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Zagreb U Domovinskom Ratu Zagreb u Domovinskom ratu Husnjak, Ivana Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies / Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet hrvatskih studija Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:111:764962 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-02 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET HRVATSKIH STUDIJA IVANA HUSNJAK ZAGREB U DOMOVINSKOM RATU DIPLOMSKI RAD Zagreb, 2020. SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET HRVATSKIH STUDIJA ODSJEK ZA POVIJEST IVANA HUSNJAK ZAGREB U DOMOVINSKOM RATU DIPLOMSKI RAD Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Vlatka Vukelić Sumentor: Mijo Beljo, mag. educ. hist. Zagreb, 2020. Sadržaj 1. Sažetak …………………………………………………………………………….…..... 5 2. Uvod ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6 3. Širi kontekst raspada Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije …………..………………………………………………………………………….... 7-11 4. Zagreb na putu prema ratu ………………….…………………………………………. 12 4.1. Grad početkom devedesetih …………………….………………………………... 12 4.2. Prvi višestranački izbori ………………………………………………………. 12-14 4.3. Nikad odigrana utakmica Dinamo – Crvena zvezda ………………………….. 14-15 4.4. Jačanje hrvatske policije – tečaj Prvi hrvatski redarstvenik i Antiteroristička jedinica Lučko ………………………………………………………….…..…………... 15-16 5. Stanovnici Zagreba u obrani grada i domovine ……………………….………………. 17 5.1. Narodna zaštita ………………………………………………………………... 17-18 5.2. Civilna zaštita ……………………………..…………………………………... 18-19 5.3. Zagrebačke ratne postrojbe u sklopu Hrvatske vojske ...……………………… 19-20 5.3.1. Gardijske brigade Hrvatske vojske ……………………..……………........ 20 6. 1991. – godina ključnih zbivanja u Zagrebu …………………..……………………… 21 6.1. Osnivanje Zbora narodne garde …………………………………………….……. 21 6.2. Prva žrtva domovinskog rata u Zagrebu …………………………...…………….. 22 6.3. Napad na židovske općine – Operacije Labrador i Opera ……………………. 22-23 6.4. Rat za vojarne – blokada i napuštanje zagrebačkih vojarni ………………………………………………………………………..……….. 23-25 6.4.1. Vojarna Črnomerec ………………………………………...…………. 25-26 6.4.2. Vojarna Maršal Tito ………………………...………………………… 26-27 6.4.3. Vojarna Narodni heroj Dušan Ćorković ………………………..…….. 27-28 6.4.4. Zapovjedništvo 5. Zrakoplovnog korpusa JNA ………………………….. 28 6.5. Početak zračnih uzbuna u Zagrebu ……………………..……………………. 28-29 6.6. Neuspjeli atentat na predsjednika Tuđmana – raketiranje Banskih dvora ………………………………….……………………………………………... 29-31 6.7. Poznato o nepoznatome – prijetnje i naoružani napadi u Zagrebu …………………………………………………………………….…………… 31-32 7. 1992.-1994. godine – pregled zbivanja u gradu ……………………….….…………… 33 7.1. Dolazak izbjeglica i prognanika …………………….………………………… 33-34 7.2. Zid boli ………………………………...…………………………………………. 34 7.3. Zagrebački sporazum …………………….…………………………………… 35-36 8. Osvetnički napad na Zagreb – raketiranje grada u svibnju 1995. godine ……………………………………………….……………………………………... 37-38 9. Mirovne inicijative ……………………………………..………………………….. 39-40 9.1. Bedem ljubavi ……………………………………..………………………….. 40-41 10. Zaključak ……………………………………………………………………………… 42 11. Literatura ……………………………………………………………………………… 43 11.1. Knjige ………………………………………………………………….. 43-44 11.2. Znanstveni članci …………………………….……………………………. 44 11.3. Web stranice …………………………………………………...………. 44-45 4 1. Sažetak Početkom devedesetih godina grad Zagreb imao je strateško značenje kao gospodarsko, političko i društveno središte Republike Hrvatske. Također, u Zagrebu se početkom Domovinskog rata nalazilo sjedište 5. vojne oblasti Jugoslavenske narodne armije te popriličan broj njenih vojnih objekata, čija je prisutnost početkom Domovinskog rata unijela dodatan nemir među građane grada Zagreba. Obrana grada formirana je u obliku policijskih odreda, Narodne i Civilne zaštite, gradskih brigada te Prve i Druge gardijske brigade Hrvatske vojske. Velik broj Zagrepčana aktivno je sudjelovao u obrani grada te na bojištima diljem teritorija Republike Hrvatske. Grad Zagreb napadan je nekoliko puta tijekom 1991. te u svibnju 1995. kada je raketiran u znak osvete za vojno - redarstvenu operaciju Bljesak. Tijekom Domovinskog rata Zagreb je bio mjesto organiziranja brojnih mirotvornih inicijativa i skupova, a najznačajniji pokret organiziran tih godina bio je Bedem ljubavi – pokret majki koje su se zalagale za povratak kući sinova s odsluženja vojnog roka u Jugoslavenskoj narodnoj armiji. Također, Zagreb je za trajanja rata primio velik broj izbjeglica i prognanika koji su morali napustiti svoje domove. Na taj su način Zagrepčani pokazali svoju humanost i velikodušnost prema potrebitima koji su tijekom ratnih godina pristigli u Zagreb. Ključne riječi - Zagrepčani; raketiranje Banskih dvora; prognanici i izbjeglice; Bedem ljubavi; prvi višestranački izbori; blokada vojarni Abstract At the beginning of the 1990s, the city of Zagreb had a strategic significance as the economic, political and social center of the Republic of Croatia. Also, at the beginning of the Homeland War, Zagreb was the seat of the 5th Military District of the Yugoslav People's Army and a considerable number of its military facilities, whose presence at the beginning of the Homeland War brought additional unrest among the citizens of Zagreb. The defense of the city was formed in the form of police detachments, People's and Civil Protection, city brigades and the First and Second Guards Brigades of the Croatian Army. During the Homeland War, A large number of Zagreb citizens actively participated in the defense of the city and on the battlefields throughout the territory of the Republic of Croatia. The city of Zagreb was attacked several times during 1991 and in May 1995 when it was rocketed in revenge for the military- police operation Bljesak. During the Homeland War, Zagreb was the site of numerous peace initiatives and gatherings, and the most important movement organized in those years was the Wall of Love - a movement of mothers who advocated the return of their sons home from military service in the Yugoslav People's Army. Also, during the war, Zagreb received a large number of refugees and displaced persons who had to leave their homes. In this way, the people of Zagreb showed their humanity and generosity towards the needy who arrived in Zagreb during the war years. Keywords - residents of Zagreb, rocketing Ban courts, displaced persons and refugees, a Bulwark of love, the first multi-party elections, barracks blockade 5 2. Uvod Domovinski rat najznačajniji je sukob moderne hrvatske povijesti u kojem je Republika Hrvatska izborila svoju samostalnost. Rat je izmijenio svijest ljudi i znatno utjecao na njihovu svakodnevnicu. Velik broj ljudi izgubio je svoje domove i članove svojih obitelji. Iako grad Zagreb nije bio direktno zahvaćen oružanim sukobima, bio je iznimno važan psihološki i logistički oslonac hrvatskim snagama na ratištima diljem Republike Hrvatske. Cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati život u gradu Zagrebu tijekom ratnih godina te prikazati strateški važne događaje koji su se odvijali u Zagrebu, kao glavnom gradu Republike Hrvatske. Za pisanje ovog rada intrinzično sam motivirana te sam kao rođena Zagrepčanka željela istražiti kako se odvijao život u Zagrebu za vrijeme trajanja Domovinskog rata. U prvom dijelu rada nastojala sam prikazati tijek raspada Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije te kako je izgledao život u Zagrebu tijekom 1990. godine. Središnji dio rada posvećen je Zagrepčanima i početku Domovinskog rata. Završni dio rada odnosi se na završetak ratnog sukoba i mirovne inicijative Zagrepčana. Naglasak ovog rada je na značajnim događajima koji su obilježili razvoj događaja te tijek sukoba iz glavnog grada, kao što su to bili prvi višestranački izbori, Rat za vojarne, Zagrebački sporazum, raketiranje Zagreba i slično. 6 3. Širi kontekst raspada Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije Smrt Josipa Broza Tita početkom svibnja 1980. uvela je Socijalističku Federativnu Republiku Jugoslaviju (dalje: SFRJ) u krizno razdoblje. Nadolazeće godine obilježene su velikom gospodarskom krizom, nemirima Albanaca na Kosovu, slovenskim separatizmom, političkim ambicijama Jugoslavenske Narodne Armije (dalje: JNA) te rastom velikosrpskog nacionalizma, konkretno usmjerenog na izmjene Ustava SFRJ iz 1974. godine.1 Gospodarska kriza, započeta tijekom druge polovice 1970-ih godina, jedna je od prvih naznaka raspada SFRJ.2 Stopa nezaposlenosti bila je u konstantnom porastu, kao i vanjski dug zemlje te stopa inflacije. Krajem 1983. SFRJ je bila jedna od najzaduženijih zemalja svijeta s vanjskim dugom od 20 milijardi i 501 milijun dolara, dok je 1984. broj nezaposlenih prešao milijun.3 U proljeće 1981. dolazi do izbijanja velikih nemira na Kosovu. Započeli su demonstracijama studenata u Prištini, odakle su se proširili po svim većim mjestima na Kosovu. Ovakav rasplet događaja uznemirio je državno-partijski vrh, no zahvaljujući snagama JNA, albanska pobuna uspješno je zaustavljena.4 Novonastala politička situacija bez predsjednika Josipa Broza Tita, kao i stanje sve dublje ekonomske krize, otvorili su mogućnost izrazitijeg nastupa velikosrpskih političkih snaga. To se ponajprije očituje zahtjevom za reviziju Ustava SFRJ iz 1974., a nemiri na Kosovu poslužili su kao povod za postavljanje takvog zahtjeva.5 Skupina akademika Srpske akademije znanosti i umetnosti (dalje: SANU) 1986. izradila je Memorandum kao dokument u kojem se najotvorenije navode težnje velikosrpske politike kao i tvrdnja kako su Kosovo i Hrvatska područja na kojima su Srbi
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