South Indian Journal Of Biological Sciences 2016; 2(1); 110‐114 ONLINE ISSN: 2454‐4787

Research Article

Herbaceous flora of Iringol kavu, Perumbavoor, Ernakulam district, Kerala

Jithasree Jayaram1, Nisha P1,*, Department of Botany, St. Xavierʹs College for women, Aluva, Kerala, India

* Corresponding author: Nisha P; E‐mail: [email protected]; Tel.:919447538254

Received 21 July 2015; Revised 19 September 2015; Accepted 21 September 2015; Published 2 January 2016

Abstract The herbaceous flora of Iringole Kavu, Perumbavoor has analysed taxonomically based on APG III. 68 angiosperms in 28 families and 9 pteridophytes belongs to 5 families. The dominant families of herbaceous members are Poaceae and Commelinaceae (7 species each) followed by Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Pteridaceae and Rubiaceae (5 species each). Evergreen and semi evergreen forest components (22%) dominated in the sacred groves and is followed by Deciduous members (18%), Wasteland components (14%), Moist deciduous forest members (13%), Wetland species (11%), Stream bank and Grassland species (9% each) and Cultivated species (4%). Indo‐Pacific, African and South American elements (23 species) dominated and followed by Indo‐Pacific (19 species) and Indo‐Pacific and African (12 species). Among the herbs, 4 species are endemic to Peninsular India and Dendrobium jerdonianum is rare.

Keywords: Sacred grove, vegetation, APG III, Iringole Kavu

1. Introduction On a rough estimate Kerala has about 1500 sacred groves which are distinct and unique in biological diversity. Most of the sacred groves represent the relics of once gregarious and abundant low lying evergreen forests of the WG. Only very few are reported from the foothills and the high ranges. The size of the sacred grove in Kerala varies as small as one cent to 20 or more hectares. The available inventory on sacred grove indicates that maximum number of such areas is distributed in the northern districts of the state henceforth called Malabar. The vegetation in the undisturbed groves is luxuriant and with multi layered trees mixed with shrubs, lianas and herbs. The ground is humus laden and abundant with fungus and ferns (Kandari et al., 2014). The floristic composition is highly influenced by exposure to anthropogenic pressures, cattle grazing, edaphically and climatic variations. The common species found in the sacred grove belong to trees, lianas, shrubs, and members of the mangroves swamps. These species are known to develop high profile humidity in the surroundings that promote luxurius growth of undergrowths. The animals found in the sacred grove are of two types, those which inhabits the groves like frogs, lizards and other lower group organisms and higher group fauna who nests and dens there and those who visits the grove temporarily for food, shelter etc. Sacred groves act as an abode for many rare, endemic, endangered species and economically important 110

plants of fruit bearing and medicinal properties. Apart from conserving biological diversity, sacred groves that are situated in the middle of the human habitation are responsible for conserving water and soil. This is evident from the perennial nature of ponds, wells and tanks, which are situated near the sacred groves. The fertility of the agro‐ecosystems is very high due to the humus and nutrients generated in the sacred groves. The major threats to the existence of sacred grove are the disappearance of old joint family system and partition of family properties along with changing socio‐economic scenario. In most of the cases the Kavu and surrounding areas will be handed over to a generation who has no faith or less faith in keeping the integrity of the Kavu. In such instances either the Kavu will be totally denied or some time only the deity will be retained and big trees and associated habitat will be totally converted for other purposes. In some cases symbolic representation of grove is allowed to remain by preserving the oldest and largest tree in the grove. The second major threat is the anthropogenic activities and cattle grazing. As the demand for land is always high in Kerala, the shrinkage of grove was one of the inevitable causes. Encroachment has resulted in the shrinkage of some of the largest Kavu in Ernakulam. In some cases the old trees in the Kavu may be uprooted by natural calamities and this will be taken a reason for reducing the area of Kavu in certain cases. Cutting of trees for temple and associated purpose had also been reported from some areas. Since the very locations of these virgin ecosystems are in the middle of the people, cattle grazing, collection of dry leaves, firewood is a common phenomenon in Kerala. Iringole kavu, a miniature forest, is located between Kuruppampady and Perumbavoor on Aluva – Munnar road. The sacred grove also has an ancient temple dedicated to Goddess Durga situated in the middle of the forest. Iringole forest is kept under the control of the Travancore Devaswom board. The climate is hot and humid so that a very rich flora and fauna include valuable herbs and medicinal plants. Sacred groves act as an abode for many rare, endemic, endangered species and economically important plants of fruit bearing and medicinal properties. Apart from conserving biological diversity, this sacred grove that is situated in the middle of the human habitation are responsible for conserving water table of the soil. This is evident from the perennial nature of ponds, wells and tanks, which are situated in the nearby areas of the sacred groves. The fertility of the agro‐ ecosystems in the areas nearby is very high due to the humus and nutrients generated in the sacred grove. Features like unique areas, ecologically fragile ecosystems rich in wild and domesticated species, presence of highly endemic, rare and threatened species and those of evolutionary significance has made Iringole kavu to be designated as one among the five Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) in the State (Induchoodan 1988). The objectives of the present investigation are assessment of the extent of floral biodiversity of Iringolkavu based on latest taxonomic classification (APG III 2009), documentation of plant biodiversity in the prescribed area and to understand the ecological relevance of sacred grooves.

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Plant materials

Materials for the present study were gathered from Iringolkavu. As much as possible, the ecological and morphological characters were noted from the field itself. Type materials from the Herbarium and Library, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K. (K), British Museum (Natural History), London (BM) and Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, Paris (P) was referred. Materials deposited at the Central National Herbarium, Kolkatta (CAL) and Botanical Survey of India‐Southern Circle, Coimbatore (MH) was also consulted.

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2.2. Morphological studies Morphological studies, materials were observed under Leica MZ 7.5 stereomicroscope. The specimens were identified with the help of types or authentic specimens from various herbaria and the nomenclature of each specimen was updated with the help of recent literature. The citations of author’s names follow Brummitt and Powell (1992) and the nomenclature is in accordance with APG 111(2009). For the abbreviations of periodicals Lawrence et al. (1968) was used. For sampling, 32 quadrats of size 1mx1m was used which was standardised by species‐ area‐ curve (Braun‐Blanquet, 1932) method. Population densities of a particular species at all the quadrats were accounted and average was taken. That number was multiplied by the ratio of the larger area to the area of each quadrat to calculate the estimated population size within the site. Frequency density and abundance were calculated from the quadrat data collected. Analysis was conducted for 2 consecutive years to cover maximum species.

3. Results and discussion

The herbaceous flora of the Iringole kavu in Perumbavoor revealed that there are 68 angiosperms in 28 families and 9 pteridophytes belongs to 5 families. The dominant families of herbaceous members are Poaceae and Commelinaceae (7 species each) followed by Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Pteridaceae and Rubiaceae (5 species each) (Fig. 1). The dominance of light demanding Poaceae and Commelinaceae members in the Iringole kavu indicated that the miniature forest floor is well flooded with sunlight due to canopy gaps and the abundance probably near to the margins of the grove. There are 50.64% of the herbaceous flora are medicinally valuable and used in Ayurvedic and traditional systems.

Fig. 1. Dominant families of Iringole kavu, Perumbavoor.

3.1. Habitat diversity and natural distribution

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The habitat diversity and natural distribution of identified herbaceous flora indicated that, Evergreen and semi evergreen forest components (22%) dominated followed by Deciduous members (18%), Wasteland components (14%), Moist deciduous forest members (13%), Wetland species (11%), Stream bank and Grassland species (9% each) and Cultivated species (4%) (Fig. 2). The native range and distribution data indicated that Indo‐Pacific, African and South American elements (23 species) dominated and followed by Indo‐Pacific (19 species) and Indo‐Pacific and African (12 species). Among the herbs, 4 species are endemic to Peninsular India and Dendrobium jerdonianum is Rare (Nayar 1997) (Table 1).

Fig. 2. Composition of habitat types in Iringole Kavu, Perumbavoor.

Table 1. Native range and worldwide distribution of species found in the Iringole Kavu. Sl. No. Distribution Number of Species 1 African, Indo‐Pacific and Holarctic 1 2 Cosmopolitan 2 3 Endemic to Peninsular India 4 4 Indo‐Pacific 19 5 Indo‐Pacific and African 12 6 Indo‐Pacific and Australian 4 7 Indo‐Pacific and Holarctic 3 8 Indo‐Pacific and South American 2 9 Indo‐Pacific, African and Australian 2 10 Indo‐Pacific, African and South American 23 11 Indo‐Pacific, South American and Holarctic 1 12 South American 2 13 South American, Indo‐Pacific and Australian 1 Total 77

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4. Conclusion Iringolkavu has wide diversity of herbaceous flora with 68 angiosperms in 28 families and 9 pteridophytes belonging to 5 families. The dominant families of herbaceous members are Poaceae and Commelinaceae. Of the 77 herbaceous species 4 species are endemic to South India. This region is to be conserved and protected for its plant and animal diversity.

Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have no conflict of interest

Acknowledgement One of the authors (Nisha P) is thankful to Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. Of India, New Delhi, for financial assistance under National Environment Awareness Program and to Centre for Environment Development, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

References 1. APG III. (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society, 161, 105–121. 2. Braun‐B. (1932). Plant Sociology; the study of plant community. McGraw‐Hill publications, NewYork. 3. Brummitt R, Powell CF. (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Roy. Bot. Gard, Kew. 4. Induchoodan NC. (1988). Ecological studies of a sacred grove (Iringole, near Perumbavoor). M.Sc. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur. 5. Lawrence GHM, Buchheim AFG, Daniels GS, Dolezal H. (1968). Botanico‐Periodicum‐ Huntianum. Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Paris. 6. Kandari LS, Bisht VK, Bhardwaj M, Thakur AK. (2014). Conservation and management of sacred groves, myths and beliefs of tribal communities: a case study from north‐India. Environmental Systems Research, 3, 16 7. Nayar MP. (1997). Biodiversity challenges in Kerala and science of conservation biology. In: Pushpangadan P, Nair KSS. (Eds.) Biodiversity of Tropical forests in Kerala scenario. STEC, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 154.

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