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Xylella Fastidiosa Diversity of xylem feeders and their role in epidemiology of diseases caused by Xylella fastidiosa João R.S. Lopes Dept. Entomology and Acarology University of São Paulo/ESALQ, Brazil Xf pathosystems – High complexity Multiple host plants Pathogen Polyphagous genetic vectors variation Abiotic factors (climate, soil, irrigation etc) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 2 Multiple vector species What vector species play a major role in disease progress (“key vectors”)? What is the role of communities of sharsphooters and spittlebug species in disease ecology? Determining what vector species and inoculum sources are relevant for pathogen spread is basic to establish disease management strategies. European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 3 The vectors (xylem-sap feeders) Sharpshooters: Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae Spittlebugs: Aphrophoridae Clastopteridae Cicadas n= 35 species European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 4 NUMBERS OF REPORTED VECTORS PER CROP European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 5 Vectors vs Potential Vectors Low vector specificity many “potential vectors” Epidemiological role is not well known for most of the vector and potential vector species European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 6 Case study: Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) in Brazil Fundecitrus European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 7 29 genera of xylem-feeding Auchenorrhyncha in citrus groves in São Paulo state, Brazil Yamamoto & Gravena (2000); Giistolin et al. (2010) Cicadellini Bucephalogonia Carneocephala Ciminius Proconiini Cercopoidea Diedrocephala Acrogonia Deois Dilobopterus Dechacona Neosphenorhina Erytrogonia Ferrariana Egidemia Mahanarva Hortensia Homalodisca Zulia Macugonalia Oragua Molomea Parathona Oncometopia Plesiommata Scopogonalia Pseudometopia Sibovia Teletusa Sonesimia Syncharina Tapajosa European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 8 Yamamoto & Gravena (2000); Giistolin et al. (2010) Transmission assays in citrus (Brazil) Groups tested •Cicadellinae (Cicadellini): 13 •Cicadellinae (Proconiini): 5 •Cercopidae: 1 Xylem feeders •Gyponinae: 3 •Membracidae: 1 •Aethalionidae: 1 TOTAL: 24 species European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 9 13 species transmitted Xf to citrus (only sharpshooters) Lopes et al. 1996; Roberto et al. 1996; Krügner et al. (2000); Yamamoto et al. (2002, 2007); Lopes & Krügner (2016) Tribe Proconiini (4) Tribe Cicadellini (9) Dilobopterus Ferrariana Acrogonia citrina costalimai trivittata Oragua discoidula Parathona Sonesimia grossa gratiosa Acrogonia virescens Homalodisca ignorata Fingeriana dubia Plesiommata Macugonalia corniculata leucomelas Oncometopia facialis Bucephalogonia xanthophis Most of them classified as predominant in citrus orchards by faunistic analyses (Giustolin et al. 2009) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 10 Lopes et al. 1996; Roberto et al. 1996; Krügner et al. (2000); Yamamoto et al. (2002, 2007); Lopes & Krügner (2016) Factors determining vector relevance Predominance and activity Transmission efficiency Natural infectivity Host plants Inoculum sources (epidemiology) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 11 Activity of sharpshooter vectors in citrus orchards (Northern São Paulo State) Yellow sticky traps ( activity) Trap plants (visits on citrus) n = 649 n = 103 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Pereira (2003) 12 Pereira (2003) Transmission efficiency to citrus (Krugner et al. 2000; Yamamoto et al. 2002, Marucci et al. 2008) Macugonalia leucomelas 17.3% Bucephalogonia xanthophis 5.0-12.8% Dilobopterus costalimais 5.5-13.3% Plesiommata corniculata 2.9% Parathona gratiosa 2.8% Acrogonia citrina 2.3% Ferrariana trivittata 1.9% Oncometopia facialis 1.1-1.3% Sonesimia grossa 1.2% Homalodisca ignorata 0.5-30% Acrogonia virescens 0.3% European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 13 (Krugner et al. 2000; Yamamoto et al. 2002, Marucci et al. 2008) Natural infectivity of sharpshooters (ELISA-positive for Xf) in three citrus orchards (São Paulo State) 16 1/7 14 12 10 1/12 8 7/111 1/16 6 13/270 25/595 4 2/76 2 0/24 0/4 0/72 0/3 Infective individuals (%)individuals Infective 0 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Pereira (2003) 14 Probability of infection as a function of the number of vector visits to plants and levels of infectivity, assuming a transmission efficiency of 15% per visit Purcell & Feil (2001) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 15 Vector host plants and inoculum sources Crops Herbaceous weeds Woody hosts (trees and shrubs) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 16 Distribution of prevalent sharpshooters in citrus groves Paiva et al. (1996), Yamamoto & Gravena (2000), Giustolin et al. (2009) Citrus canopy: Oncometopia facialis, Acrogonia citrina, Dilobopterus costalimai, Homalodisca ignorata Lay eggs and develop on citrus Weeds and canopy: Bucephalogonia xanthopis Grass-feeders: Plesiommata corniculata, Ferrariana trivittata, Sonesimia grossa, Hortensia similis Abundant species on ground vegetation (rare on citrus trees) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 17 Role of weeds as inoculum sources of X.fastidiosa in citrus orchards is unclear Frequency of infection of weed mechanically inoculated with a CVC strain of Xylella fastidiosa Family: Poaceae Plants were injected twice with suspensions containing 108 to 109 CFU of XF/ml and evaluated by PCR 60 DAI Adapted from: Lopes et al. 2003. Plant Disease 87:544 Transmission assays to citrus using these hosts as source plants gave negative results (Lopes et al. 2003) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 18 Some sharpshooters occur on woody habitats and host plants surrounding orchards Swamp Semidecidual dry wood Riparian wood “Cerrado” Around 40 host plants in 20 botanical families were identified as hosts of sharpshooter vectors in woody habitats in Sao Paulo State, Brazil (Lopes & Giustolin 2000) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 19 Role of woody habitats and host plants on ecology of vectors and X. fastidiosa Refuge and breeding sites for several sharpshooters Source of vectors for orchard colonization after insecticide sprays Possible sources of inoculum and genetic diversity of the pathogen European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem FAPESP Proc. 01/05237-1 20 Polyphagous vectors ( A B C ) may carry X.fastidiosa strains among different host plants and habitats A C A C A A C Savanna Riparian Wood C (‘Cerrado’) A B B B Xf strain 1 Xf strain 2 Xf strain 3 A C B C Citrus orchard Other host crops (coffee, plum etc) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 21 Pierce´s disease in California North Coast Host plants of Xf and vector in riparian woods Graphocephala Atropunctata (Blue-green sharpshooter BGSS) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 22 Pierce´s disease in California North Coast Role of riparian wood as source of Xf and vector Riparian wood (sources of Xf and BGSS) Vinhedo Graphocephala atropunctata (BGSS) Picture kindly provived by S. Purcell Chronic infections in grape promoted by BGSS from European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem inoculum sources in riparian woods (primary spread) 23 Primary spread of Pierce´s disease (PD) in California´s Central Valley ALFAFA Source of vectors VINEYARD Picture kindly provived by S. Purcell Xyphon fulgida (read-headed sharpshooter) Draeculacephala minerva European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem (Green sharpshooter – GSS) 24 Draeculacephala minerva (GSS) efficiently transmits Xf to grapes after acquisition on alfalfa …but inefficiently after acquisition on grape or almond source plants European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Lopes et al. 2009 25 Lopes et al. 2009 D. minerva (GSS) competence to transmit Xf from alfalfa depends on bacterium isolate/subspecies X. f. subsp. mutiplex X. f. subsp.fastidiosa European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Lopes et al. 2009 26 D. minerva (GSS) prefers the basal part of the alfafa plant, where Xf population is higher and acquisition is more efficient European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Daugherty et al. 2010 27 Inoculation and multiplication in the base of alfalfa plant is important for Xf survival, because alfalfa is harvested every 30-40 days European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 28 Therefore, vector feeding preferences and bacterial subspecies/strains can influence vector competence for pathogen spread from different inoculum sources ...and bacterial strains should be able to colonize both source and target plants European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa
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