition to lands subject to frequent vote for the program enthusiastically. The subcommittee carefully scrutinized flooding, our great country has many However, to think. that we can be perma­ and analyzed every item presented to millions of acres of fertile land which is nently helpful to fore~gn countries, not to it; and of that $105,000,000 we added only totally useless because it·lacks adequate say anything pf ourselves, if we neglect to $38,000,000 to the House version of the drainage. Our flood-control prbgram protect our own resources is sheer mad­ · bill, making a total of $113,000,000 for includes many projects for the improve­ ness, and Mr. President, this is a bill to river and harbor construction. ment of stream channels and major protect our resources, as a few facts and This civil functions appropriation bill drainage · courses in order to provide :figures will prove beyond the shadow of a has been characterized by some persons means for rainwater and snow melt to doubt, in my opinion. as a stupendous pork barrel. In a sense, more rapidly find their way to the larger The total estimated reduction in dam­ I agree. I believe it is a pork barrel which streams and eventually to the oceans. ages to date from the operation of com­ will put pork chops and bacon and roast As these projects are built, it becomes pleted, and partially compfeted, flood­ pork on millions of dinner tables all over feasible for drainage districts and in­ control projects amounts to · approxi­ the United States. I ain in favor of that. dividuals to .provide the lateral drains mately $4,500,000,000. Four billion five I am in favor of any program that will and ditches for drying up the swampy hundred million dollars has been saved help to increase our production of food areas and, n turn, this makes it possible so far by projects heretofore completed. and other agricultural products. There to bring th'ese lands into production. Of this amount, $4,000,000,000 is cred­ are a number of ways to stimulate agri­ The civil-works program also includes ited to flood prevention in the lower Mis­ culture temporarily and to obtain large a number of muJtiple-purpose reservoir sissippi Valley since the initiation of that production records for a few years, but all projects which include important irrlga­ project. The remaining benefits cred­ stop-gap measures inevitably cause se­ tion features. In the western part of itable to fiood-control projects cover a rious depletion of and permanent injury the country, practically the entire agri­ much shorter period since the general to our land resources . . The only way to cultural economy depends on irrigation _flood-control program was placed in op­ be sure that our present efforts to help and the only way to expand agriculture eration subsequent to the 1936 Flood feed the world do not invite the ghost of is through better conservation and Use Control Act and only very few projects hunger at home is for us to move rapidly of the limited water supply which nature were placed in operation during war toward the greatest possible conserva­ provides. Merely as examples of the years. tion and preservation of our land and projects in this bill which will benefit It is estimated that the projects in the toward a higher permanent level of ag­ agriculture throJlgh irrigation, I cite the appropriation bill as passed by the House riculture. Folsom, Pine Flat, and Isabella -Reser­ will, when completed, provide annual The projects in this b111, and par­ voirs in California and the McNary Res­ benefits estimated at $205,710,000 of ticularly the flood control program con­ ervoir in Oregon and Washington. which $141,230,000 are flood-control tained in it, aid agriculture directly in Destiny has forced upon the United benefits and $40,950 ,000 power benefits; four significant and distinct ways. States the mantle of leadership for free­ the remaining $23,530,000 represent oth­ The first is the direct prevention of loss dom-loving peoples throughout the er benefits. of crops and livestock which comes about world. As a Nation, we have recognized It is estimated that the projects in the -when swirling flood waters engulf and our obligation in this respect and the appropriation bill as reported by the destroy hundreds of thousands of acres Congress recently passed the Economic Senate committee will, when completed, of growing crops and pastures. Not only Cooperation Act which is designed to provide annual benefits estimated at has the cost which has gone into such to help stabilize the economies of friend­ $218,760,000, of which $149,530,000 are crops in the way of seed n.nd planting and ly foreign nations. To get a balanced flood-control benefits; $42,670,000 are cultivation been lost forever, but the food perspective on what we are doing for power benefits; and the remaining $26,- values and industrial raw materials foreign countries as compared to what 560,000 are other benefits, although in represented by them are lost, and em­ we propose to do in this civil-functions the Senate bill · many projects will be ployment opportunities inherent in the bill for our-own economy, I think some completed much sooner, and, therefore, growing crops are wiped out forever. comparisons might be helpful. benefits will come earlier. , The disruptions caused by these losses as As you know, Mr. President, the bill As an examp1e of benefits obtained by they spread throughout our economy are we are currently considering came out of the reduction of flood damages, the fol­ staggering to the imagination, and are committee with a thumping 16 to 3 ma­ lowing information is given concerning fully understood only by specialized agri· jority, The three Senators who opposed the operation of projects in the Ohio ' 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5911 River Basin during .the April 1948 flood. which our great power pools from hydro­ 3. Projects which can be completed wlth The total reductions in estimated dam­ electric power projects played in alumi­ reasonable appropriations; and ages credited to the operation of flood­ num production and aircraft manufac­ 4. Projects where the State or municipality control reservoirs in the Ohio River Ba­ ture during the recent war. Less spec­ bears' a portion of the expense. sin during the April 1948 flood have been tacular, but nonetheless important, is The PRESIDING OFFICER. The estimated at $31,900,000, of which $30,- _ the part which the electric power indus­ question is on agreeing to the motion to 960,000 was obtained along the main try, supplemented by hydroelectric recommit, with instructions, offered by stem of the Ohio River from Pittsburgh power projects, performed in the war the junior Senator from Kansas [Mr. to Maysville, Ky., and reductions in dam­ effort throughout the entire country. REED], for himself, the Senator from :New ages in the amount of $940,000 accrued Should another emergency arise, we shall Hampshire EMr. BRIDGES], and the Sen­ on tributary basins. need more electric power than ever be­ ator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON]. Mr. YOUNG. Mr. President, will the fore. But we shall not have it unless we Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, I Senator yield? start now to tap the power potentialities suggest the absence of a quorum. Mr. GURNEY. I yield. of the streams of our own United States, Mr. YOUNG. The Senator is speak­ as' ·contemplated by this bill. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ing of appropriations and of benefits to · Mr. President, those who are opposing clerk will call the roll. - the Nation as a whole. I wonder if he this bill are basing their opposition on a The Chief Clerk called the roll, and has any figures showing what percentage plea for economy. I can see no economy the following Senators answered to their of the appropriations will be repaid by in an angry river gone berserk, sweeping names: the various political subdivisions where away forever millions of dollars' worth of Aiken Gurney Millikin Ball Hatch Moore the projects are constructed. I believe property. I can see no economy in an Barkley Hawkes Morse practically every project carries a repay­ unproductive swamp or an arid plain. I Brewster Hayden O'Conor ment feature. Is that correct? can see no economy in a half-developed Bricker Hickenlooper Pepper Brooks Hill Reed Mr. GURNEY. Irrigation projects fall navigation system. I can see no econ- Buck Hoey Revercomb in that category. . omy in a still-born power-development Butler Holland Robertson, Va. Mr. YOUNG. I know that many of the program. In short, Mr. President, I can Byrd Ives Sal tonstall see no economy in failing rapidly to de­ Cain Jenner Smith Army projects do, too, under the pend­ Capper Johnson, Colo. Sparkman ing bill. velop and protect our natural resources. Chavez Johnston, S. c. Stennis Mr. GURNEY. That is correct. The large majority of the Senate Com­ Connally Kern Taft Cooper Kilgore Taylor Mr. YOUNG. Does the Senator have mittee on Appropriations considers this Cordon Knowland Thomas, Okla. · any idea as to what percentage of re­ bill as an investment that will bring Donnell Langer Thomas, Utah payment there is on the average projects dividends far and above the sacrifice Downey Lodge Tydings under the jurisdiction of the Army engi- Dworshak Lucas ; Vandenberg necessary to make the appropiiation Eastland McFarland Watkins. neers? Y' · now. Dividends will come in the form Ecton McKellar Wherry Mr. GURNEY. As the Senator knows, of decreased suffering by flooded-out Ferguson McMa,llon Wiley the irrigation projects generally· come families and industries, increased returns Fulbright Magnuson Williams George · Martin Wilson under the Bureau of Reclamation. The in the form of agricultural production, Green May bank Young percentage of repayment on Corps of increased numbers of farm homes, in­ Engineers projects, whether flood-con­ creased use of hydroelectric power that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy­ trol or rivers and harbors, is generally will obviate the use of irreplaceable pe­ two Senators having answered to their small as compared with projects under troleum needed now for generating elec­ names, a quorum is present. , the Bureau of Reciamation. - tricity by Diesel engines, which, all to­ The question is on agreeing to the mo­ Mr. . YOUNG. But there is rather a gether, are necessary in the defense of tion of the junior Senator from Kansas large repayment provision made in con­ the United States and will go a long way £Mr. REED], on behalf of himself, the Sen­ nection with their projects. toward increasing our defense potential. ator from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], , Mr. -GURNEY. Similarly, proceeding Speaking for 16 of 19 members of the and the Senator from Michigan [Mr. with the story of the Ohio River project Senate Appropriations Cori;J.mittee, I FERGUSON], to recommit H. R. 5524 with units, local protection works in the Ohio heartily recommend that House bill 5524 instructions. River Basin prevented damage est.imated be passed in the form recommended by Mr. REED. Mr. President, with a sane at $15,875,000, of which $14,815,000 ac­ the committee. and rational administration the minority crued to urban areas along the main stem Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I of the Appropriations Committee who of the Ohio River, $320,000 to urban areas send to the desk an amendment to the filed the minority views have no dif· on tributary basins, and $740,000 to rural pending bill. ference of opinion. Concerning the over­ areas along tributary basins. . The total The PRESIDING OFFICER

5914 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 with respect to rivers and harbors or Last Friday there was published the a yea-and-nay vote in the Senate had tlood-control work, in connection with a report of the Joint Congressional Eco­ defeated one of the fantastic proposals single project. · nomic Committee on the price situation, which they had endorsed and urged. Mr. PEPPER. I am exceedingly sorry based upon a prolonged study by the That Senator said to me, "No; they were to hear the Senator make the statement . regional subcommittee. This is what not always like this. There was a time he has just made about the Army engi­ the report had to say about public works: when one could take an Army engineers' neers. I hope that upon reflection he Public works should be deferred wher­ report at face value and almost without will find it. possible to soften his state­ ever possible, unless they contribute to the criticism; but that has changed. For ment, because I have observed, in the output of_food or other scarce goocts. the last 15 years they have been under almost 12 ye·ars I have been a Member of Mr. President, we can go further than pressure to spend money, and they. have the Senate, that no agency of the Gov­ that. Every economist in the country, gradually come over to a policy of find­ ernment of the United States . is more whether he be an extreme left-winger, ing all the ways they can to spend money generally esteemed, more highly re.­ or an extreme right-wing conservative, in the name of river-and-harbor or tlood­ spected, or which enjoys more fully the would say that at this period in our eco­ control or other projects.'' Mr. Presi­ confidence of the Congress and the coun­ nomic history, with prices greatly in­ dent, that observation is in line with my try, than does the Engineer Corps of the tlated, with labor scarce, and materials own observations. . United States Army. high, with every effect which might make For example, the Tennessee-Tombig­ Mr. REED. Of course I do not agree for a run-away intlation, we should not bee project, which is as fantastic a trans­ with that assumption by the Senator . pass a bill of this character, which is the portation proposition as anyone ever from Florida. most wasteful, most extravagant, and conceived of, has been kicked out of con­ Let me come to the question of the most unnecessary bill I have encoun­ gressional committees and has been de­ amount of money involved, and what tered in my service in the Senate. It flies feated in the House of Representatives should have been involved. in the face not only of the promises of and in the Senate, and yet Colonel Fe­ On January 14 of this year President the Republican Party, but of all sound ringa, who appeared before the commit_; Truman said: economics. That is what we are dealing tee and whose testimony is reported in I have urged consumers to restrict their with. It is not a light matter. The Sen­ the volume of committee hearings, had purchases of scarce products. The Federal ators who signed the report with me are the nerve to endorse it. The Army engi- Government is deferring many public works not penurious. We try to approach these - neers also recommend the -Beaver-Ma­ projects and following procurement policies questions· in a 'broad way. But this bill honing Canal, a project which the Senate designed to minimize the effect on price defeated by a vote of 50 to 15, as I recall. increases. offends every sense of public intelligence and sound economics. The Army engineers also approve the In February of this year the Joint Was the Republican· Party in earnest Florida ship canal. I am not sure Legislative Budget Committee of the two when it made the promise to the people whether they have approved the Passa- Houses filed a report which was unani­ back in February, signed by the leaders ~. maquody project. But certainly they mously adopted by the Senate, and on a of both Houses, or was that merely a - have approved practically all the other yea-and-nay vote in ,the House by an smoke-screen to deceive or mislead the· such projects. Of course, they might be overwhelming majority. That report people of the country? At the rate we pardoned for doing so, because as a re­ recommended the reduction'of the Presi­ are going, instead of reducing appropri­ sult of all the projects they have under­ dent's Budget by $2,000,000,000, and gave ations by $2,000,000,000 under the Presi­ taken a considerable amount of money as the reason for such reduction that it dent's budget, we shall reduce appropria­ has been spent, and that has occurred was "the highest peacetime budget that tions by less than $400,000,000. The pro­ during a time when the spending of has ever been submitted for congres­ fessional staff of the Appropriations money, regardless of consequences, has­ sional consideration.'' The committee Committee, under my direction, have been a policy, and has been regarded as also stated: checked the reductions which have been a virtue. I shall return to that subject For the same reason, large-scale. expansion made up to this time, and have calcu­ later. _ and acceleration of public works projects lated what further can be done. As late Mr. President, I am prepared to yield should be limited to such projects as are as this morning, when a final check was the fioor. deemed urgently necessary to the public in­ made,' none of us could see any reason­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, before terest. able chance that the reduction in the the Senator yields the fioor, will he yield That report was signed by the Senator President's budget will be as much as to me for a question? from South Dakota [Mr. GuRNEY], who $400,000,000-certainly not materially Mr. REED. Certainly. made the report for the Senator from greater than $400,000,000-instead of $2,- Mr. WHERRY. In order that some of New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES]. It 000,000,000. I am sorry that my good us may better understand what the mi­ .was signed by the Senator from New friends of the minority are not present pority of the commi~tee are attempting Hampshire. It was signed by the today. They have gone on a sad mission, to do in this connection-and I should Senator from Nebraska [Mr. BuTLER]. to attend the funeral of the late Senator like to say that no one has a higher re­ It was signed by the Senator from Ohio Overton, of Louisiana. That will defer _gard than I have for the ability of the tMr; TAFT]. It was signed by the·sena­ the vote, by agreement, until they return: junior Senator· from Kansas and the re­ tor from Illinois [Mr. BROOKS], as well I shall make a few further observations, search he has made-! should like to ask as by . several distinguished minority and then yield the fioor. one or two questions. I happen to serve members; namely, the Senator from I am sorry the Senator from F-lorida on the same committee with the Senator, . Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY], the Senator [Mr. PEPPER] is not present in the Cham­ and I deeply appreciate at all times his from Georgia [Mr. GEORGE], and the ber· at the moment. I have checked a judgment, and I am fully aware of the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. Mc­ great many reports of the Army engi­ fact that he is very careful with statis­ KELLAR]. neers; and detected their utter absurdity tics. So I realize that we should look That promise was a promise of .the when they undertake to justify expendi­ searchingly into the minority views. majority party. We have a majority in tures by making a report of benefits For that reason I should like to ask the this Chamber, as well as in the House. which they claim will result from the distinguished Senator about a statement The joint committee was composed of the various projects. I have never seen one. on page 5 of the minority views, where chairmen and the ranking members of of such reports that could be accepted the minority conclude their recom­ the Committee on Finance of the Senate, at its face value. mendations by stating: the Ways and Means Committee of the I have talked with Senators of longer (a) The aggregate of items included in the House, and of the Appropriations Com­ service than my own. 'What I have said bill shall be reduced by not less than $200,­ mittees of the two Houses. It pledged applies to the Army engineers and their ooo,ooo from the sums presently included. . the people of this country, on the faith recommendations, under pressure, for I should like tortance. It is the· first time any in­ portant. gram. My understanding is that 42 new struction of the kind has ever been given. On page 3 of the minority views the projects were added to the program, and Last year in the Sena:te -we held up a Senator from ·Nebraska will observe that provision for them was written into this similar bill, for a second look by the the largest amount of money given for bill, .although they w~re not included in Army engineers, but without any instruc­ those purposes in any 1 year is the the President's budget. . Of those 42, 14 tion, without any formula for setting a amount given for the current fiscal year, were added in the House and 28 . were valuation upon the different ways·of do­ which is $415,928,525. The comparable added in the Senate committee. That ing the work or the different factors that :figure in the majority report on the bill shows how carelessly this bill was drawn, should be considered. That is partially is $640,253,200. Mr. President. I repeat that there· are the basis of my judgment of the Army So I say to the Senator from Nebraska 42 new projects not included in the engineers. The sum total of their sec;. · h 'f President's budget. ond look was precisely nothing. that we of the mmority conclude t at 1 Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will Mr. CONNALLY. Let me Say one fur­ the Congress now appropriates for this the Senator yield? · ther word, and then I am through. If purpose an amount equal to the amount Mr. REED. I yield. the Senator, though, has no confidence made available during the present year, Mr. CONNALLY. Did I cbrrectly un- when this work has been going forward in their integrity, why does he want to faster than ever before, and at a rate as derstand the Senator from Kansas to vest them with all this authority? high as the economy of the country will say a little while ago that he' 'had no con­ Mr. REED. I do not propose to give stand, that will be sufficient, .and there- fidence in the intelligence- them any additional· authority. I am Mr. REED. Or the integrity. putting certain limitations upon them, as fore we shall be able to make the recom- Mr. CONNALLY. No confidence in to the basis on which the money shall b..e mended reduction of $200,000,000. the intelligence or integrity of the Army spent. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the engineers? · Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, will the Senato~ yield for a further question? Mr. REED. Yes. Senator yield? Mr. . REED. Certainly. Mr. CONNALLY. Yet do I further Mr. REED. I yield to the Senator from Mr. WHERRY. I should like to ask correctly understand the Senator to Oregon. one more question on this point. I un- propose, by this motion, that the Con­ Mr. CORDON. As one member of the derstand what the Senator has just said gress turn -over to the Army engineers Committee on Appropriations, and of the in. an.-swer to the question I asked, but he the expenditure of $538,735,550, without. Civil Functions Subcommittee, I confess has not fully answere__C\ my question. any check thereon by the Congress at I do not understand what approach the I wish to know this: If we deduct all? subcommittee is directed to make to this $200,000,000 from the proposed appro- Mr. REED. I would not. But, Mr. problem, should the Senator's motion to priations, will that permit the continua- President, I would not leave as much recommit prevail? First, the .motion is tion of all the projects which have been .money as the Senator suggests. to recommit with instructions to reduce started during the past fiscal year; or will Mr. CONNALLY . .I took off $200,- the amount $200,000,000. There is no the $200,000,000 reduction, if it is made, 000,000. amount set except as a ceiling. The me~n that some of the projects already Mr. REED. Very well, $53u,OOO,OOO. committee would have no instruction as started will have to fold up? Can the Mr. CONNALLY. Five hundred and to what amount to report. I assume the Senator answer my question from that thirty-eight million dollars. The appro­ committee is expected to reach some point of view? I am interested in sep- priation is for an agency of the Govern­ · over-all amount by applying the yard;. arating the new projects from the old ment. I may say I do not agree with the stick which is mentioned in the motion, ones. I understand that provision for 59 Senator's estimate of the Army engi­ which is that the Army engineers be in­ new projects has been written into this neers. It is an agency of the Govern,. structed to apply the remaining sums to bill. But aside from the point of view of ment in whose integrity and intelligence the projects which they deem to be most the national economy, inflationary the Senator has no confidence, an~ yet important, both as to improvements in trends, and so forth, I should like to he is willing. to turn over to that agency rivers and harbors and as to flood con­ know what impact would be caused on discretion to spend $538,000,000 a year. trol, the other selections and recommen­ the projects already started if the Senate He is not willing to trust the Senate and · dations to be based on (1) urgency, (2) · were to tal{e favorable action on the pro- the House with the expenditure of that long.,.range importance, (3) projects posed $200,000,000 reduction. fund. which can be completed with reasonable 59l6 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_:_SENATE MAY 17 appropriations, and (4) projects in the present bill is simply $200,000,000 too finally come before · the committee? which the State or municipality bears a high? They are all passed on by the Army en­ portion of the expense. Is it the Mr. REED. That is correct. • gineers and included in their reports. thought of the sponsors of the motion Mr. CORDON. The Senator wourd The Bureau of the Budget decides upon , that if the bill be recommitted the sub­ reduce it $200,000,000 and start all over the amount of money-- committee shall themselves first reach anew to work it out, in order to comply Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, will the an over-all figure at least $200,000,000 with the Senator's view? . - Senator yield? less than the present bill, and, having Mr. REED. That is what we would Mr. REED. Not at this time. I am reached that figure, shall arbitrarily call have to do; yes. endeavoring to describe the process. for in the Ar ~ngineers and say, "This is Mr. CORDON. Has the Senator in the benefit of the Senator from Ne­ the money. ow, apply this sum to the mind, for instance, any single projects braska. projects which you deem most impor- in all this vast group that he would point The next step is in the Bureau of the . tant," and so forth? Is that the thought out as being projects- to be cut out or Budget. It takes the projects 'i'ecom­ of the sponsors of the motion? reduced, or anything else? · mended' by the Army engineers and Mr. REED. I think that is substan­ Mr. REED. That may be an assump­ makes Up the budget. The budget then tially a fair statement. tion of the Senator from Oregon, but it comes to the Congress, and Congress Mr. .CORDON. Assuming then that is not .a correct statement. takes the third and last look at it. Alt the bill is recommitted and the subcom­ Mr. CORDON. The Senator from projects must have the sanction of the mittee has reached this arbitrary figure, . Oregon asked 'it as a question, rather Army engineers before they go to the that it has called in the Army engineers than as an assumption. Bureau of the Budget, and in most cases and said, "You determine how to apply Mr. REED. No recommendations are before they are considered by Congr ss this money," and assuming that the mEtde in the report. That does not mean they must nave the saction of the Bud­ Army engineers bring back their judg­ that the committee has no idea of what ment on that, ·what then is the commit­ get. But there were 42 exceptions. should be done with a smaller amount of ·Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will tee to do? . Is it to substitute the judg­ money. the Senator yield? . ment of the Army engineers .for the judg­ Mr. CORDON. Does the Senator from ment of the subcommittee without more Mr. REED. I should like to finish an­ Kansas expect during the debate to make swering the question of the Senator from ado-merely take it and' say, "That is it"? any specific 'recommendations beyond Mr. REED. No. Nebraska · before I yield. - The Senator tho.se contained in the motion? · has a legitimate worry, if he has any­ Mr. CORDON. What is it to do? Mr. REED. He does not. I hope nei­ Mr. REED. It is to exercise its very thing. I am trying to assure him that ther the Senator from Nebraska nor the it is not anything. When I have finished best judgment based on the information Senator from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY] will before it. The ·Senator from Oregon I shall be happy to yield to the Senator waste any sympathy. We shall do the from California. · knows that the Army engineers·have sat best we can. with the subcommittee and with the full Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will.the We have $415,000,000 this· fiscal year, committee all through the sessions. Senatot:_ yield for one more question? - if we ,take the amount suggested by the Mr. CORDON. Certainly. Mr. REED. I yield. minority, which public sentiment in the Mr. REED: ·They were present when Mr. WHERRY. Following up the United States overwhelmingly has ap,.. we marked up the bill and when we were ·proved. We have so many projects question which· I asked regarding the under construction. Certainly if all we getting ready to report it. They· are ac­ $200,000,000, I now understand how the customed to being questioned, they are desired to do were to carry on the proj­ distinguished Senator arrives at the ects now under way with $415,000,000, accustomed to offering advice and mak­ $200,000,000. The motion is that the bill we could do it with $440,000,000. ing · suggestions. The Senator from be recommitted, and if the $200,000,000 Oregon is very well aware that· there is reduction ·is approved then there is a Mr. WHERRY. That is the very point nothing new or novel about it. The further recQ._riunendation that the Army · I wanted to bring to the attention of the only thing that could be considered new engineers b~jnstructed to apply the re­ Senator. Let us consider the Harlan or novel about it is that finally we have maining sums to the projects which they County Dam in Nebraska-- · , _ come to the place where there 1s a defi_­ deem to bey~he ·'most important in con­ Mr. REED. Yes. I helped to get mor·e nite formula offe~d 'and where for the nection witH river and harbor improve- , money for that project last ·year than first time such a !ormula, by which the ments, and so forth. I cannot help ask._ would have been obtained otherwise. selection of projects should be based, is ing the question once more. There must Mr. WHERRY. Now we are mutmilly made available. be a different· approach, for this reason, agreed. If the sum of $200,000,000 were Mr. CORDON. If the Senator from that some projects have already been au­ deducted from the $738,000,000, would Kansas will yield further, the Senator thorized. I do not wish to favor any mo­ the Harlan County Dam project ~till re­ from Oregon is c·onfused about it, tion which would send back· to the com­ main intact, or would there be some frankly. What do the sponsors. expect mittee this. bill with instructions to the question about what would happen in the subcommittee to do? Here are four Army engin.eers to set aside any project the final analysis?· yardsticks---urg~cy, long-range impor­ which may have been authorized and Mr. REED. The recommendations tarlCe, projects which can be completed which has already been started. I can made by the Army engineers under the with reasonable appropriations, which I conceive that there are certain projects smaller sum would have to be approved assume means within 1 year, and proj­ which have not been started; I can cdn­ by Congress. ects in which the local government par,. ceive of projects upon which not a dollar Mr. WHERRY. If it were taken off ticipates. Is the subcommittee to apply has been spent; but arbitrarily to take we could argue about it; but it is already those several yardsticks one after the $200,000,000 and give the Army engineers · there. That is the reason I asked the other in some order? Just what .does further instructions that they are to pro­ distinguished Senator what the impact the Senator expect the subcommittee rate the balance of the money, which wo~ld be if the money were deducted, to do? would include appropriating for author­ proJect by project. up to $200,000,000. Mr. REED. Recommendations will be ized projects already started, and possi­ Mr. REED. More money would be requested . . The subcommittee may sit bly projects not yet started, does not ap- made available for the fiscal year 1949 2 weeks, as we sat 2 weeks drafting the , peal to me as being proper. It seems to than is available for the current fiscal report. I expect to be on the subcom­ me we are undoing what has been done year. If that is what has worried the mittee. The Senator. from Oregon and on a program already started or already Senator, there would be $200,000,000 the Senator from New Hampshire will contracted for. ·Am I correct? more than there is at this time. I did also be on it. We do not anticipate any Mr. REED. The Senator is not cor­ not intend to say that every single great difficulty in arriving at a very much rect. project included in the present program more sane and rational conclusion than Mr. WHERRY. Would the Senator is an urgent or a reasonable one. There that which is included in the pending care to try to eliminate the confusion are too many projects for any man who bill. from my mind? tries to be careful in his statements to Mr. CORDON. Am I right, then, in Mr. REED. In the first place, I ask state the cost. But, Mr. President, the concluding it is the Senator's view-and, the Senator from Nebraska this ques­ Army engineers will submit a , report to I assume, tha·t of his cosponsors-that tion·: Where do we·get the projects which the committee, if the motion be agreed 1948" CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5917 to, and then the committee and the Sen­ opposition and urge construction but that Sacramento project, and the Senator can ate must approve the projects._ - time is still in the future. . find the information very quickly by re­ STOCKTON PORT DISTRICT, ferring to the hearings. I now yield to the Senator from Cali- By •MARTEL D. WILSON, fornia. _ Chatrman, Port Commission. Mr. KNOWLAND. If the Senator from Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I Kansas will permlt me at that point want to make two or three comments, The point I wish to mak~and I am merely to correct the record, he will find 'and then, later, on my own t~me, more glad the Senator from California inter­ on page 234 of the hearings that the city fully discuss the remarks of the Senator rupted me-is that I think Calvin Cool­ of Sacramento has provided for a bond from Kansas. When he outlined the idge is quoted as saying that the Federal issue of some $3,750,000, and the State procedure which was followed, I assume Government should never make an ex­ of California has contributed another he started out with the reports of- the penditure in any community from which ' $75o,ooo: So his example, I reiterate, was Army engineers. Of course, none of the the community benefited unless the com­ not a very good one. projects are acted on by the Army en­ munity contributed a share of the ex­ Mr. REED. I again say that I rely gineers until they have first been author­ pense of the cost. Though I _cann~t wholly on the telegram. I said in the ized by the Congress of the United States. vouch for his having made the remark, 1t first instance that I had no know~edge of At least the Congress has some respon­ is one of the soundest statements on the, the circumstances myself. sibility in having authorized the :projects. subject I . could think of. If we made Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the Then the project passes through a _gen­ every community bear a part of the cost Senator from Kansas yield? - eral series of hearings o; one kind or of. these projects from which they profit Mr. REED. I yield. another, which the _able Senator has and benefit, then we would ha~e _so~e Mr. LUCAS. How did the committee mentioned. But, frankly, I join with the kind of a yardstick by which appropria­ arrive at the figure of $200,000,006? able Senator from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY] tions of money would be limited. Mr. REED. The minority? in expressing great wonderment as to What impressed me when this tele­ Mr. LUCAS. Yes. how my colleague from Kansas can, with gram came was that it cited a case, if I Mr. REED. Probably from the fact a straight face, tell the Senate of the interpreted the Senator from California that the money presently available for United States that the matter should be correctly, where six or seven of the cities expenditure this year is $415,000,000, and put into the hands of the Army engineers have constructed ports half the cost of we are getting along pretty well, making when at the same time, he publicly says which they paid. Now we come to one more progress than we ever made before that he has no confidence in either their the entire cost of which is to be carried in any one year. intelligence or their integrity. Certainly by the Federal Government. Now the House of , Representatives if I felt that way about them I could not Mr. KNOWLAND and Mr. GURNEY comes along and -pushes the figure up , feel that it was consistent in the slight­ addressed the Chair. about $100,000,000, and the Senate com­ est degree to say we should· then accept The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the mittee comes along and pushes it up an­ their recommendations in connection Senator from Kansas yield; and 1f so, to other $100,000,000. So if we cut off $200,- with the expenditure of $500,000,000. I whom? 000,000, we will still have $25,000,000 merely want to say for the record at Mr. REED. I yield first to the Senator more than we have available this year. this time, if the Senator will permit me, from California. .· Mr. LUCAS. Can the Senator tell me Mr. KNOWLAND. What the Senator on what theory the House raised the that I do not join with him in his vfews has stated is simply not the fact if I regarding the Army engineers. On t~e 1 appropriation $100,000,000? · contrary, I haye found them to be a may say so to the able Senator. The Mr. REED. I cannot. hard-working;_ conscientious, and . able fact of the matter is that both the local Mr. LUCAS. Can the Senator tell me group of pu}:)Uc· servants, withotJ.t par­ government and the State of C:aliforni~ . on what theory the Senate committee are making contributions on th1s partic,­ raised it? · allel, I think, in the Federal Govern­ ular project, so when the Senator picks ment. Mr. REED. The Senate committee out that one particula_r example he selects raised it because it wanted to. Mr. REED. I am glad the Sena~or one which does not sustain his argu­ from California interrupted me. I have Mr. LUCAS. Surely there must have a telegram from his State which I ment. been some evidence presented. Mr. REED. All I know is what the Mr. REED. I have not said a thing should like to read, because it 11lustrates telegram says. precisely an important point which is on the floor of the Senate I did not say involved in the whole subject. The tele­ Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, will the in the committee, except that I have said gram reached me a day or two ago. It Senator yield? it in a louder .voice and at greater length. is from Stockton, Calif., dated May 13, Mr. REED. I yield. I told the committee I would oppose the Mr. GURNEY. If I may interrupt at 1948, and is addressed to me. It reads appropriation. The Senator from Mich­ as follows: this point, in a general way, all projects igan [Mr. FERGUSON] told the committee for rivers and harbors and flood control the same thing, as did the Senator from We congratulate you on your minority re­ are operated by the Corps of Engineers port on the civil functions Army appropria­ New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES]. tions bill and assure you of our whole-hearted under general rules, first, that lands and Mr. LUCAS. It is more or less an concurrence therein. Permit us to point out rights-of-way must be provided without arbitrary cut, is it not? a :flagrant example of an· app opriation with cost to the United States, as well as ter­ Mr. REED. I do not think it is arbi­ h-eavy political support but very little merit. minal facilities and spoil areas. · Second, trary. When we have a program-as The Sacramento rivers and harbors proj­ the United States must be held free from we have-and are carrying it out reason­ ect is recommended for.an added appropria- all damages resulting from the construc­ ably well-as we are-with $415,000,000, - tion of $2,128,000 by the Senate Committee tion. Third, cash contributions are re­ and are in a period of inflation, with on Appropr_iations. This project was ap­ quired if the benefits are local rather proved in 1946. Nothing has been J:l,ere­ high labor costs, scarcity of materials, to:fore appropriated for it. It has only a cost than national. Those are the rules gov­ and all the factors that go to make in­ benefit ratio of 1 to 1.1 on 1940 estimates. erning river and harbor construction flation, when we should not spend money The area. is already adequately served by seven work. for things of the kind proposed, the com­ operating ports. This all-Federal money As to flood control, lands and rights­ mittee reports a bill of the most out­ project would compete with and reduce the of-way must be made available without rageous nature ever presented. It is con­ revenue of existing ports jointly constructed cost to the United States. Second, the trary to the budget submitted by the by community and Federal mon~y. costs of highway bridges, and road relo­ President, contrary to what our own leg­ We have a special: interest in our opposi­ cations are borne by local interests. islative budget committee recommended tion because we are one of those ports which Third, the projects must be maintained when it pledged the majority to cut the our citizens paid one-half of the cost of. and operated by local interests. Fourth, appropriations $2,000,000,000, contrary we are still operating at a deficit and would . the United States must be held free from be pushed further in the red if ~he Govern­ to the expressed views of the Economic ment spent its money now to build another damages. - CoJ,lncil, and contrary to all common port where the field is not yet large enough So far as the project at Sacramento is sense. for the ports now operating. When the time concerned, full information was given Mr. LUCAS. I wish to say to the Sen­ comes that available freight will just ify the • . the subcommittee at some length ~s to ator from Kansas that I am inclined to proposed new project we will wit hdraw our the State and local contribution on th~ be very sympathetic toward what the 5918 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17

minority of the committee is doing in the to obtain the construction and operation will produce about three times as m~ch · way of trying to save $200,000,000, be­ efficiency that is needful; that it requires electricity as is now being produced in cause we have heard economy preached a larger amount in the second year than North Dakota, at the present time its over and over in the Senate and in the it does in the first, and requires a larger primary purpose is flood control for the House. My good friends on the other amount in the third year than it does in Mississippi and Missouri River Valleys. side of the aisle have been telling the the second. The· Senator understands I think the Senator will recall that last country what they were going to do in that necessary increase, I am sure. The year about $500,000,000 damages resulted the way of saving money. reason for it is because the heavy ma­ from floods on the Missouri River alone, Mr. REED. Six or eight of them chinery is brought in and set up during according to reliable estimates. The ap­ signeii a report to that effect. the first few years, and then after the propriation for the project to which I Mr. LUCAS. I think that is true. machinery is in operation it is necessary refer, the Garrison Dam, is $28,900,000. But I do not like to cast a vote on a pro­ to proceed rapidly in order to keep the In the opinion of the Army engineers, in posal to make an arbitrary cut of $200,- cost of moving, let us say, a yard of dirt order to provide for the cheapest possible 000;000 unless there is some basis for it, down to a reasonable. figure ln order to construction, they should have about some facts to support it, and something save money. Therefore does the Senator $30,000,000 to carry on work on this one which would acquaint the·Senate and the not think that in starting these projects important project this year. ·How, in country with the real reason for it. In the Congress should make appropriations the name of economy, can money be other words, if a project should be elimi­ to keep going the schedule of operation saved by disrupting the whole construc­ nated, it seems to·me we should have ·a for each year, and in order to proceed . tion program where a contract has al­ few facts along that line. with the schedule on these larger proj­ ready been let, and a large force of work­ Mr. REED. I think the Senator from ects did not . Congr~ss last year, and the ers is on hand at the present time? Illinois would agree with the Senator year before, authorize the construction Would the money be taken away from from Kansas that if .the minority, which and say that it would make the ap­ this project, the necessity for which has has very strong convictions on the sub­ propriations in optimum amounts. been amply demonstrated repeatedly and ject, undertook to designate the par­ Mr. REED. It did. The Senate com­ which is now under construction? ticular projects to be eliminated, they mittee this year proposes a super­ Then again two small appropriations would lose their case before they could optimum amount. are made for projects in North Dakota possibly present it to the Senate. Mr. GURNEY. No, I wish to say to the with respect to which there are local Mr. LUCAS. They will probably lose Senator that the new projects put in the contributions. If the necessary appro­ it if they do not. bill are not nearly so large as the Senator priations were made, the two projects Mr. REED. We have gone at the task may have indicated in'his address to the could be finished this year. Those proj­ in the only way I know how to undertake Senate this afternoon. The total new ects include repayment features. It it. All these projects must first come projects, for instance, that were put in seems to me that, in the interest of from the Army engineers; secondly, they the bill by the House and by the full Sen­ economy, appropriations should be made must go to the Budget; third, they come ate committee do not total anywhere near so- that the two projects can be com­ to. the Congress and are considered in $200,000,000. . pleted. I should like -to have the opinion the committee of the House, then in the Mr. REED. · I did not say the new of the Senator from Kansas respecting committee of the Senate. projects totaled $200,000,000. where a cut should be made in those We are taking the finished product of Mr. GURNEY. No. They total only proposed appropriations? the Senate committee, which is $225,- about $32,000,000, I may advise the. Sen­ Mr. REED. Mr. President, I lost my 000,000 in excess of the money being ator. confidence in the Army engineers be­ spent on this program for the current Mr. REED. Let me say to the Senator cause of their statements made in the fiscal year, and the minority of the com­ from .South Dakota, of whom I am very hearings. The Chief of Army Engineers mittee, so far as I can speak for the fond-we work in close cooperation; we made a statement in reply to the· Senator .. Senator from Michigan and the Senator sit together in the Senate-that I do not from Michigan as well as to the Senator from New Hampshire, said, "We are get­ have any question but that the problem from Kansas which made me lose confi­ ting on pretty well this year, and are can be worked out without any consider­ dence in him. The Senator from Michi­ making all the progress we could hope able amount of trouble if the Army en­ gan [Mr. FERGUSON] asked General to make in view of all the conditions and gineers will deal intelligently with it, and Wheeler: real dangers confronting the country; if the Senate committee will make an Do you consider that these are really es- therefore, we will submit minority views earnest effort to cut the amount back to sential items under that philosophy? and give our very best judgment as a what would be a reasonable, indeed, General Wheeler rep!ied: basis on which to work, which would pro­ what would be a liberal sum, in the light vide a figure $25,000,000 in excess of what of the circumstances which face the I so consider them. is available this year." country. The Senator from Michigan then Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, will the Mr. YOUNG. Mr. President, will the asked: Senator yield so I may ask him a ques- Senator yield? That applies to all projects included 1n tioo? · Mr. REED. I yield. your plans for which you are asking funds to Mr. REED. I yield. Mr. YOUNG. This morning I called be restored? • Mr. GURNEY. The Senator realizes, the Army engineers and asked them as of course we all do after looking at about the problem that would be theirs if General Wheeler: Chief of Army Engi­ the chart on the easel before· us, that appropriations were cut back as is sug- . needs, said: since the war years we have increased the gested and if the job of apportioning the Yes. Army civil functions appropriations qUite cuts among the many worth-while proj­ · No man in so important a position, rapidly, jumping from $100,000,000 in ects involved were turned over to them. charged with the responsibility of spend­ 1945 to $350,000,000 in 1946, and $506,- They told me that, in their opinion, there ing the taxpayers' money, is entitled to 000,000 for the current fiscal year. is not a single questionable item con­ any confidence from anyone when he Mr. REED. That is inclusive of all ex­ tained in the whole appropriation bill, takes a position of that kind. - penses. every one of the items having been au­ Mr. YOUNG. Mr. President, will· the Mr. GURNEY. Yes. The Senator re­ thorized by the Congress and carefully Senator again yield? alizes that we have increased the amount studied by the engineers. They hoped Mr. REED. I yield. during several years prior to this year, that the problem would not be sent back Mr. YOUNG. Perhaps their actions · and that means in part the providing to them, for them to make the decision right now would not meet with the ap­ of money to begin numerous projects. I as to which project should be cut and proval of the Senator from Kansas, but' want to ask the Senator if he has con­ which should not be cut. I do believe the Army engineers made a sidered that when we start a -project it May I .ask the Sehator from Kansas remarkable record during the last war. always begins in a small way; and, in how, in his opinion, a cut can be made, By way of further information, I order efficiently to carry on the work, ap­ for example, in the appropriation for a · asked the Army engineers this morning propriations for each individual project project in North Dakota? In our State the question: At the present rate of ap­ must be made in larger amounts for each we have the largest earth-filled dam in propriations how ·long would it take to succeeding annual requ;rement, in order the world under construction. While it complete the Pick-Sloan plan for devel- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5919 opment of the Missouri Valley at the rate the subject of public works as a method this year almost $50,000,000 was saved possible tinder this bill providing $738,- of generally trying to bring about some in flood damage, and we would like to 000,000 for all civil functions of the kind of a balance in the economy. Of have the same opportunity in our-valley." _Corps of Engineers? I was told it would course, we do not cut out public works. Mr. TAFT. May I say-- take another 9.6 years to complete it, if There are some things that are essen-­ Mr. GURNEY. I have not yielded. I appropriations were made annually at ti~l to be done this y.ear and next year. am making an observation. the rate set up in this bill. Of course, there is a program to be car­ Mr. TAFT. I thought the Senator Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the ried out, but the program should not be asked me a question. Senator yield? constantly increased. This year the .. Mr. GURNEY. No. I asked the ~r. REED. I yield. President's program alone has increased Senator from Michigan to yield to me Mr. TAFT. I may suggest that every all public works from $2,000,000,000 in for an observation. economist whom I know, whether he be the current' fiscal year to $2,800,000,000 Mr. TAFT. I · thought the Senator left wing or right wing, is in favor of for the fiscal year 1949. I say that in­ asked me a question. cutting down on public works when pri­ stead of increasing the $2,000,000,000, it vate .construction is active, and the mo­ should be decreased. . Mr. GURNEY. Continuing my obser­ ment private construction lets up, then Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will vation with respect to the statements to go ahead with the public works. They the Senator yield? which were made to the subcommittee, are all agreed as to what the effect would Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. we find that flood damage is recurrent Mr. KNOWLAND. I wish to point in many basins-in the Missouri River be on the general economy arid inflation the Mississippi, the Arkansas, and · if there were piled on top of a full pri­ out to the able Senator from Ohio what - th~ I am sure-he knows, that-in a great many Red River. A similar condition prevails vate economy construction program a in California. That is why the full tremendous expenditure of public of the States, particularly in the great western area of the countrY, there is a Committee on Appropriations recom­ money. From an over-all economic mended this biH by vote of 16 to 3. We · standpoint there can be no justification serious shortage of power. There is a a marked shortage of irrigated lands for feel that by spending this money we can for increasing public works when there make annual savings in every river val­ __,. is a general boom in private co_nstruc­ farming purposes. The shortage of power has actually resulted in closing ley in the country which will be com­ tion. And if we are going to take a na- · parable to the fine savings which are now tiona! viewpoint we ought to cut down down factories which, in turn, has de­ creased the productivity of . the Nation. being realized annually in the Ohio River public programs· now. When there is a Basin. general boom in private construction, if I think the able Senator ·. from Ohio would be the first to admit that one of Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the public works are dropped for a time it Senator yield? will make no difference, so far as I can the ways of defeating ·inflation is to in­ see, to the general ultimate welfare of crease the productivity of the country. Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. , the country. · This Is the time to cut Mr. T~T. I quite agree with the Mr. TAFT. I wholly deny the guess down on public works. I venture to say Senator that the so-called public works estimates as to what would have hap­ projects which ought to have priority pened· in the way of flood damage if there that if . that policy should be pursued had not been flood walls. It is utterly over the next 10 years, and if we should are those___...which increase the production increase publlc construction correspond­ of the people of the United States in impossible to make reliable estimates in ingly in times of depression, or lack of various degrees. There is no question that field. We have had floods for 160 private activity, we would get through about that; and that is probably a good years. Whether we do-certain work this just as soon with the Pick-Sloan plan justification for going ahead with some year or next year is not a vital question; such works in times of general private but whether we exceed the budget by and all'other plans as we would by try­ $2,000,000,000 or $3,000-,000,000 this year ing to force them now, which would re­ prosperity. But I do not believe we can sult in a general increase in all costs, find many works in the civil functions is a vital question. a general increase in the price of every program which have anything to do with The program which I would follow in kind of.material for which there is com­ increasing the productivity, Of the coun­ connection with public works would ac­ petition, a competition for labor and try. Take the whole question of flood complish all the flood-control work-and materials which would seriously embar­ control. Important as it is, r;f'evertheless perhaps more-in the next 5 or 6 years rass the country and might bring about we have waited a great many years, and that would be accomplished under the ,. a condition where we could no longer another year or two would make no vital program of the committee. But to say proceed with any public works. difference in the production of the coun­ that the program is absolutely essential · Mr. REED. Mr. President, I yield the try. and must be done now instead of 1 year floo~ · Mr. GURNEY. Mr.- President, will the later or 2 years later is an utter miscon­ Mr. FERGUSON obtained the floor. . Senator yield? ception of the importance of _these Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, wHI Mr. FERGVSON. I yield. projects. . the Senator yield to me for the purpose Mr. GURNEY. I do not know that the We have had many such projects in of addressing an inquiry to the Senator Senator from Ohio was in the Chamber the Ohio River. There are others that from Ohio? when I made a statement as to the sav­ we want. There are many Ohio items in Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. ings which were made in the Ohio River this program. I am perfectly willing to Mr. KNOWLAND. I should like to in- Valley during the current flood season, take a chance with the committee. Some / qUire of the distinguished Senator from because of money previously expended of theni will be eliminated. I think it is Ohio as to how far he _carries his theory for flood protection works in that valley. to the national interest that some of the which is, if I understood him correctly, The savings total $47,775,000 for the cur­ works in this bill in all States should that there should be in effect a suspen­ rent :flood period, in the April flood of be eliminated and postponed. Of course, sion of public works during a period of 1948. . each one is a good thing in itself. Each high industrial activity, to be resumed The point I wished to bring t_o the at­ program we are undertaking is .a good when other activities, private activities, tention of the Senator from Ohio was thing in itself. Appropriations of slough off? Does the distinguished Sen­ the fact that in other areas of the coun­ $13,000,000,000. for the Army, and of ator from Ohio carry that view to the try which have not had the benefit of ap­ $7,000,000,000 for foreign relief are essen­ extent that he believes there should be propriations. for flood control works in tial programs. The only point is that a suspension of public works and of prior years, the people must still live we cannot do it all at once, and hope that reclamation projects? under conditions of recurring annual this country can go on with any reason­ Mr. TAFT. No, obviously that is im­ floods, and some which come more often. able stability. We cannot accomplish possible. It is a question of degree. It That was the picture which was pre­ these things all at once without increas­ is a question of letting up on public sented to the· subcommittee· and the full ing the prices of everything the people of works when there 1s a boom, and going Committee on Appropriations time and the country must buy. We cannot add ahead with public works when there is a time again in 1,430 pages. Representa­ $7,000,000,000 worth of houses in a year depression. That is not iny theory. tives from many areas of the country to all the other programs and still hope That is the theory of every economist said, ''We have the same problem which that finally we shall be able to prevent and every person who has ever dealt with appears in the Ohio River Valley, where inflation. 5920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_:_SENATE MAY 17 The difficulty with the situation is that - If Senators are serious about recom­ cording to the budget figures, it is esti- . we are trying to do more than even this mitting the bill, the motion requires that mated that the excess of receipts will country can do. Wherever we can cut $200,000,000 be lopped off this appropri­ amount to approximately $4,500,000,000. down in every phase of this activity we ation. I wish to pay my respects to the According to the legislative budget, ap­ ought to make reductions. I was in favor minority Members, and especially to the proximately half that amount, or not of reducing the foreign-relief program. Senator from Kansas [Mr. REED]. I less than $2,600,000,000, must be applied I am in favor of reducing this program. know that he is very sincere. to the public debt. So, Mr. President, I am in favor of holding the Army and I should like to ask the Senator from sooner or later the Government wi.ll have Navy down as much as we can hold them Michigan a question. How is the $200,­ to come to the point of saying, "We can down. 000,000 &.rrived at? It seems to me futile spend only so much this year on public As an over-all proposition, if we w·ant to say merely that we are going to take works, in view of the fact that in addi­ a sound fiscal policy in this ·country, if $200,000,000 off the appropriation. The tion to all other expenditures, we must we want to avoid inflation, and if we are argument Is made that it is proposed to make expenditures on the European re­ to balance the budget, we must say, "Yes; appropriate approximately the same covery program and in the battle against each one of these programs is a great amount of money this year as was ap­ the spread of communism." It seems to thing in itself, but it must be fitted into propriated last year. Costs have in­ me that someone must consider the over­ the whole national picture." ·The field creased considerably since last year. all picture. So I think it is perfectly of public works is one place where ex- How do we know that projects which foolish to inquire, "How do you arrive penditures can be cut down. It is a most have been approved and authorized, and at this particular figure or that particu­ unpopular thing to do, politically, per- are now under construction, will be con­ lar figure?" haps the most unwise thing that could be tinued? That is a very simple question. The figure presented is an over-all done; and, yet, it is absolutely the sound- I think it behooves the minority to item­ estimate as to how we can keep our ex­ est and the only prop¢r approach for ize, project by project, the $200,000,000 penditures within the amount of money anyone who has an over-all .interest in which they feel can safely be taken from we have to spend. the fiscal welfare of the United States this appropriation. The argument about Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will and its people. the engineers and the budget, and who the Senator yield ~or an observation? Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will says this or that, is one thing; but tore- · Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. the Senator yield? commit the bill in accordance with the Mr. WHERRY. With much of what Mr. FERGUSON. I yhild. motion, which would permit the engi- the Senator from Ohio has said, I agree; Mr. WHERR~. I should like to ask neers to say what projects should be con­ but with some of it I totally disagree. the distinguished Senator from Michigan tinued, is an entirely different thing. I do not see that the European recovery program appropriations are at all in the the same question I asked the distin- Congress has already authorized these same category with the appropriations guished Senator from Kansas. projects and has made appropria~ions for under the Flood Control Act. The Eu­ The argument that it is unwise at this their construction. I think the only ropean recovery program is an entirely time to increase our appropriations for practical way to proceed is as follows: new program, and only estimates can be · public works is certainly debatable. I If the minority members of the commit­ made regarding its cost. I assume that think I have been on the short end of tee are sincere in wishing to have $200,­ at the time when that · program was that argument all year, and I think my 000,000 cut off from this appropriation, formulated and presented to the Con­ record is consistent. I have tried to then it is not enough simply to say, "Let gress, those in charge of preparing it did economize; but it seems that every time us make the appropriation this year not even know what would be spent on it. appropriations for rivers and harbors equal the appropriation of last year," be­ But tlie Senator from Michigan knows are under consideration, that is the very cause I should like to know what the that these projects for flood control and time that we should start to economize. costs last year were, as compared with rivers and harbors have been carefully We can pass bills for public housing the costs this year. I think the projects considered., item by item, first )Jy the sub­ and bills to increase Federal aid to edu- should be itemized, project by project, up committee and later by the full commit­ cation; we can pass European relief legis- to an amount which will represent are­ tee, and they have determined what they lation, and that is all right. That is duction in the neighborhood of $200,000,­ think the expenditures should- be. I needed. I do not know whether it is 000, so that those of us who wish to think it behooves the minority members true or not. I tried to find out. Not economize may vote intelligently on of the committee to state-and to more than an hour ago I asked Mr. what reductions should be made, rather justify-project by project, the items it Dewey, the head of the staff .of the so- than simply take a lump-sum figure out thinks do not need to be built this.year. called watch-dog committee, how much of the air. When that is done, I think we can rea­ money was to be appropriated under Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the sonably and intelligently vote on this ERP for the very purposes for which we Senator yield to me? issue. But until that is done, merely to are appropriating money here-not that Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. · say, "We are going to cut off $200,000,- I want in any way to sabotage ERP, be- Mr. TAFT. I wish to state to the Sen- 000 in the interest of the national econ­ cause that legislation has been passed; ator that if he had the responsibility for omy," to my mind, is being penny-wise but unless the figures have been cor- arriving at an over-all budget figure, he and pound-foolish, because under such a rected, it is my understanding that the would have to consider all the proposed procedure it might be necessary to termi­ figure is in the neighborhood of $300,- programs before the Government, and nate projects which actually had been 000,000. That is all right. We did not he would have to say, finally, "We can begun, and such action would result in have an opportunity to discuss a single only afford $500,000,000 for flood-control great losses under contracts which project to be undertaken in Europe. We works," or something of that sort. In already had been let, and in connection simply passed the bill. That is all right. effect, that is what we are trying to do. with which work had been started; and We can approve appropriations of $9,- We are trying to make an intelligent ap- it might be that such losses would be 333,0GO,OOO; but when it comes to passing proach to this matter. greater than the amount of the pro­ an appropriation in which I am vitally In the case of the European recovery posed savings. interested, and which involves the pro- program, I proposed to the Congress that I submit to the Senator from Ohio duction of food, we must do something we make a reduction of $30~.000 , 000. that these a1Jpropriations are quite dif­ else. Those who opposed that proposal asked, ferent from appropriations for a new I think we could debate that question "How do you arrive at that figure?" Of program on which only estimates can be all day and all week and not get any- course, Mr. President, we arrive at such made. In this case, we are dealing with where, because there is a great deal of figures arbitrarily, on the basis of our a program which has been appropriated hypocrisy involved in ·defending the po- views as to what the country can afford. for year after year, so that the amounts sition many Senators have taken on the Taxes have been reduced. The esti­ of past expenditures are known and can question of inflation, considering the ap- mate of -governmental receipts is between be used in connection with drawing up a propriations for which they have voted. $44,000,000,000 and $47,000,000,000, and program for the future. Let us be frank. What I want to do is the estimate of expenditures is between Although I wish to do everything to get back to the realities. $37,000,000,000 and $39,000,000,000. Ac- within my power to keep the Federal 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5921 Government's eXpenditures within a of taking that figure out of thin air, and even with the appropriation now con­ budget which can be sustained by our then saying to the Army engineers, ''You tained in the bill. we shall have appro­ country.:_in fact, if there is any Senator are to spend the remainder of the money priated $3.626.000,000, an average . of who has been criticized, it has been the as you think best, without regard to what $362,000,000 a year. That average in­ junior Senator from Nebraska, because Congress has done in the past." cludes the great slump in appropriations he has tried to make the Government Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, is in 1944; 1945. and other years, when they economize-yet here is a matter which this my speech? I thought I had the were at the minimum. In the case of must be approached from a practical floor. a Nation-wide flood-control program au­ point of view. However, that is not Mr. WHE'RRY. Mr. President, I am thorized by _the Congress of the United done. The question of econoiny is not sorry to have interrupted the Senator. States, which stated that the Congress to be considered in connection with this I hope that in his speech he will answer accepted it as a national obligation, cer­ matter any more than it is in connection that question, because the answer to it tainly an average ·of $362,000,000 a year with the European recovery program; is not to be found by a consideration of over a period of 10 years is not an exces­ but if we wish to reduce these appropria­ the question of the national economy. Of sive expenditure in order to prott:~t life tions $200,000,000, each and every item course the question of the national econ­ and property in this country. that is to be dropped from the program omy is ever before us; but in arriving at Floods are just as devastating and just should be considered, and the dropping the answer to the question, the practical as harmful in one year as in another, of it should be justified, just as . every · thing to ask is, ''How is the proposed .regardless of whether we are in a state of item which is placed in the program in $200,000,000 reduction arrived at; and prosperity or in a depression. So. I do the first place is justified before the com­ how do those who propose that reduction not accept the theory that we ought now mittee. I submit that is the only prac­ justify the elimination of the projects to cut down the appropriation because tical way to approach a vote on the ques­ which will have to be eliminated if such everybody is at work and we are in a tion of making a reduction of $200,000,- a reduction is made?" ·Believe me, Mr. prosperous season. That may be a good 000 in these appropriations and then let­ President, although some may say it is time to expend the money, because when ting the- Army engineers say for what not good common sense to ask such a depressions come the Treasury will like­ projects the money r_emaining should be question, nevertheless the projects which wise feel the impact of unemployment spent. have been authorized and are being con­ and lack of prosperity in reduced reve­ Mr. REED. Mr. President, will the stmcted today are the ones which I wish nues and income. So I did not want the Senator yield to me? to see continued, and I shall vote to see moment to pass without expressing my Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. that they are continued. Once projects disagi-eement with the over-all theory of Mr. REED. Before the Senator from have been authorized and construction the Senator from Ohio, which may be Nebraska takes his seat, I wish to point has begun. they should be continued, and good in some particulars and with respect out that the statement represents as wide the money of the Government should be to some expenditures, but which I do not a departure from common sense and used for that purpose, in preference to think is applicable to flood control. sound legislative procedure as I have using the Government's money for the Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, ever heard. · · purpose of starting new projects, with will the Senator yield? Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator re­ the result that projects already begun Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. fer to my statement? would be brought to a standstill, thus Mr. REED. Yes .. It represents as wide causing a loss which probably would ex­ Mr. REVERCOMB. I do not want to a departure from- common sense and ·ceed the proposed $200,000,000 saving. take the time of the Senator because sound legislative practice as I have ever Mr. BARKLEY. Mr: President, will later I may make remarks upon the sub­ heard. the Senator yield? ject before the Senate, but I should like When Congress ·is making appropria­ Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. to point out, following the remarks of the tions under a new program, of course the Mr. BARKLEY. I do n·ot want to take able Senator from Kentucky, that the appropriations must be more or less ar- .the Senator's time, and I probably should $3,626,000,000 spent in 10 years, making .. bjtrary, based upon estimates. But for say this in my own time, but I should like an average of $362,000,000 a year for continuing programs, for which appro­ to comment in a word ·or two-on the sug­ flood control, not only covers flood con­ priations are made year after year, the gestion of the Senator froirf Ohio; who trol but also covers improvements to common procedure is to say. ''How much quotes divers and sundry economists who rivers and harbors. It is the over-all was used for this purpose last year. and favor suspending all public works, or picture; as I see it, for all appropriations, how much will be needed this year. and most public works, until there is a de­ covering not only the flood control that how much will be. needed next year?" pression and widespread unemployment. has been spoken of, but the great im­ What the Senator from Nebraska has Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the provement of waterways and harbors, been talking about and criticizing is the Senator yield? which are so necessary to the mainte- commonest legislative practice there is. Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. nance of the Nation's commerce. · Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I think Mr. TAFT. Not "most public works." Mr. BARKLEY. I am glad to accept that statement should have an answer. I said, to let up on the program, to treat the correction made by the Senator from Not only am I amazed, but I am some­ it gently. West Virginia. While I did ·refer to what bewildered by the remarks made by Mr. BARKLEY. I refer to the general flood-control matters, because floods my good friend, the distinguished Sena­ proposition the Senator laid down, based create great damage every year, the tor from Kansas. The reason I am is on the opinions .o.( economists; I 4ave amount to which I refer does include all that in view of all the experience the great respect for economists, but I do not river and harbor improvements as well as Senator from Kansas has had I think it necessarily follow their theory in every­ flood-control appropriations. is utterly futile for him to suggest that thing. The theory contemplates that Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, the Appropriations Committee should public works are to be undertaken as a will the Senator from Michigan further attack this problem backward, for that is means of furnishing work to people who yield? exactly what is now proposed. The Sen­ are out of work. That is not involved Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. ator from Kansas knows that if he is not in flood-control appropriations. We are Mr. REvERCOMB. I am ·apprised in favor of the Tombigbee project, which not undertaking to inaugurate flood con­ that not only does the figure on the chart is included in the program now presented trol in order to. give people work. We cover flood control for the 10 years, and to us, even though that project has not grant that people are at work in this the improvement of rivers and harbors, yet been begun, there is some sense in country. But floods oc.cur· regardless of but it also covers maintenance of the ·asking that that project be eliminated depressions and prosperity. Floods may Panama Canal, as well as the Quarter­ . from the program if Senators are op:. be just as damaging and just as harmful master's Department of the Army, . in a · posed to it. in the height of employment and the very large part of its work. But I submit to the Senate there never height of prosperity as they are in days Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, if I may has been anything further from sound of depression. add, it covers 11 years, not 10. practice or common sense than a pro­ In the meantime the damages we seek Mr. TAP!'. Mr. President, will the posal simply to lop off $200,000,000 with­ to prevent are recurring every year. The Senator yield? out any justification, but merely by way :figures on the chart show that in 10 years, Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. 5922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 Mr . .TAFT. Can the Senator tell me there will still be unappropriated-for 1 year. That does not embrace the total the estimated cost of all authorized river projects in the amount of $1,083,516,575. loss sustained by the people. So, post­ and harbor and flood-control projects That refers to flood control generally. poning flood control at some place must now? Flood control on the Mississippi River increase the · damage to the citizenry Mr. FERGUSON. Yes. The flood­ and its tributaries amounts to $393,576,- from something which they are power­ control unappropriated monetary au­ 319. Rivers and harbors improvements le~s to prevent but which Congress, by thorization is $1,443,000,000. amount to $1,775,082,600. Putting them Wise expenditures, can prevent when the Mr. TAFT. No; I meant the author­ all together, paying out the money program is carried out. ization of total cost of all the projects recommended in the bill, there is a total Mr. YOUNG. Mr.President, will the which have been authorized now for for authorized projects, rivers and har­ Senator yield? flpod control and improvement of rivers bors, flood control; and flood control on Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. and harbors. the Mississippi River, of $3,252,175,494, Mr. YOUNG. With regard to the total Mr. FERGUSON. It is in excess of which is very much less than the $700,- estimated cost of $972,113,000, I should $7,500,000,000 in round figures. 000,000 which has been mentioned. like to say that in 1 year alone there was Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, what I Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the a loss in the valley of $500,000,000. tn my ·own State the loss will amount to wanted to suggest is . that wh~ther the Senator yield? $7,500,000,000 is spent. all in equal parts Mr. GURNEY. Certainly. more than $35,000,000. over all the program, or whether it is Mr. TAFT. What about the Pick­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the spent, as I suggest, by letting up iii times Sloan plan? That alone will require Senator from Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY] of prosperity and increasing in times of $3,500,000,000. It may not be author­ asked a question, but he is temporarily depression, we shall get through with ized, but it has been spoken of by the absent from 'the floor, and I shall not Senator from North Dakota and has been attempt to answer it at this time. that $7,500,000,000 just as soon, as I see it. I wish to speak briefly on behalf of the Mr. FERGUSON. The figures on the generally approved as a plan: Mr. GURNEY. _These figures include motion to recommit the Army Civil Func­ chart indicate clearly that in . cases of tions appropriations bill to the Commit­ national emergency, for instance, the all the money for the Army engineers for all the projects on the main stem of the tee on Appropriations. appropriations were slowed down. We The failures of this bill to take into figure the same thing is true now. Many river. They include all the large dams. things have happened since the budget The $3,500,000,000 figure includes anum­ account the best interests of the national ber of dams to be built by the Bureau of economy and the fisca( condition of the was made up last fall by the engineers United States have been discussed in the ·and by the Bureau of the ~udget. Reclamation away up on the tributaries, there being more than 100 projects. minority views on the bill and in previous Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I only want remarks on the motion to recommit. to suggest that I am just as much for They have not yet been studied or sur­ veyed. It amounts to an estimate of Let me say with the ·other signatories flood control as is the Senator from Ken­ of the minority views that I have been tucky. He and I live in the Ohio Valley, what the Bureau of Reclamation will re­ quire. These other figures include all astonished by the indiscriminate manner and. I do not want him to think I am not in which the Army engineers have made just as strong for that program as anyone the dams to be constructed by the Army engineers on the Missouri River. their requests -for restoration of every else. I only want to point out that a dollar of House cuts in this appropriation. program of $7,500,000,000 is not going Mr. TAFT. Has the Senator included Let me say further that I have been as­ to be completed for quite a long time, the flood-control•plans suggested by the tonished by the manner in which the probably 10 years. Additional authori­ Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER]? I committee majority has acceded to those zations will come along. I do not know think they amount to half a billion requests. dollars. what the whole cost will be. I suggest It is evident that the majority has been that in the long run the interests of the Mr. PEPPER. Oh, no. influenced by the long parade of wit­ country will be better served by following Mr. GURNEY. The Senator asked nesses who have come before them. I the general program of less expenditures with reference to the authorized proj- must say that I have been astonished as for public works in busy times, and more, ects. , well by that pa~ade and disturbed by its consideraly more, in times of depression. Mr. FERGUSON. This is only there­ course. More than 300 witnesses ap­ Mr. BARKLEY and Mr. UURNEY ad­ . mainder of all those which are author- peared or were represented before the dressed the Chair. ized. , committee, exclusive of the War Depart­ Mr. FERGUSON. I yield first to the Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, will the ment engineers and Members of Con~ Senator fi·om Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY]. Senator from Michigan yield? gress. I can recall only one who ap­ Mr. BARKLEY. I wanted to say that Mr. FERGUSON. I yield to the Sena­ peared to protest what is cynically but the figure I used a moment ago as an tor from Florida. universally known as this great "pork average, $362,000,000, was . based on a Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, in re­ barrel" bill. 10-year period. Looking at the chart gard to what was said by the able Sena­ I think the RECORD should show that again, I see it is 11 years. The average tor, the principle of concentrating on V. G. Kemp appeared and testified. His for the 11 years is only $330,000,000, public works in periods of unemploy­ testimony will be. fom;:td at page 1020 of which is less than the appropriation for ment is obviously a sound principle, but the hearings. only with respect to those public works There undoubtedly were other oppo­ either 1948, 1947, 1946, or 1943. The which can be properly postponed until $330,000,000 average for 11 years is cer­ sition witnesses, but I recall this one some such contingency as unemployment because of the apologetic manner in tainly not an outrageous expenditure on may occur. But the Senator from Ohio which he made his presentation, as an obligation that Congress overwhelm­ [Mr. TAFT] mentioned the flood-control though apologies· were necessary in an ingly owes to the American people. authorization. In those cases I dare say appearance on behalf of governmental Mr. FERGUSON. I now yield to the an investigation will disclose that there economy. Senator . from North Dakota [Mr. will be an immeasurably greater loss The minority views call particular at­ GURNEY]. . sustained by not spending the money tention to the increase in the Senate bill Mr. GURNEY. A few minutes ago, than by spending it to control floods and over the House appropriation, amount­ the question was asked as to the total prevent their recurrence. ing to $102,000,000. They call attention amount of projects authorized by Con­ The total authorization requested for also to a significant table showing the gress, for which the engineers have fur­ the complete program in Florida is ap­ financial history of civil-works appro-. nished estimates of cost. I would say proximately $208,000,000. An official priations, a history of ever-mounting ex- that, should we appropriate the amount source determined that the State of penditures. - of money provided in the bill, recom­ . · Florida had losses in one season last year I should like-to comment on one aspect mended by tne majority of the Appro­ amounting to $59,000,000. The Gover­ of these appropriations, and of the pres­ priations Committee, on flood control, nor of the State estimates $100,000,000 in ent bill in partictilar, which was touched 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5923 upon by the junior Senator from Kansas concerned about these hidden commit­ We ask that the :flood-control and riv­ [Mr. REED]. In so doing, I would take as ments which our Government has un­ ers-and-harbors projects be classified my text the old fable of the camel's nose. dertaken. · and given priority ratings, which would It is a fable which I am sure· is familiar I have recently had occasion to take be ·based on urgency, long-range impor­ to each Member of the Senate, although issue with the Bureau of the Budget on tance, completion with reasonable appro­ its moral may be sometimes forgotten. the manner in which the budget docu­ priations, and local sharing of expense. There are included in this bill 63 new ment as a whole is prepared. I do not • We-believe these to be entirely reason­ projects; that is, items for which there feel that it presents with sufficient clar­ able recommendations which do not has previously been no appropriati.on ity the real obligations for future ex­ jeopardize any demonstrable needs of the · for construction. It is true that the ap­ penditure on the part of the Govern- Nation. propriatiqn for these items is only $41,- ment. · The amounts involved may appear in­ 451,300. But let me call attention to the But I must confess that the respon­ significant in comparison with other fact that the construction undertaking sibility, however much a revised budget fiscal undertakings of this Congress. contemplated within that :figure implies document might assist by calling atten­ They may seem unworthy of the atten-. a commitment to complete works which tion to our outstanding obligations, lies tion we have sought to focus upon them. have an estimated cost of $756,326,400. with the Congress. It is we who have There is involved in this particular In other words, we actually are appro­ been lax in failing to heed the fact that area, however, a significant challenge to priating here only approximately one­ an obligation does not necessarily ex­ this body's sense of responsibility in the twentieth of what will .be the ultimate pire. with an appropriation. There are future course of Government spending charge to the Government. many other · obligations, as through policy. There is · involved a test of the To be sure, Mr. President, there will be authorizations, deferred expenditures, Members' courage to meet that responsi­ · involved no legal commitment to com­ and tacit commitments. They are stag­ bility head-on, with conviction and fore­ plete those projects. But in candor we gering in their cumulative impact.. They sight. must recognize that once a project is demand that we pause and examine every The Nation's econortlic and social wei.:. undertaken there is scant room or even appropriation measure for its future im­ fare demand there be no evasion on the economy to turn back at a midpoint of plications. issue this appropriation presents. The construction, unless it is to be abandoned - I have just said that I have recently results of this test will be read riot alone and stand a,s a monument to indiscretion. had occasion to take issue with the · by interested constituents of ·this day, Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, will the Budget Bureau in a difi'erent, although but by future generations, who will bear Senator yield? related, matter. The Bureau is a favor­ the burden or enjoy the wisdom of the , Mr. FERGUSON. I shali be glad to ite target for all of us who would be policy that will be laid down here. yield. considered economy-minded. This Con­ Mr. President, the junior Senator·from Mr. CORDON. I want to say that I gress is on record as believing its current Nebraska is in the Chamber at the pres­ am in entire ·agreement _with the Sena­ budget report to be in:fiated. But I want ent time, and I desire to answer his ques­ tor from Michigan in his last statement. . to call attention to what this bill does tions, because from the questions which If there is one thing upon which the with those budget recommendations for were asked and the remarks made I take Congress should have its mind fixed, it is civil-works construction, as they were it that each Senator feels the responsi­ -that .if it makes an appropriation for·any submitted by the President. bility to say to his constituents, if he expenditure on these projects it should On the whole, the bill reduces the votes to send the bill back to the com­ have in mind that it must make the ulti­ budget estimates for rivers and harbors mittee, "I voted to send it back, and I mate expenditure. Otherwise it would and :flood control general expenses by realized that would mean taking dollars amount to utter waste. I absolutely $22,915,800. But it includes construction out of the appropriation from projects agree that several projects will require appropriations on 42 difi'erent items assigned to our State." the amounts of money which the Sena­ which were not included in the Presi­ Mr. President, the question is a fair tor has suggested. I difi'er from the dent's budget. They amount to $29,983,- one. It is a political question. Senator, however, with respect to those 300. Those projects, incidentally, will The Army engineers have been men­ projects with reference to which com­ have an ulti:mate cost of $439,754,000, if tioned in the debate; we have heard mitments are not now being made. Such they are completed. ' them praised, heard the statement that commitments were made when Congress The roint I wish to make, Mr. Presi­ in wartime they did a great job. I re­ authorized the projects. dent, is that merely by observing the member one war project looked into by If the Senator will indulge me for a budget recommendations, as far as those the War Investigating Committee. It moment further, I think it would be wise 42 projects are concerned, it would have was the Canol project, involving the ex­ for Congress to review the whole pro­ been possible to reduce the budget figure penditure of $146,000,000. What was it gram of :flood control, river and harbor by $52,899,100, or almost 10 percent. for? No one has been able· to find out improvements, and reclamation; but that Mr. President~ I am not protesting the yet. it has been a total loss to the United review should be a considered review, wisdom or value of civil~works projects· States Government. and t~e policy, once adopted, a consid­ generally, or expenditures for any nec­ I have seen the work of the engineers ered policy. Until we do that, it seems essary Federal projects, for that matter. in Central America. In fact, I traveled to me we are shooting in the dark, unless The test is one of necessity, and in this by mule, airplane, jeep, or automobile, we take the findings of a conimittee case engineering and economic neces­ and in some places on foot, over the which has spent uncounted hours and sity. whole highway that was built there. I weeks in an attempt to provide annual I am protesting in this manner, how­ saw that these engineers, while the Na­ appropriations for the projects which, ever, the steady and ever-mounting re­ tion was fighting a great war and the according to the evidence, seem to be liance· upon the Federal Government for taxpayers were giving of their money to .the ones which should have attention expenditures. prosecute it, were building roads paral­ now. We think this appropriation is one lel with those constructed by the high­ Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the which, by its nature, is particularly capa­ way departments. extent of existing civil-works plans, as ble of reduction. To avoid any impres­ Oh, yes; we are a ware of many things pointed out by the junior Senator from sion that we are registering a mere hol­ the engineers have done, but what I want Kansas, bears reemphasis. They amount low and hackneyed appeal for economy, them to do in this case is to say, within to something over $5,000,000,000. With we have set up what we believe to be a a budget, that certain projects are the the inclusion of the. new projects con­ proper and reasonable goal-$200,000,000 most urgent and important, and can be templated in this bill as. it lies before the less than the figures presently included. completed for the benefit of the Ameri­ Senate, annual appropriations in the fu­ We have recommended a specific can people with the least possible ture can certainly be expected to exceed formula by which the Army engineers expenditure of money. a billion dollars. may, in exercise of discretion and con­ Why did the Congress in 1946 pass a Mr. President, these are matters which scientious judgment, present us with a Reorganization Act and inclUde a provi­ are not readily apparent, but I am greatly program corresponding to that goal. sion for a legislative budget? I think I

. . 5924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP.~SE·~~ ATE ·know why. that was inserted. It was be­ This is illustrated by. the fol~?wing table: when the engineer-s received the. budget cause we felt-that the time ·had come in figures the President said to them, "Here­ the United States when we could· not Percent of total 1949 ~re ~he number of dollars you can have. trust the executive. branch of the Gov­ allotment Apply some rule to the projects before ernment on the question of budgets. It you. Find what are the necessary ·proj­ was spending too much money; it was River and Flood­ ects, and wl'lat their order of priority is, harbor control taking the substance of the people of • projec~s pr_ojects whether one, two, three, or four, or -America; and so the Congress said, "The ------further on down the line~" elected representatives of the people in Status of projects· receiving 1949 The. Congress should act in the same both Houses should at the beginning of constr;uction funds as of June 30, · way. We should say, "Here are $738,:. 1948: 335,550 $200,000,000 . .. each year declare what they think the Less than 10 percent complete. 32.1 15.6 less We want you, over-all total budget should be." ·They 10tol9.9percentcomplete.:.. 1.2 24.4 the Engineers, to ·restudy the situation 20 to 29.9 percent complete.___ 7. 4 13. 6 and come to the Appropriations Com­ said that the budget. this year should be 30 to ?9.9 percent complete ____ ------16.5 reduced $2,000,000,000. 40 to 49.9·percent complete__ __ 4. 2 7. 4 mittee with priorities respecting projects. 50 to .59.9 percent complete.___ 15. 6 11. 6 Tell us what you think is the most urgent Where do we get the figure $200,- 60 to 69.9 percent complete.... 11.9 3. 4 000,000? We believed that was a com­ 70 to 79.9 percent complete.___ 13. 9 4. 3 project. If one of the projects before 80 to 89.9 percent complete.... . - 6. 5 . 9 you is such as the Canol project which mitment to · the people of the United £0 to 99.9 percent complete.___ 7. 2 2. 3 States, - and that if we took from the was undertaken during the war,/ or a $738,735,550 the sum of $200,000,000, we .TotaL------'100. 0 - 100.0 · project such as building a parallel road would have left about $25;000,000 more in Central America, put .that project at than · the appropriation for last year. Analysis also shows .that 'projects ·in the the foot of the list." .Then when we give Then we should be able to get along with initial stages .are granted a. larg.er proportion consideration to the .whole subject we a little more than we had last year and of funds, . relative to their total cost, than will see what should be dime respecting projects nearing completion. This is a. meas­ each project, and if we find that a project . complete the job we had undertaken. ure of the speed-up occurring in the pro- Permit me to read from page 1396 of in which the Senator from Nebraska is gram. , , interested, or a project in which the Sen­ the, hearings, as follows: - Also attached is tabie C, a summary for the ator from Michigan is interested is sim:. years 1939 through 1949· (estimated) of ap­ ' ANALYStS OF RIVERS AND HARBORS AND FLOOD ilar in its nature to the Canol project it CONTROL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS propriations and expenditures for civil func­ tions. ought to be placed at the bottom of the Attached are the· tables on river, harbor, list. On the other hand, if there is a. ' and flood-control construction projects in the Following that appears table A, "Reca- project in ..the Senator's State ·of Ne­ civil functions bill which Senator BRIDGES . pitulation of flood control, general; proj-· 1 requested and which have been studied. braska, for instance, which is-a No. pri­ (Attached are two recapitulatlon · tables- ects by degree of completion," which I ority project, appropriation shouid be tables A and B.) - , · ' ask to have printed in the REcORD at this made for it. · The tables indicate that a large part of the point. · . Mr. J;lresident, we ai".e' ·:net against 1949 construction funds approved by the There being no gbjection, the table was making ~ppropriations for Hood ~ control House are applied to projects· which are in· ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as or for rivers and harbors. ·But we are the initial stages of con,struction. · follows: · now facing a ~ituation of urgency such as that which we faced last · fall · when TABLE A ..,-Recapitulation of flood control, ger:eral, protects by degr ee of completion Congress was called into session. At that ti_me there ·was talk of a Marshail Total esti- Allotments House ap- mated Federal to date, June Balance to plan, of an ERP. . The budget for that r proved complete cost 30, 1948 plan was made up prior to the time Con­ gress assembled. . Since then we ,ha._ve Projects ~nder planning appropriation o.nly. ------$601, 845, 400 M,644,' 1oo . $3, 000, 000 $592,807,.300 found need existing for making other ap­ P:FOP~iations. We b.ave found it neces­ Projects less than 10 percent completed ______669, 308, 300 f3 1, 979, 300 47,642,400 589, 686, 600 Projects between 10 and 19.9 percent completed.------503, 955, 300 xt'l2, 822, 600 74,901,300 356, 231, 400 sary to make appropriation for a 70-_ Projects between 20 and 29.9 percent completed.----~-- · 238, 348, 700 "' (i4, 834, 200 41,600,000 141, 914, 500 group . air . force. We have found that Projects between 30 and 39.9 percent completed ______~3. 431,300 . 180; 901, 200 50,453, 6()() 311, 945, 500 l~rge Projects bc~ween 40 and 49.9 percent completed ______86,274,000 .'--3'6, 963, 400 . 22, 668, 200 . 26, 642, 400 · other expenditures :must be made. Projects between 50 and 59.9 percent completed .. ------133, 02,5, 400 74,883,200 35,353, 700 22,788,500 We have found _it necessary to provide Projects between 60 and 69.9 percent completed •• ------33,368,400 21, 631, 400 10, 388,·800 ·1, 348,200 . appropriations for Greece, for China, Projects between 70 and 79.9 percent completed .• __ -____ 75,361,800 58,056, 700 13,102, 900 4, 202, 200 Projects between 80 and 89.9 percent completed ______21,968, 500 18, 765, 700 2, 871,800 331,000 and for other countries throughout the Projects between 90 and 99.9 percent completed ______279, 882, 300 264, 751, 900 7, 254,300 7, 876, 100 _world. So ·now I hear: Senators say on

Total under construction ______2, 584, 924, ;OOQ. 81q, 589} 600 306, 237, 000 1, ~62, 966; 400 the floor and in the cloakrooms · "Oh if we give so . much to Europe, if ire m~ke Total planning and under construction ______~--- 3, 186, 769, 400 822, 233, 700 309, 237, 000 2, 055, 773, 700 appropriations for other countries of the _world, we cannot deny the dollars asked l\4r. FERGUSON. Mr. President, we say that if there is in the Senator's State of us from the people back home.'~ · But, who are Members of the Appropriations a project which, is urgent which is de­ just so surely as we are here today, if we Committee know · what happened last· manded, which can be completed within adopt such a policy, and do not take a year respecting reclamation. We realize . a reasonable time, that .project should stand for . economy when it is ne·eded last year we appropriated more for rec­ have the consideration of the Army engi­ then the old saying, "It is.the.Jast stra~ lamation than had ever been appropri­ neers and the Appropriations Committee, that breaks the camel's back," will come ated before. Last year Congress was and if the project is one which comes , true SO far as OUr COUJ;ltry is concerned. generous. But we found that the De­ within the category we have laid down We have made appropriations . because ~ we partment of the Interior notified their it should not be cut one cent. believed'them to be necessary. We have men tq speed up, prior to January 1, On the other hand, if ther-e is a project ·believed that certain priorities existed for 1949; the spending of the money Con­ in the Senator's ·State which has just which w.e should mak~ appropriations. gress had provided. Then we discovered . been begun, or which does not come Mr, Pre~idept , _I ask the Sen~te today that we had to appropriate in a defi­ within the category we have laid down,, to reexamme the pending bill.' Let us ciency measure about $30,000,000 more. if it is aU pork and all in the barrel, then be fair with the people. Let us not place We understand what goes on. the Senator can expect that'such a proj­ on them. "the. last straw which breaks The· Senator from Nebraska [Mr. ect will ·be cut down by the rule, by the the· camel:s back." If ·America should WHERRY] is now on his fe~t. so appar­ policy, we are trying to enunciate, and fa~t. i~ America should falter, if Amer· ently he is of the opinion that I have then he will find that the citizens of his ica should .become unabfe to maintain a not answered his question. It is impos­ State .will lose so much pork out of their stable economy we know what the result sible to stand here and tell the Senate own back yard. I think that is a fair will be. that if $200,000,000 is taken from the ap­ way to state the situation. In the present instance it is proposed propriation, one of the Senator's dams in Mr. President, we should be. willing to to save $200,000,000. Many other mil­ Nebraska will lose sp many thousands or sit down again with the Army engineers lions of dollars can be saved by Congress. / so many millions o~ doflars. But we do and discuss the situation. I assume that We are reviewing the S!lbject of ERP. . 1948 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE 5925 It may be that in ERP we can find places Mr. FERGUSON. Yes; there will be · ers were ex·amined on .the· merits of the where some millions of dollars· can' be some pork. We cannot squeeze all the fat· proposals, disconnected .from any other saved the taxpayers. Let us review the out of the pork. · proposals, and wholly disconnected from: sitm1tion in the light of what we said in Mr. CORDON. Has the Senator any any proposal by_another Senator. So I February- of the present year: that, as · idea what amount of appropriation . we do not think it is fair to designate this conscientious legislators, we would re­ .could make if we eliminated all the pork? bill, or any part of it, as a "pork barrel" duce the budget $2,000,000,000. So far Mr. FERGUSON. I am saying that bill. as Michigan is col}cerned, "I will accept we ought to take $200,000,000 out. Mr. FERGUSON. I am sure the Sen­ whatever reduction · will apply to her, Mr. CORDON. The Senator says that ator would concede, whether there was whatever it may be, in order that we may that would still leave some pork. back-scratching or not, that there cer­ have a stronger America.:- iv.rr. FERGUSON. It would still leave tainly were some itcby backs. Mr. CORDON. Mr. President-­ some pork. We cannot eliminate it all. Mr. BARKLEY. r do not know about The PRESIDING OFFICER the acre, or 12,800 I am not in· a position to agree with. you bushels. And at $2 a bushel that's $25,60.0. for different purposes in various areas in without knowing a good deal more about Along comes a flood on May 9, washes out the United States. In one area a project what, the appropriations are for. a field already seeded; the field won't dry out may involve -harbors;. in another area, Millions of dollars of damage is done each in time to reseed it to wheat, so it will have water storage with irrigation benefits; in year by floods and our topsoil is being rapidly to be summer-fallowed or put into some another area, navigation; in another dissipated by damaging floods. One af the short-season and not very profitable crop such area, the prevention of damage to cities; most essential jobs that we have to do, un­ as millet. There goes .most of the farmer's in anotl\er, the development of electric­ less we are going to be penny-wise and $25,600 riding the crest of the Sheyenne flood. powe:· output with the tremendous bene­ pound-foolish is to carry out the Missouri His neighbor planted 100 acres to flax. At River ~. evelopment program of dams and a yield of 10 .bushels to the acre he could look fits this will have in the industrial de­ flood control and do everything we can to for a return of $6,000 at the Government sup­ velopment of an area, important in our put a stop to the damage and waste that is , port price of $6 a bushel--only tq see that, national defense and. in the bringing of taking place every spring all through the too, washed down river with the flood. electricity to thousands of farm homes Missouri River Valley. That innocent looking Sheyenne flood is through REA. A good many of us have a real stake in certainly an expensive proposition to these Benefits to be derived from the de­ the Northwest-::- individuals. And no one likes to see his neighbors take that kind of a beating. · velopment of the Missouri River Valley . Mr. President, I believe the person who alone, to cite but one area which will gain So the thing to do is to put the plans that wrote this letter represents. a firm which are on paper into reality. One part of the immeasurably f.rom funds to be invested pays more than $10,000,000 a year in in­ Sheyenne flood-control project is in the con­ under this bill, will total an estimated come taxes. struction stage, the Baldhill Dam above Val­ $65,000,000 annually after the work is The letter continues as follows: ley City. Inability to get steel has delayed completed. There will be $30,000,000 in expected completion from next year until direct annual benefits on the average; and the one thing that we ought to work for 1950. But after one more spring the Sh.eyenne is 'completion of this program unde~ the di­ flood threat will be greatly reduced. $9,000,000 due to conservation of water, rectibn of the Bureau of Land Reclamation inclu of section 19 of the Immigration Act the May issue of Plain Talk, entitled people to put the white man where they think of 1917, as amended, and for other pur- "Red Wedge in Hawaii." h:e belongs. · 5930. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17

If our President is good enough to appoint Hawaii and seen for yourself, so that you efforts of the nations participating in the our Supreme Court, certainly any man we may know of your own knowledge the situa­ recovery program for Europe and China as elect to that position is competent to appoint tion which exists here. a means 'Of combating communism. our judges and our governor. It is very'l~kely that I may be in Wash­ "During the coming months," Bridges There is not a Senator or a Representative ington sometime in April Or May, and if I wrote recently, "our longshoremen are going in either House of Congress who would vote am, I shall cert ainly call upon you j;o discuss to be faced with more demands from workers for statehood for Hawaii if the true situation this pending legislation and will present a. overseas asking that we refuse to load arms were known to them. written brief to you against statehood at the and materials aboard American and foreign My thanks goes to you. present time for Hawaii. vessels that are destined to be used against Confidentially yours. Sincerely yours. workers in other countries to smash their strikes and struggles aga(nst reactionary em­ [From Plain Talk magazine for May 1948) ployers, landlords, and governments." HONOL~Lu, T. H., March 10 1948. 1 RED WEDGE IN HAWAII This is the man who controls the union Re statehood for Hawaii. which controls Hawaii. For Hawaiians an­ Han. HUGH BUTLER, (By Victor Lasky) other west coast shipping strike would mean United States SenatOr, Nebraska, Red fleet submarines operating off Amer_i­ starvation, unless Bridges permits food ship­ Chairman, Committee on Interior can bases in the Pacific have l ~ d to specula­ ments to the isl'ands. Since the islands no and Insular Affairs, tion as to whether there will be another longer grow their own food, they rely on the Senate Office Building, Pearl Harbor-with the invading dive bomb­ m ainland for supplies. -Bridges learned this Washington, D. C. ers or fifth column "torpedoes" this time be-_ ,during the i946 shipping strike. And sig­ DEAR SIR: Your last letter concerning the ing supplied by Soviet Russia. Hawaii, hub nificantly, the Hawaiian ILWU has purchased statehood for Hawaii bill was receiv~d by me of this Nation's defenses and crossroads of large quantities of foodstuffs so that its own some time ago. Since that time much has the air in the vast Pacific area, which now members can eat-while others starve-in transpired. includes the supersecret atomic test base in the event of a strike. As you know, Senator CoRDON, . chairman the Eniwetok atoll, has once again assumed of the subcommittee, came to Hawaii, but as a key role in United States military strategy. - MECCA FOR SOVIETEERS yet has not made public his report and This is why Soviet. spies have taken such a Hawaii has long been a mecca for assorted recommendations. keen interest irt Hawaii. With Eniwetok care­ Russian agents, who did not come for a vaca­ I met Senator CoRDON while he was here fully guarded, and the atomic doings there tion. Moscow first sought to gain a foothold and followed his activities very closely. He completely unpublicized, Russian agents rely in the Military Establishment as far back as seemed very sincere in his endeavors, but the on Honolulu-rest area for atomic person­ 1925. Two American soldiers stationed at tact still remains that he was wined, dined, nel--as a. source of information. Ari un­ Schofield Barracks were court-martialed on and hula-danced by the statehood group guarded slip of the lip by an Eniwetok-based charges .of having organized a. cell of the which is functioning on a $200,000 lobby ap­ soldier or sailor in a downtown gin-mill may Young Communist League (which today is propriation to put the pending bill through give the Soviet intelllgence all it wants to called the American Youth for Democracy, a Congress at this session. During his entire know. Honolul-u also serves as the center of main prop of the Henry A. Wallace move­ stay here, he was seldom if ever out of their the Communist courier system in the Pacific, ment). Pvt. Paul Crouch was sentenced to clutches. as it lies midway between the United States 40 years, a term later cut to 3 years, at Al­ There are hundreds of people in the Ter­ and Red Chin~. Chinese Reds constantly catraz military prison. The 26-year term ritory who are opposed to statehood, but be­ filter through, and so do American Commu­ of Corp. Walter Trumbull was later cut to 1 cause of fear of reprisals, both political and nists. year. Ten other soldiers, who had been economic, they must remain inarticulate. As matters stand today, Russian agents induced to join the YCL, were dishonorably ·These people are looking to you as chairman could cripple Hawaii in a matter of days. All · discharged and returned home. of the committee to hold the fort. They are that it would take to deal a paralyzing blow Testimony presented by Army Intelllgence of the opinion that you, as chairman of the to the Paradise of the Pacific-as the travel officers showed that Crouch and Trumbull committee, should come to the Territory and, folders call it-is a strike of certain key work­ had been in contact with Comintern head­ without any fanfare, banquets, dances, din­ ers along the water front. It has been esti· quarters in Moscow. Both later turned up ners, or parties, see and explorl! the situation mated that a walk-out of 50 truck drivers as minor Communist functionaries in the as it is. and a few hundred longshoremen would do States. Crouch · presently is a party organ­ As chairman of the committee, we urge it. And the Communist Party controls the izer in the South. Another Communist who - that you exert your senatorial prerogative in bulk of unionized workers in the Territory, had beeri stationed at Schofield Barracks was this respect, and under no circumstances through Harry Bridges' International Long­ George Pershing. Pershing, who claims to yield to the pressure group which would have shoremen's and Warehousemen's Union be a second cousin of Gen. John J. Pershing, this bill rushed through-the Senate without (ILWU), a catch-all outfit taking in everyone was court-martialed ai:ld imprisoned in 1924 you having first visited the Territory to see from cooks to plantation workers and now. · for 2 years on charges of ·robbery, grand for yourself and gain first-hand knowledge of boasting some 30,000 members. larceny, and housebreaking. The facts be­ the situation. With _Hawaii paralyzed, the Nation's first hind the charges were never made public. There are many, many angles to be con­ line of defense strung through the Pacific in But Pershing later insisted that all he did sidered when statehood for Hawaii is under a series of former Japanese-mandated islands was to set fire to a disorderly house in Hono­ discussion. An over-all and important fac­ could be cut off from food and equipment lulu. In 1940 he turned up as the American tor to be remembered is, tliat any action for long periods. And another war could Labor Party candidate for Congress from granting statehood to Hawaii will be final start-as did the last-with the enemy scor­ Westchester County, N. Y. and irrevocable. The statehood bill is not ing heavily. These facts are known to Terri­ In· the 1920's a revolutionary seaman, like other legislation of the Congress .Which torial officials. Gov. Ingram M. Stainback lias Richard Krebs (Jan Valtin), was dispatched might be · repealed at a subsequent session. turned them over to Washington. But the to the islands by Albert Walter, a German in Once statehood is granted, regardless of situation, fraught with perU for all Ameri­ charge of Comintern maritime activities. whatever harm may flow therefrom, it can cans, has been obscured for the general pub­ "It was easy for me to see that the existence never be remedied. It is a most serious mat­ lic which still likes to think of Hawaii in of a Communist stronghold in the port of ter affecting the lives of many people in the terms of a year-round vacation land. Honolulu would be a big step toward cover­ Territory and of equal importance, affecting The islands have been anything but a ing the whole Pacific Ocean with a network the lives of millions of people on the main­ vacation-land to the Soviet high command. of Communist contacts," Valtin wrote later land. No one favoring statehood for Hawaii For nearly a quarter of a century Moscow has in Out of the Night. Following his explora­ has called to the attention of the Congress displayed an unwavering interest in Hawaii's tions, the pace of Communist propaganda any particular benefit statehood would bring defenses ' and pc;>l'yglot population. Today in Hawaii was stepped up greatly. The to the 48 States now in the Union. The Hawaii bristles with mllltary establishments propaganda Une, dictated in Moscow, stressed attitude of the proponents of statehood has and naval bases destined to play an important racial issues in a territory where many races been a most selfish one with little, if any, role in the event of another war. At the have managed to .get along fairly wen to­ regard to the rights of minorities. same time-much to Moscow's satisfaction­ gether. I am enclosing two important pamphlets the islands are seething with labor agitation. One leading Soviet agent to visit Hono­ which every Senator on •your committee Behind the unrest are the activities of the lulu was Nicholas Dozenberg, one of the should have, and I am hoping to place one tightly-knit Communist battalions and of founders of the American Communist Party of each in the hands of every Member of the Harry Bridges, a key figure in the Kremlin's and the first business manager of the Daily United! States Senate. Pacific plans. Worker. The Latvian-born Dozenberg dis­ You will find upon reading these that Harry Bridges will show his hand on or appeared from Communist circles some 20 there is ample justification for postponing after June 15. · It ts on that day that the years ago and, as it turned out later, was future consideration of the statehood bill ILWU contracts with the west coast ship­ impressed into Soviet Military Intelligence. until matters therein discussed have been ping magnates run out. And Bridges, wnpse As the representative of an American photog­ clarified. heart belongs to Stalin, has made it clear raphy concern, Dozenberg roamed Europe I sincerely trust that under no considera­ he is not interested in an early settlement. and the Orient. On one occasion he even tion will you yield to the suggestion of al­ Bridges has other pl'ans, which he has broad­ traveled in King Carol's private plane to lowing this bill to come to a vote, until you, cast in his bylined column in the Dispatcher, photograph Budapest's defense fortifications as chairman of the committee, have visited. ILWU publication. They are to sabotage all from the air. He showed up in the Ph111p- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-SENATE. 5931 pines, as the representative of Bell & Howell, servicemen streamirg through the islands ingston was a Communist and a leader of in 1938, and more than once bobbed up in on the_ir way to the Pacific fighting fronts. ~merlcan Youth for De~ocracy. Livingston Hawaii. For many Gis the canteen was a welcome was subsequently arrested, warned, and re­ The man chiefly responsible, how,ever, for haven from the downtown honky-tonks. leased. Currently he is business agent of the promotion of the Communist cause in There were· always interesting magazines, in­ the Communist-led local 65, Wholesale and Hawaii is the indefatigable Jack Hall, who cluding New Masses, around. And there was Warehouse Workers (CIO), in New York. directed the local ILWU organizing cam­ an adequate supply of females-in girl-short Before the Nazi attack on Russia,. local 65 paign. Hall, who later became a member Honolulu-who seemed to know a lot about. branded the war as an imperialist venture, of the Honolulu Police Commission, is a world affairs. The canteen also ran what were and fought against lend-lease and prepared­ leader of district 13 of the Communist Party, tagged "coke-confabs" at which interesting ness measures, but after Russia was invaded, Hawaiian section. topics, such as Russia and labor, were dis­ the local changed its position overnight. Although the American Federation of La­ cussed from the party-line view. This "pa­ Starting from Honolulu, the political line bor has functioned on the islands for nearly triotic" venture paid off with the GI demobil1- caught on in GI demostrations in China, 30 years, it has never got very far, except for zation demonstrations. Paris, Rome, and Frankfurt. Their global unionizing carpenters, printers, and other During the war the comrades also concen­ . proportions admittedly embarrassed our select crafts. It took the Communist Party trated on a project known as Community State Department in its relations with the a decade before it was able to enroll some Discussion Groups, A similar strategy was Soviets on the eve of the first major postwar 30,000 Hawaiian workers into the all-em­ used in Canada to ensnare professional work­ diplomatic clash at the London Conference. bracing ILWU. Workers in more than 150 ers and intellectuals in behalf of Soviet Letters and resolutions-which followed a industries and occupations were signed up. atomic espionage under the guise of discus­ single pattern belying the claim of their be­ Hall himself is under 99-year suspension sions. The groups were directed by Dr. John ing spontaneous reactions of typical Gis­ from the Sailors Union of the Pacific, an. Reinecke, a former instructor at the Univer­ fiowed from the demonstrations to news­ A. F. of L. affiliate headed by the anti-Com­ sity of Hawaii, and a Communist. They at­ papers and Congressmen back home. Then, munist, Harry Lundeberg, for conspiring to t.racted teachers, several school principals, the politicians; too, demanded speedy de­ bring it into the Communist fold. welfare workers, and some scientific personnel . mobilization. And while the comrades THE PH;ONY PATRIOTS from Pearl Harbor and other defense. estab­ stirred up the Gis, whose only consideration lishments. Most of these people did not was to get back home, Moscow kept details Army Intelligence, through the twenties know what was behind the· interesting dis­ of its own demobilization a deep Red secret. and thirties, was not too concerned with cussions. A few who showed "promise" Jack Hall came out in the open, following Communist activities. There was a bigger learned later when they were asked to join the arrest in Honolulu of four members of problem involved in Japanese espionage, since the Marine Corps for participating in the· more than 30 percent of the Hawaiian pop­ the Communist Party. "WHY OCCUPY HAWAll?" demonstrations. Hall announced that the ulace was of Japanese origin. As it turned CIO would stage a 24-hour waterfront stop­ out, the Japanese proved to be overwhelm­ Somewhere in the extensive files of the page in protest. The stoppage never came ingly loyal to the United States. There were Kremlin there is a report on how Jack Hall off, but it indicated clearly to Army Intelli- no acts of sabotage committed on the islands and his Honolulu comrades scored heavily ' gence who was behind the demobilization during the war. · in favor of Soviet Russia as soon as Moscow crisis. Prior to Hitler's invasion of Russia in June had begun to prepare for world war III. 1941, the bulk of defeatist, antiwar propa­ The report gives . the low-down on the FISHING IN LABOR WATERS ganda stemmed from the Communists in dis­ so-called GI demonstrations for speedy de­ The party was now reactivated for indus-· trict 13. They used the black-outs to dis­ mobilization which began in late 1945. After trial work and ·the comrades went to town tribute leaflets assailing American prepared­ Hall got through with demonstrations, they with the ILWU organizational drive. The ness and President Roosevelt as a warmonger. had succeeded in effectively crippling Amer­ lab!)r canteen gave birth to the Hawaii Asso­ When the lights were switched on following ica's armed forces. ciation for Civic Unity, a front group con­ one black-out, leaflets were discovered read­ These demonstrations also showed, for sisting of liberals who did not suspect its ing: "Stop this blackout of liberties, peace, those who would see, the real trend of Soviet Communist sponsorship. The issue of state­ democracy. Black-out the warmongers. This foreign policy shortly after VJ-day. Slogans hood for Hawaii was made a party-line affair, time the Yanks are not coming." raised at the demonstrations, once they were with the comrades insisting that the Big Some idea of what American authorities under Communist control, ranged from ''Why Five companies, which largely dominate the may face in another war can be gathered occupy Hawaii?" to "Get our troops out of industrial and agricultural life of the islands, from a study of this period. The Commu­ China." . opposed statehood. The argument against nists promoted strikes along the water front, The-boys from the Ozarks and the Bronx, the Big Five was picked up by the ILWU anything to deter-aid to the All1es. A. 10- of course, did not know they were being used which produced a glossy pamphlet extolUng month-long strike of longshoremen was by Communist conspirators. Their "beefs" · the virtues of statehood. As a result, the · staged at Kauai. When ships bearing muni­ were based on justified resentments against cause of statehood is suffering. tions were detoured to Port Allen, Jack Hall "chicken" details, spit-and-polish discipline, The rise of the Communist-powered ILWU insisted that the longshoremen there strike and the realization that it would take some in the islands proved a blow to the Big Five. despite the fact that they had a contract. time before they could get home. These Using every type of propaganda, including "We took. a real beating, .. later wrote Ichiro spontaneous seeds were nurtured in the racist (designed to convince the Japanese­ Izuka, former president of local 1-35, ILWU, ILWU's Honolulu labor canteen, whose guid­ Americans their lot was an unhappy one .who was expelled from the Communist Party. ing spirit was Jack Hall. There Communists under American rule) , ILWU organizers­ "We lost nearly a year's wages, and our fam­ in uniform, meeting with local conspirators, well financed by the San Francisco home of­ ilies suffered. This is the first time I seri­ received the directives from New York head­ fice-found the pickings easy. During the ously doubted the Communist plan for help­ quarters, which converted the legitimate pro­ war the Army had forbidden labor organizing, ing the laboring men of Hawaii." But that tests into attacks on the State Department Workers were frozen to their jobs. Wages did not faze the comrades. They had suc­ and American foreign policy. New York were controlled. Prices were going up. And ceeded in aiding the Nazis, as directed by headquarters at the time was being advised Japanese-American soldiers, returning home, Moscow. by the mysterious Gerhart Eisler, Kremlin began to assert their rights as Americans. It was about this time that the authorities agent in the United States. They refused menial jobs. They wanted a. began to investigate Communist activities. The Daily Worker, making no secret of better standard of.living. And on the sugar Arrests of Communists followed. Izuka him­ Communist policy, blared at the time, "Brtllg and pineapple plantations the workers were self was picked up and put in solitary con­ the boys home." A typical headline in the restless, resentful. Resentments sp1lled over finement for a week. But the authorities Worker read "Soldiers J_{ept in Caribbean area following VJ-day, when the lid on labor or­ learned little from the disciplined comrades-­ to help United Fruit Co.'s profits." A typical ganizing was off, and the Communists were and then came June 22, 1941, the attack on story read: "Behind GI protests all over the quick to seize upon the justified grievances the Soviet Union, and the comrades changed world at delays in home shipments was a of the laborers and exploit these for their their tune. Now everything was directed growing political suspicion that a shift in own ends. toward winning the war. Harry Bridges be­ United States foreign policy had taken place By the thousands workers in various indus­ came a 100-percent patriot in the pages of somewhere along the line." This now­ tries joined the ILWU, shepherded by Jack 1 The Dispatcher. Gone were such sentiments familiar technique of crying "Thief! Thiefl' , Hall. Despite his record, Hall was made a as, "It's just an imperialist war, anyhow," .was almost totally ignored by American ob­ police· commissioner by Governor Stainback, which Bridges had been insisting. And the servers in those blissful days still laden with a progressive-minded official who believed in Daily Worker declared: "Anything that inter­ the good-will aroma of Potsdam. giving to labor representation in all im­ feres with production of needed war sup­ From the Honolulu canteen the party line portant Territorial agencies. For Hall not plies-whether as a result of strikes or of spread to the demonstrations in the down­ only represented the most powerful labor delays by the employers-can only help Hitler town district. There· a T-4, David Living­ group in the islands, but he was the spokes­ and weaken the defense of the United States." ston, declared: "We are here because there man for the Political Action Committee, The .Hawaiian comrades also became super­ seems to be a foreign policy developing which which last year upset Hawaiian political life patriotic. They organized the Honolulu Labor requires one hell of a big army. It's about by helping elect 15 Democrats to. the lower Canteen, out-USOing the USO, but with an­ time we said, 'Yes, let's occupy enemy coun­ house of the legislature. other object in view. Their aim was to in­ tries, but not friendly countries.'" The Governor Stainback dismissed Hall as a. filtrate and propagandize the multitudes of crowd was not informed, however, that Liv~ police commissigner when ,the ILWp leader 5932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 assailed a judge who had ruled against the men in Panama. His agents are now in ALASKA union during the sugar plantation strike. Alaska where there is a minute labor move­ Clarence S. Hollingsworth, College, Alaska. Governor Stainback insisted that while the ment. L·abor sources report that Germain in place of c. E. Bunnell, retired. judge may have been wrong, Hall should have Bulcke, an ILWU second viCe president; was appealed the ruling rather than intemper­ sent there to organize some 250 longshore­ CALIFORNIA ately create contempt for the courts which men. Bulcke's expenses were $1,000 a month, William H. Lambert, Eureka, Calif., . in he, as a commissioner, had sworn to uphold. an inordinate sun. considering the number of place of N. A. MacMillan, resigned. ENTER COMMISSAR BRIDGES longshoremen. But it is a small figure com­ William Howard O'Brien, Hollister, Calif., pared to the importance of having a Commu• in place of E. F. O'Donnell, deceased. The organizers for the A. F. of _L. did not nist machine in America's nearest approach Howard T. Mitchell, Kenwood, Calif., in wake up to the situation until it was too late. to Russia. A fifth column in Alaska would place of N. S. Wilson, resigned. Harry Bridges, sporting a flower-patterned paralyze that Territory more readily in the Blanche. I. Dunn, Los Alamitos, Calif., in aloha shirt, visited the islands to view the event of war. Also operating in Alaska is place of L. R. Cloud, transferred. work of his henchmen. The disastrous 79- Jeff Kiber, secretary-treasurer of the CIO Margaret S. Cooper, McKittrick, Calif., in day sugar strike of 1946, coupled with the Fishing and Allled Workers Union. Kiber is place of M. 0. Quandt, resigned. west-coast shipping strike, made Bridges making inroads in the Alaskan fishing fleet. realize he was kingpin. He learned that he COLORADO had the power to stop Hawaiians from eating There are those who. take a whistling-in­ Dean S. Hainey, Ridgway, Colo., in place if he wanted to--and one day he may want the-dark attitude toward Bridges' threat to of G. C. Huffnagle, resigned. Hawaii, believing that in the event of war to. That day; some observers fear, may not CONNECTICUT be far off. . . Hawaiian labor would be loyal to the United Although the Supreme Court of the United States. This is true, but a small group of Frank J. Barboni, North Haven, Conn., in States has ruled that Bridges is not a mem­ disciplined fanatics, operating from within place of C. W. Thompson, resigned. ber of the Communist Party, his former wl,fe, a labor organization, could throw out of gear FLORIDA Agnes, has testified that he is. Last year he the islands' defense machinery when the zero hour comes. What happened at Bogota' may Loyd C . .Olive: Bar,tow, Fla., in piace of was caught leaving an apartment at 340 West T. W. Gary, deceased. Fifty-sixth Street, New York, at which a top­ very well be a portent of the next Pearl Harbor. · Alice s. Given, Windermere, Fla.; in place flight Communist parley had been held. Wil­ of E. S. Maddock, retired. liam Z. Foster, national chairman of the RECESS party, and other Communist leaders, had at­ ILLINOIS tended. The parley took place during a mari­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, it is Harry A. Osman, Cypress, lll., in place of time strike. Bridges is reputed to be a great nearly 5 o'clock. Apparently the Senate M. E. Osman, resigned. favorite in Kremlin circles. His strategy in has concluded its work for the day. I Lester A. Binder, Hinckley, Ill., in place the 1934 San Francisco general strike has now move that the Senate recess until of H. J. Price, transferred. been taught as a model for future action in tomorrow at noon. INDIANA . Moscow's Lenin school. Last year Chu Hsueh Fan, president of the The motion was agreed to; and

NEW MEXICO William Claiborne Buckner Garland Ray McSpadden Donna A. Klepper, Jal, N. Mex., in place of William Curoe Burns Gerald William Medsger H. A. Childers, resigned. William Edmund Byers Walter Edwin Meinzen William Burns Caldwell Joseph Henry Meyer NORTH CAROLINA Edward Francis Callanan Jack Rowland Miller Claude A. Dry, Misenheimer, N.C., in place Francis Paul Cancelliere John McKenna Milton of M. C. Peeler, resigned. Jack Lee Capps Edwin Blakely Nelson OHIO Leslie Dillon Carter, Jr. John Martin Nelson Donald ·Albert Cerow Kenneth William Olson Edsel F. Rowland, Williamsfield, Ohio, in Lewis Chandler place of L. W. Spellman, deceased. John Luke Osteen, Jr. John Howell Chitty, Jr. Alfred Arthur Pabst OKLAHOMA Lake George Churchill, Jr. Donald· Flint· Packard William E. Powers, McCurtain, Okla., in Joseph Phillip Cimo William Ashbrook Patch place of Mil{e Craig, transferred. Thomas Ryan Clark Edwin Dennis Patterson Carter Weldon Clarke, Jr. OREGON Ralph Winston Pearson Sam Grady Cockerham Harrison Perry Ivan A. Blagg, Grass Valley, Oreg., in place Roger Frankland Conover Hugh Wiston Perry of J. M. Hogue, resigned. William Loch Cook li · Robert James Petersen Opal F. Maphet, Murphy~ Oreg., in place of Richmond James Cooper Walter William Plummer, Jr. Connie Hanner, resigned. Thomas Bledsoe Cormack Kenneth Irving Pressman PENNSYLVANIA Charles Lanham Crouch Saul Martin Resnick Robert Hamilton Cushing James Warren Richardson, Jr. J. Albert Vail, Chester Springs, Pa., in place Philip Stevens Day, Jr. of K. H. Vail, deceased. Claron· Atherton Robertson, Jr. Donald Edward Deehan Lem Frank Robinson, Jr. Malcolm A. Young, Monroeton, Pa., in James Webster Dingeman place of E. J. Roof, resigned. Norman Leander Robinson, Jr. John ..Joseph Doody ' Tenney Kutz Ross Frank W. Thomas, Skytop, Pa., in place of Joseph Pembroke Dorsey Thornton Raney, resigned. Edwin A. Rudd Mercer McConnico Doty James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr. SOUTH CAROLINA Lee Thomas Doyle Kenneth Edward Ruddy Harry G. Cushman, Conway, S.C., in place Raymond Cameron Drury, Jr. William Thomas Ryan of M.G. Andersen, resigned. Johrt Spier Egbert Arnold Melville Sargeant, Jr. Duane· Lee Emerson William Francis Schiess TEXAS Wallace owens Enderle Walter Burns Schlotterbeck Arlie Farrington, Alba, Tex., in place of Robert Richard Finnegan Carl' Walter Schmidt J. C. McKenzie, resigned. Eugene Calvin Fleming, Jr. Willard Wat:reri Scott, Jr. Guy Miller Mann, Malone, T_~x., in place Ashby Minor _Foote, Jr. Merle Gardner Sheffield of A. H. Worley, retired. Eugene Priest Forrester Charles Harwood Shook VmGINIA Charles Nelson French, Jr. William Alvin Shuster II James Clyde Fry, Jr. Harwell Fitzhugh Smith, Jr. George H. Sonafrank, Nokesville, Va., in Pierce Horatio Gaver, Jr. place of D. E. Earhart, deceased. Donn Albert Starry Lowell Burke Genebach, Jr. Harry John Sternburg WEST VIRGINIA Robert Elwood Graf Charles Henry Sunder Northa Morrison, Mallory, W.Va., in place Stephen Murray. Griffith George Alvis Swearengen of W. H. Baker, resigned. . James Burnus Hall · Edward Parry Sykes, ·Jr. Vincent A. Johnson, Man, W Va., in place Robert Franci_s Hallahan · J. Robert Taylor of Dewey Ellis, removed. John Duncan Hamilton William Gwyn Thomas, Jr. Richard Stanley Harsh Frederick Edwin Tibbetts III WISCONSIN George William Hartnell William Harrison Travis Henry W. Seiler, Baileys Harbor, Wis., in Louis William Haskell, Jr. James Gates Tuthill place of E. R. Hanson, removed. Jay Allan Hatch Thomas Burdick Tyree James W. Johnson, Chaseburg, Wis., in Thomas William Hazard, Jr. Elmer Cornelius Vreeland, Jr. place of Sam Johnson, deceased. Jess Byrd ·Hendricks, Jr. John Baker Wadsworth, Jr. IN THE REGULAR ARMY AND THE REGULAR AIR Joseph Shindler Herbets John Garn-ett Waggener . FORCE Hugh· French Thomason Hoffman, Jr• Fred E~erson Wagoner, Jr. Sam Cromwell Holilday . The..:following-named cadets, United States James Frederick Walk Ja:q1es Frank Hooker, Jr. Lyle Edward Walter Military Academy, who are scheduled for Charles Samuel Horn grad1Jation on June 8, 1948, for appointment Robert Ma:riop. Ward Lawrence Vinton Hoyt Thomas Alle11 Ware, Jr. as second lieutenants in the Regular Army Wallace Henley Hubbard and Regular. Air Force of the United States, Richard. Lauren Warren John Bell Hughes, Jr. John Elliott Watkins under the provisions of section 506, Officer­ Douglas Theodore Huie Personnel Act of 1947. Date of rank to be Kenneth Eugene Webber, Jr. Rufus Johnston Hyman Richard Glenn Weber determined by the Secretary of the Army and Benedict Ralph Jacobellis the Secretary of the Air Force: Edward Ansel White James Lloyd Jones Ennis Clement Whitehead, Jr. REGULAR ARMY 1 J. Wesley Jones, Jr. Robert Allison Whitfield Howard Edward Adams Louis Raymond Jones Arthur Langley Whitley Harry Thomas Adkins, Jr. Rees Jones Philip Mcilvaine Whitney, Jr. Albert Feleciano Alfonso Thomas Tytherleigh Jones William .Wallace Whitson Reuben Livingston Anderson, Jr. William Mason Kaula Glenn Castle Wilhide, Jr. Louis Leland Anthis John Patrick Kean Walworth Forman Williams -David Wesley Armstrong Jesse Tompkins Kelsey Andrew Benedict Witko Joel David Aron Joseph Mortimer Kiernan, Jr. Neil Rice Ayer Robert Lee Kirwan REGULAR AIR FORCE William Reid Bandeen Edward Thomas Klett, Jr. James Rodgers Allen James William Barnett, Jr. Oscar F'rederick Kochtitzky, Jr. Andrew Broadus Anderson, Jr. Hayden Julian Bayer Harvey Robinson Livesay, Jr. Carl Andrew Anderson Walter Beinke Norman Bertram Lovejoy Russell Conwell Ball, Jr. Daniel Randall Beirne James Edgar Macklin, Jr. Kenneth Hawthorne Barber John Bellinger Bellinger, Jr. David Saltonstall Mallett Arthur deRohan Barondes Sidney . Bryan Berry, Jr. John Calvin Maple Carey Bishop Barrineau Edward Hiltner Bertram, Jr. Walter Frank Marciniel c Raymond Oscar Barton, Jr. Eugene Stanton Bierer Robert Wiley Marshall Richard Parks Berry James Arthur Blakeslee Frank Lee McClaflin Waldo Emmerson Bertoni Raymond Urban !Bloom Don Stuart McClelland Harry Moody Bettis, Jr. Charles Arthur Borg, Jr. James Gordon McCay Arnold Webb Braswell Keith Alden Boss John Joachim McCuen Jay Richard Brill Thomas Willard Bowen John Winn McEnery John Joseph Buckley, Jr. Walker Syer Bradshaw Charles Frederick McGee Theodore Bruce Buechler Joseph Key Bratton Donald Charles McGraw William Claude Burrows John William :.13rennan Houston Moore McMurray Blaine Raymond Butler, Jr. Harry August!. e Buckley, Jr. David William McNeely Fred· Isaac Chanatry 5934 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MAY 17 Charles Eads Coons Odell Wynne Williamson, Jr. John Francis Creed John Kessen Withers HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES William J. Crosby Charles Anderson Wurster Richard Dickson Cudahy Stewart Young MoNDAY, MAY 17, 1948 Robert Carroll Davis Daniel De Foe IN THE NAVY The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Walter Albert della Chiesa The. following-named midshipmen (Naval The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera John Francis Dent, Jr. Academy) to be second lieutenants .in the Montgomery, D. D., offered the follow­ Sims Gerald· Dildy Marine Corps from the 4th day of June 1948: ing prayer: Benjamin Joseph Di Loreto Hugh D. Adair, Jr. Ben A. Moore, Jr. William Pinkerton Dougherty RichardT. F; AmbrogiRichard C. Morrow Almighty God, may the words of our Benjamin Wynn Eakins George T. Balzer Merrill L. Norton mouths and the meditations of our George Martin Edwards, Jr. Robert R. Carson Keith O'Keefe hearts be acceptable · in Thy sight, 0 John Arnold Edwards Leamon R. Cooke Orlo C. Paciulli, Jr. Clarence Couch Elebash Robert R. Dickey Ill John M. Perkins Lord, our Strength and our Redeemer. David Draper Garrison Lucius V. diLorenzo Robert D. Reem Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Patteson Gilliam Edward F. Duncan Jack W. Robbins By unanimous consent, the reading of Harold Sherwood Gillogly Richard N. Hall 2d Edwin M. Rudzis the Journal of Friday, May 14, 1948, was Joseph Eugene Gorrell Henry C. Hamilton; Roy K: Russell Warren Reed Graves Jr. Richard D. Schneider dispensed with. William Comstock Hayden Dean B. Hansen Robert N. Smith LEAVE OF' ABSENCE Wilho Richard Heikkinen Lee R. Howard James W. Strother Joseph William Huey Charles J. Kelly Robert G. Tobin, Jr. By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ Samuel Fuqua Hurt Floyd M. McCurdy, Jr. sence was granted to Mr. ALLEN of Cali­ fornia, from May 17 to May 21, 1948. Floyd Allan Johnston The following-named (civilian college grad­ Jay Silverman Josephs uates) to be ensigns in the Supp~y Corps of RECESS John Kastris, Jr. the Navy: Donal Denis Kavanagh The SPEAKER. Pursuant to House Alfred Henry Kerth, Jr. Roger C. Bliss William J. McMordie Resolution 502, the Chair declares the Donald Charles Kipfer Leonard E. Brock James R. Martin Robert T. Broili Roy D. Mannie· House to be in recess for the purpose of Edward Anderton Kritzer holding memorial services as arranged by George Adelbert La Pointe Ramon L. Burke Dean 0. Powell George Newton Leitner LeRoy T. Carter Ben R. Scht;nidt the Committee on Memorials. · Vincent Paul Lewando Homer Fults Robert G. Whitman. Accordingly the House stood in recess, Louis LoConte, Jr. Andrew Khourie Fred I. Woodworth, Jr. to meet at the call of the Speaker. W. Grim Locke Joseph G. Power (civilian college gradu­ MEMORIAL SERVICE PROGRAM Denman Murray Long ate) to be a lieutenant (junior·grade) in the May 17, 1948 William Henry Lynch · Chaplain Corps of the Navy. William Meredith Lyon Prelude, sacred selections (11 :30 to 12) ---­ The following-named (civilian college grad­ United States Navy Orchestra Gaylord MacCartney uates) to be ensigns ln the Civil Engineer Presiding officer ______The Speaker William James Madden Corps of the Navy: Hon. JoSEPH W. MARTIN, JR. Nasor John Mansour, Jr. Invocation ______The Chaplain Robert Couth Mathis Herbert L. Baker Howard D. Graessle II William Thornton McGinness PhilipS. Birnbaum, Jr. Wayne C. Hall, Jr. Dr. James Shera Montgomery Francis William Mcinerney, Jr. Charles Bultzo Jerry D. Hattshman Solo: Lead, Kindly Light (Dykes)------­ James Clifford McManaway, Jr. John L. Dixon Theodore R. Howell Han. J. PERCY PRIEST, Representative Richard Lee Miner Albert H. Gallaher Jack H. McDonald from the State of Tennessee Otis Corcoran Moore The following-named to be ensigns in the At the piano ____ Musician John Wigent Nurse Corps of the Navy: Scripture reading and prayer __ 'l'he Cha:plain Rhone! Earl Morgan Roll of deceased Members ______The Clerk William Donald Mounger Frances J. Bombriant Virginia R. Mussen James Allen Muehlenweg of the House of Representatives Ruth L. Brenner Cecile R, Normandin Devotional silence. Morton Claire Mumma III Eleanor M. Budinsky Mary E. H. O'Brien William Charles Ocker Address __ Hon. EVERETr DIRKSEN, Representa­ Frances S. Czegely . Kathleen J. O'Kane tive from the State of Illinois W11liam Thomas O'Connell, Jr. Helen Daroska Jean B. Pieczarka Solo: Going Down the Valley (Fillmore) __ _ Robert Edwin Pater Barbara Ellis Marie L. Rios Hon. HARVE TmBoTT, Representative Jack Francis Peppers Norma J. Geho Dorothy L. Rowe Thomas Albert Phillips, JJ:. 'from the State of Pennsylvania Ruth L. Grass Margaret Russell At the piano____ Musician John Wigent John Charles Pickering Julie E. Kell Sara A. Sims Robert Murray Pomeroy Address ____ Hon. RAY J. MADDEN, Representa- Helen A. Kenyon Edith A. Smith tive from the State of Indiana Jacob Bernard Pompan Elise M. Lovely Mary R. Thames Taps ______Musician Frank Sclmonelli Philip Steven Porter _ Elizabeth M. Me- Evelyn M. Vejvoda Benediction ______The Chaplain Alton Harold Quanbeck Laughlin Gloria J. 'vesper Donald Hood Reynolds MEMORIAL SERVICES Evan Willlam Rosencrans IN THE MARINE CORPS George Warren Rutter The below-named midshipmen to be sec­ Tl!e SPEAKER presided. James Gage Sandman ond lieutenants in, the Marine Corps: INVOCATION Rodman Saville· Lewis H. Cameron John E. Rudder The CHAPLAIN. Lord, Thou hast been Louis Wellington Schalk Elisha G . ..Cloud Nicholas M. Trapnell, Irving Bernard Schoenberg WilHam G. Crocker Jr. our dwelling place in all generations. Edward Leigh Scott Loren T. Erickson William F. Trisler Before the mountains were brought forth, Richard James Seguin Mack R. McClure James R. Young or ever Thou hast formed the earth and Ivan Morange Sellg Sherman L. Prosser the world, even from everlasting to ever- James Cole Shively, Jr. Richard Ingram Skinner The below-named citize.ns to be second . lasting, Thou art God. For a thousand Charles Peter Skouras, Jr. lieutenants in the Marine Corps: years in Thy sight are but as yesterday William Young Smith Simon I. Degulis, a citizen of New York. when it is past, and as a watch in the Arthur Snyder, Jr. Joseph P. , B. Franklin, a citizen of New night. So teach us to number our days, Richard Neil Stein Jersey. that we may apply our hearts unto James R. Gallman, Jr., a citizen of Texas. Henry Barthold Stelling, Jr. wisdom. And let the beauty of the Lord Donald Brunhoff Swenholt Philip J. Garm, a citizen of Pennsylvania. Michael Joseph Tashjian Jack E. Harlan, a citizen of California. our God be upon us. Amen. Stanley Edward Thevenet James E. Harren, a citizen of Texas. ANNOUNCEMENT George Selby Thomas Francis R. · Hittinger, Jr., a citizen of Vir- Mr. BISHOP. Mr. Speaker, we have Robert Armes VanArsdall ginia. . James Alward Van Fleet, Jr. Floyd G. Hudson, a citizen of Virginia. again been saddened since the printing Walton Vernon Waller Arthur R. Mansfield, Jr., a clt~en of the of the program for the memorial exer­ Paul Elwood Weaver District of Columbia. cises today by the passing of our distin­ Samuel White, Jr. Edwin A. Pollock, Jr., a citizen of Virginia. guished colleague in the other Chamber, Francis Marion Williams Jack L. Selk, a citizen of California. the Honorable JOHN OVERTON, of Lou- if1

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